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6.641 Electromagnetic Fields, Forces, and Motion

Spring 2009

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 6.641 — Electromagnetic Fields, Forces, and Motion Spring 2008

Final- Solutions
Prof. Markus Zahn MIT OpenCourseWare

Problem 1
A
Question: What are the electric potential solutions in the regions 0 ≤ y ≤ a and −b ≤ y ≤ 0?

Solution:
�
V0
Φ(x, y) =
− sinh ka cos kx sinh k(y − a) 0 ≤ x ≤ a
V0
sinh kb cos kx sinh k(y + b) −b ≤ x ≤ 0

B
Question: What are the electric field distributions in the regions 0 < y < a and −b < y < 0?

Solution:
� �
∂Φ ∂Φ
E = −�Φ = − ix + iy
∂x ∂y
�
V0 k
� �
sinh ka − sin kx sinh k(y − a)ix + cos kx cosh k(y − a)iy 0<x<a
E= V0 k
� �
sinh kb sin kx sinh k(y + b)ix − cos kx cosh k(y + b)iy −b < x < 0

C
Question: What are the free surface charge distributions at y = −b, y = 0, and y = a?

Solution:
ε0 V0 k
σf (x, y = −b) = ε0 Ey (x, y = −b) = − cos kx
sinh kb
ε0 V0 k
σf (x, y = a) = −ε0 Ey (x, y = a) = − cos kx
sinh ka
σf (x, y = 0) = ε0 [Ey (x, y = 0+ ) − Ey (x, y = 0− )]
� �
V0 k V0 k
= ε0 cosh ka + cosh kb cos kx
sinh ka sinh kb
= ε0 V0 k cos kx [coth ka + coth kb]

1
Spring 2008 Final Exam 6.641, Spring 2008

D
Question: What are the x and y components of force per unit area on a wavelength of width
2π
k on the y = 0 electric potential sheet?
Hint:
� + πk
k 1
cos2 kxdx =
2π − πk 2

+π
k
� k
cos kx sin kxdx = 0
2π −π
k

Solution:
i)
� �
Force 1
=
σf (x, y = 0) [Ey (x, y = 0+ ) + Ey (x, y = 0− )]
area y 2
1
= ε0 [Ey (x, y = 0+ ) − Ey (x, y = 0− )] [Ey (x, y = 0+ ) + Ey (x, y = 0− )]
2
1 � 2 2
�
= ε0 [Ey (x, y = 0+ )] − [Ey (x, y = 0− )]
2

1 2�
= ε0 (V0 k cos kx) coth2 ka − coth2 kb
�

� � 2
Force
= σf (x, y = 0)Ex (x, y = 0+ ) = σf (x, y = 0)Ex (x, y = 0− )
area x
= ε0 V0 k cos kx [coth ka + coth kb] V0 k sin kx

= ε0 V02 k2 sin kx cos kx [coth ka + coth kb]

� � � + πk � �
Force k Force
= dx
area y 2π − πk area y
� π
k 1 � +k
ε0 V02 k2 coth2 ka − coth2 kb cos2 kxdx
�
=
2π 2 −πk

1 2 2
� 2 2
�
= ε0 V0 k coth ka − coth kb
4
� � � + πk � �
Force k Force
= dx
area x 2π − πk area x
� + πk
k 2 2
= ε0 V0 k [coth ka + coth kb] sin kx cosh kxdx
2π −π
k

=0

2
Spring 2008 Final Exam 6.641, Spring 2008

(ii) Maxwell Stress Tensor Approach

� �
Force
= Tyy (x, y = 0+ ) − Tyy (x, y = 0− )
area y
1 1
= ε0 (Ey2 (x, y = 0+ ) − Ex2 (x, y = 0+ )) − ε0 (Ey2 (x, y = 0− ) − Ex2 (x, y = 0− ))
2 2
1 �
= ε0 Ey2 (x, y = 0+ ) − Ey
2 (x, y = 0− )
�
2
(Ex (x, y = 0+ ) = Ex (x, y = 0− ))

� �
Force
= Txy (x, y = 0+ ) − Txy (x, y = 0− )
Area x
= ε0 Ex (x, y = 0+ )Ey (x, y = 0+ ) − ε0 Ex (x, y = 0− )Ey (x, y = 0− )
= ε0 Ex (x, y = 0) [Ey (x, y = 0+ ) − Ey (x, y = 0− )]
= σf (x, y = 0)Ex (x, y = 0)

Problem 2
� m �
0
χ(r, θ) = + Ar cos θ r<R
4πr 2

A
Question: Find the magnitude and direction of magnetic field in the region 0 < r < R.

Solution:
� �
∂χ 1 ∂χ
H = −�χ(r, θ) = − ir + iθ
∂r r ∂θ
�� � �
2m0 � m
0
�
=− − + A cos θir − + A sin θiθ
4πr 3 4πr 3
� �
2m0 2m0
Hr (r = R, θ) = 0 = − A − cos θ ⇒ A =
4πR3 4πR3
R3
�� � � 3 � �
m0 R
H=− 1 − 3 2 cos θir − + 2 sin θiθ
4πR3 r r3

B
Question: What is the surface current on the r = R surface?

Solution:
3m0
Kφ (r = R, θ) = Hθ (r = R, θ) = sin θ
4πR3

C
Question: What is the equation of the magnetic field line that passes through the point
(r = r0 , θ = θ0 )?

3
Spring 2008 Final Exam 6.641, Spring 2008

Hint:
�
cot dθ = ln [sin θ]

� �3 � � �3 �
2 + Rr r
−1
�
R
� � �3 � dr = ln �r�
r 1 − Rr R

Solution:
� �
R3
dr Hr 2 cos θ 1 − r3
= = � R3
rdθ Hθ
�
− r3 + 2 sin θ
� 3 �
R
r3 + 2
3 � dr = −2 cot θdθ
r 1 − Rr3
�
� 3 �
R
r3 + 2
� �
r/R
�
3 � dr = − ln � r �3 + C1
r 1 − Rr3
�
R −1
�
cot θ = ln(sin θ) + C2
� �
r
R
− ln � r �3 + 2 ln(sin θ) = constant
R − 1
⎡ ⎤
r
R
− ln ⎣ �� �3 � ⎦ = constant
r 2
R − 1 sin θ
� �
� sin2 θ � r0 �3 − 1
sin2 θ � r �3
�
0 R
�r� −1 = �r �
R
R 0
R

Problem 3
A
Question: Find the magnetic field H in the gap free space region and in the nonlinear magnetic
material.

Solution: In gap
Ni
H=
a
(in free space and in nonlinear material)

4
Spring 2008 Final Exam 6.641, Spring 2008

B
Question: What is the total magnetic flux linked by the coil?

Solution:

Φ = µ0 H(s − x)d + (αH 3 + µH)xd

� � �2 �
N id Ni
= (µ − µ0 )x + µ0 s + α x
a a
� � �2
�

N 2d Ni
λ = NΦ = i (µ − µ0 )x + µ0 s + α x
a a

C
Question: What is the voltage across the coil terminals when the nonlinear material is sta­
tionary, that is, x is constant and i = I0 sin ωt?

Solution: With x = constant

N 2d di αN 2
� �
dλ di
v= = [(µ − µ0 )x + µ0 s] + 2 x3i2
dt a dt a dt

2 2
� �

N d di 3αN
= [(µ − µ0 )x + µ0 s] + xi2
a dt a2

i(t) = I0 sin ωt

N 2d 3αN 2 xI02
� �

2
v(t) = I0 ω cos ωt [(µ − µ0 )x + µ0 s] + sin ωt
a a2

D
Question: What is the force on the nonlinear magnetic material for any i?

Solution:
�
dwm (i, x) = λdi + fx dx
N 2d i2 αN 2 i4
� � �
�
wm (i, x) = λdi = [(µ − µ0 )x + µ0 s] + 2 x
x=constant a 2 a 4
N 2d i2 αN 2 i4
�
� � �
∂wm (i, x) ��
fx = = (µ − µ0 ) +
∂x �
i a 2 a2 4

Problem 4
A
Question: Solve for E1 and E2 as a function of V0 , a, b, ε, ε0 and ξ(x, t).

5
Spring 2008 Final Exam 6.641, Spring 2008

Solution:

E1 (b − ξ) + E2 a = V0
ε0
ε0 E1 = εE2 ⇒ E2 = E1
ε
� ε0 a �

E1 b − ξ +
= V0
ε

V0 V
E1 = = � 0

b − ξ + ε0εa
�
ξ
b + ε0εa 1 −
� �
(b+ ε0εa )

B
Question: Linearize E1 for small deflections in ξ(x, t)

Solution:
� �
V0 1 + b+ξε0 a
( ε )

E1 ≈
b + ε0εa
� �

C
Question: Find the electrical force per unit area on the membrane and linearize for small
deflections in ξ(x, t).

Solution:
� �
Force 1
= Tyy = ε0 E12
Area y 2
� �
1 ε0 V02 2ξ
= � � 1+ �
2 b + ε0 a 2 b + ε0εa

D
Question: Write the linearized governing force balance equation for the membrane to first
order in displacement ξ(x, t) including the inertial, membrane tension, gravity, and electrical
forces.

Solution:
� �
∂2ξ ∂2ξ 1 ε0 V02 2ξ
σm 2 = S 2 − σm g + � � 1+ �
2 b + ε0 a 2 b + ε0εa
�
∂t ∂x
ε

6
Spring 2008 Final Exam 6.641, Spring 2008

E
Question: What voltage V0 is required to remove membrane sag in equilibrium so that
ξ(x, t) = 0?

Solution:

1 ε0 V02
ξ(x, t) = 0 ⇒ σm g =
2 b + ε0 a 2
� �
ε
� �1
2σm g 2 � ε0 a �

V0 = b +

ε0 ε

F
Question: For perturbation deflections around the ξ(x, t) = 0 equilibrium of the form ξ(x, t) =
� �
ˆ j(ωt−kx) , what is the ω − k dispersion relation?
Re ξe

Solution:
� �
ˆ j(ωt−kx)
ξ(x, t) = Re ξe

ε0 V02

−σm ω 2 = −Sk2 + � �3

b + ε0εa

ε0 V02 S
ω 2 = k2 vp2 − �3 , vp2 =
σm b + ε0ε
a σm

G
Question: The membrane ends are fixed to the supports at x = 0 and x = l so that ξ(x = 0, t) =
ξ(x = l, t) = 0. For a given real value of ω what are the allowed values of k that satisfy the
boundary conditions?

Solution:

ω2 ε0 V02

k2
= + �3

vp2 σm b + ε0ε
a
�
� � 2
1

ω2 ε0 V02
k = ±k0 = ± 2 + �3

vp σm b + ε0εa

�
�� � �
ξ(x, t) = Re ξˆ1 ejk0 x + ξˆ2 e−jk0 x ejωt

ξˆ(x = 0, t) = 0 = ξˆ1 + ξˆ2 ⇒ ξˆ1 = −ξˆ2

ξˆ(x = l, t) = 0 = ξˆ1 ejk0 l + ξˆ2 e−jk0 l
= ξˆ1 ejko l − e−jk0 l
� �

= 2jξˆ1 sin k0 l

7
Spring 2008 Final Exam 6.641, Spring 2008

sin k0 l = 0 ⇒ k0 l = nπ, n = 1, 2, . . .

nπ

k0 =
l

H
Question: Under what conditions is the equilibrium of part (e) stable?
Solution:
� �

2 2
� nπ �2 ε0 V02

ω = vp − �3

l v 2 σm b + ε0 a

�
p ε

For stability,
� π �2 ε0 V02
ω 2 > 0 ⇒
> �3
l σm b + ε0εa vp2

� π �2 ε0 V02

> �3

l S b +
ε0εa
�

I
Question: What is the maximum membrane mass density per unit area, σm , that the voltage
V0 can stably remove sag so that ξ(x, t) = 0?

Solution: From part (e):

ε0 V02
�2 = 2σm g

b + ε0εa

� π �2 � ε0 a
�

� π �2 2σm g S l b+ ε

> � ε0 a ⇒ σm <
�
l S b+ ε 2g