AC-DC Converters

Advanced
Power Conversion & Control 2017‐2018
Advanced Power Conversion and
Control
AC‐DC CONVERTERS (1)
Contents
• Introduction
• Uncontrolled diode‐based rectifiers
• Controlled Thyristor‐based rectifiers
• Applications
• Multipulse diodes rectifiers
Dr Mouloud Denai 1
Advanced Power Conversion & Control 2017‐2018
Introduction
• A rectifier converts an alternating current (AC) input
power to a direct current (DC) output power.
• AC to DC converters without control are designed using

diodes and are known as diode rectifiers.
• AC to DC controlled rectifiers are designed using
thyristors.
Introduction
• Rectifier circuits may be classified into one of the two
categories:
 Half‐wave rectification
The simplest type of rectifier is the half‐wave rectifier.
It allows half of an AC waveform to pass to the load and
blocks the other half cycle .
Dr Mouloud Denai 2
Introduction
• Full‐wave rectifier
The full‐wave rectifier is equivalent to two half‐wave
rectifiers.
The first half‐wave branch will allow current to flow
during the positive half cycle of the AC current and the
second half‐wave branch will allows current to flow
during the negative half cycle of the AC current.
Introduction
• Rectifiers are required to supply ripple‐free DC voltage or DC
current to the load.
• However, the rectified output DC current contains
harmonics.
• Fourier series expansion can be used to analyse harmonic
contents of the output current waveform.
• The input current is of the form:

is  I sn sin n  sn 
n 1, 2 ,
Dr Mouloud Denai 3
Introduction
 The output current is of the form:

i0  I dc  I 0n sin nθ  φ 0 n 
n 1,2 ,
= Average DC value of the current.

= Amplitude of the harmonic.
= Phase angle of the harmonic with respect to
source voltage.
 The output voltage of a rectifier circuit also has 2

components: a DC component ( ) and an AC
component ( ).
Introduction
• Performance parameters of rectifiers
 The average value of output (load) voltage
 The average value of output (load) current
 The output DC power
 The rms value of output voltage

 The rms value of output current
 The output AC power

Pdc
 The efficiency or rectification ratio of a rectifier η 
Pac
Dr Mouloud Denai 4
Introduction
 The effective or rms value of the AC component of output
voltage:
Vac  Vrms
2
 Vdc2
 The form factor which is a measure of the shape of the
output voltage:
Vrms
FF 
Vdc
 The ripple factor which is a measure of the ripple content
Vac
RF 
Vdc
Introduction
By substituting into the RF, we can express the ripple
factor as:
2
Vac
2
Vrms  Vdc2 V 
RF     rms   1  FF 2  1
Vdc Vdc  Vdc 
 The transformer utilization factor is defined as

Pdc
TUF 
Vs I s
Where and are the rms voltage and rms current of
the transformer secondary respectively.
Dr Mouloud Denai 5
Introduction
 The displacement factor (DF) or Displacement Power
Factor (DPF) is defined as:
DF  cos 
 = displacement angle (angle between fundamental
components of input current and voltage).
 The harmonic factor (HF) also known as total
harmonic distortion (THD) is a measure of the
distortion of a waveform. The harmonic factor of the
input current is given as:
2
I s2  I s21 I 
HF  2
  s   1
I s1  I s1 
Introduction
 The input power factor (PF)
For a pure sinusoidal input current and voltage, the PF is
defined as:
real power P V I cos φ
PF   R  s s  cos φ
apparent power Prms Vs I s
For a rectifier circuit, the PF is given by:
real power V I cosφ1

PF   s1 s1
apparent power Vrms I rms
Where and are the fundamental components of
and .
Dr Mouloud Denai 6
Introduction
 The crest factor is a comparison of the peak input

current to its rms value and is given as:
I s ( peak )
CF 
I rms
 An ideal rectifier should have:
 100%
0
0
1
0
1
Single Phase Half‐Wave Rectifier
• Half wave rectifier with resistive load
 The simplest rectifier circuit is the half‐wave (HW)
rectifier with resistive load. The HW rectifier has a
single diode.
 The source voltage is:
vs θ   Vmsin θ 
and is typically the secondary of a supply transformer.
 When is positive, the diode is forward‐biased and
the source voltage is applied to the load.
Dr Mouloud Denai 7
• When is negative the diode is reverse‐biased and

therefore no current flows to the load and the load voltage
is zero.
• The load voltage and current are:
V sin(θ ) 0  θ  π vs  0 
vL θ    m
0 π  θ  2 π vs  0 
Vm
 sin(θ ) 0  θ  π vs  0 
iL θ    R
 0 π  θ  2π vs  0 
• The average DC output voltage produced by the HW
rectifier is given by:
 
1 Vm Vm
2 0
Vdc  V sin( θ ) d θ   cos(θ )   0.318Vm
2 
m
0
Dr Mouloud Denai 8
• The DC component of the current for the resistive load is:
Vdc Vm
I0  
R R
• The average power absorbed by the load resistor is:
2
Vrms
P  RI rms
2

R

1 Vm
Vrms   V sin  2
d ( ) 
2
m
0
2
Vrms Vm
I rms  
R 2R
• Example: For the half‐wave rectifier circuit below the source

is a sinusoid of 120 V rms at a frequency of 60 Hz. The load
resistor is 5Ω. Determine:
a) The average load current.
b) The average power absorbed by the load.
c) The power factor of the circuit.
Dr Mouloud Denai 9
a) The average load current

V0 Vm 2 (120)
I0     10.8 A
R R 5
b) The average power absorbed by the load.
Vm 2 (120)
Vrms    84.9 V
2 2
2
Vrms 84.9 2
P  RI 2
rms    1440 W
R 4
Vrms Vm 84.9
I rms     17 A
R 2R 5
c) The power factor

P P 1440
PF = = = = 0.707
S Vs, rms I s, rms (120)(17)
Dr Mouloud Denai 10
• Example: For the half‐wave rectifier:
Determine:
a) The efficiency ()
b) The form factor (FF)
c) The ripple factor (RF)
d) The transformer utilisation factor (TUF)
e) The crest factor (CF)
f) The power factor (PF)
a) The efficiency ()
Pdc
η
Pac
The average output voltage is:
1 T 1 T /2
Vdc 
T 0
v0 (t )dt 
T 
0
Vmsin(t )dt
Vm   T  
 cos 2  - 1
T    
Dr Mouloud Denai 11
since  2 and 1/ .
Vm
Vdc   0.318Vm
π
and
Vdc V
I dc   0.318 m
R R
Recall that the rms value of periodic signal is defined as:
1 T 2 1 T/2 2 2
T 0 T 0
Vrms  v (t ) dt  Vm sin (ωt )dt
 0.5Vm
Vrms V
I rms   0.5 m
R R
The efficiency can now be evaluated
Pdc V I
  dc dc
Pac Vrms I rms
0.318Vm  0.318 Vm 

R  0.318
2
    40.5%
 Vm 
0.5Vm  0.5  0 .5 2
 R
Low efficiency
Dr Mouloud Denai 12
b) The form factor (FF)
Vrms 0.5
FF    1.57 or 157%
Vdc 0.318
c) The ripple factor (RF)
RF  FF 2  1  1.57 2  1  1.21 or 121%

high ripple factor
d) The transformer utilisation factor (TUF)
The transformer secondary voltage rms is:
Vm
Vs   0.707 Vm
2
The transformer secondary current is equal to the load
current:
Vm
I s  0 .5
R
The transformer power is:
Vm2
Vs I s  0.707  0.5
R
Finally, 0.318Vm  0.318 Vm 
Pdc Vdc I dc  R
TUF    2
Vs I s Vs I s V
0.707  0.5 m
R
TUF is low which shows that in HW rectifier
 0.286 circuits, the transformer is not fully utilised. If
the transformer rating is 1kVA, then the HW
rectifier can deliver 1000x0.287 = 287 W
Dr Mouloud Denai 13
e) The crest factor (CF)
Vm Vm
I s( peak )  I s  0.5
R R
I s( peak )
Vm R
CF   2
Is 0.5Vm R
f) The power factor (PF)
0.5Vm  0.5 Vm 

Vs I s R  0.52
PF   
Vrms I rms V2 0.707  0.5
0.707  0.5 m
R
 0.707 (lagging)
• Half wave rectifier with R‐L load
Applying KVL gives:
diL
RiL  L  Vmsin ωt 
dt R, L
Dividing by  and substituting
diL R V
 iL  m sin θ 
dθ ωL ωL
Define:
ωL diL iL Vm
q    sin θ 
R dθ q qR
Dr Mouloud Denai 14
• The solution of this 1st order ODE
iL θ  
Vm
R

cos  sin   e  q  sin θ     0  θ   
iL θ   0     θ  2
  tan 1 q  vL
iL
Note: Due to the inductive
load, the conduction period of
the diode will extend beyond  vD
until the current becomes zero.
• R‐L load with freewheeling diode (FWD)

 The circuit includes another diode marked Dm. This
diode is called free‐wheeling diode.
 The free‐wheeling diode prevents the voltage across the
load from reversing during the negative half‐cycle of the
supply voltage.
vL
iL
Dm
R, L
vD
Dr Mouloud Denai 15
forward‐biased: fully energised.
Dm
R,L
reverse‐biased: Energy stored in is dissipated through .
Dm
R,L
Single Phase Full‐Wave Rectifier
• There are 2 types of single‐phase full‐wave (FW) rectifiers:
FW with centre‐tapped transformer and bridge rectifier.
• FW rectifier with centre‐tapped transformer
 A transformer is used, whose secondary winding is split
into 2 halves with a common centre tapped connection
(C).
Dr Mouloud Denai 16
 When point of the transformer is positive with respect

to point , diode conducts.
 When point of the transformer is positive (during the
negative half‐cycle) with respect to point , diode
conducts.
 Each diode and half transformer act as HW rectifier.
 The output of the two HW rectifiers are combined to
produce a FW rectification in the load.
 Therefore, the average DC voltage across the load is the
sum of the two voltages (i.e. double of that of the HW).

1 2Vm
Vdc 
  Vmsin(θ )dθ 
0

 0.636 Vm
Dr Mouloud Denai 17
• Bridge rectifier
 Uses 4 diodes arranged in “series pairs”.
 Does not require tapped‐transformer (therefore
reducing size and cost).
 On the positive half‐cycle

of the transformer supply
voltage, D1 and D2 conduct
in series supplying this
voltage to the load (while
D3 and D4 are reverse‐
biased).
 On the negative half‐cycle

of the transformer supply
voltage, D3 and D4 conduct
while D1 and D2 are
reverse‐biased.
Dr Mouloud Denai 18
• The average DC voltage across the load is:


1 2Vm
Vdc 
  Vmsin(θ )dθ 
0

 0.636Vm
• The average value of the load current is:

Vdc V
I dc   0.636 m
R R
Dr Mouloud Denai 19
Three Phase Diode Rectifiers
• Single‐phase diode rectifiers are suitable for low power

applications up to 15 kW.
• For medium and high power electronics applications, the
three‐phase, six pulse rectifiers are employed.
• There are 2 types of 3‐phase diode rectifiers that convert 3‐
phase AC supply into a DC voltage:
 Star rectifiers
 Bridge rectifiers
Three Phase Diode Rectifiers: Star Rectifier
• Basic 3‐Phase Star Rectifier
 A basic 3‐phase star rectifier can be considered as 3
single‐phase HW rectifiers combined together.
 The diode in a given phase conducts during the period

when the line‐to‐neutral voltage on that phase is higher
than that of the other 2 phases for 1/3 of the cycle of
the input voltage.
Dr Mouloud Denai 20
Voltage waveforms of the 3 phases and the load
• The conduction angle of each diode is 2/3 (1200) ( for

single‐phase rectifiers).
• Taking phase R as an example, diode D conducts from /6 to
5/6.
 The average DC output voltage is:
5 / 6
3 3 3
Vdc 
2  Vmsin(θ )dθ 
 /6  2
Vm  0.827 Vm
 The rms value of the output voltage is:

5 / 6
3
 V sin(θ ) dθ  0.84Vm
2
VL 
2
m
/6
Dr Mouloud Denai 21
• Note
 The DC currents in the secondary windings of the
transformer may cause the transformer core saturation.
 Additionally, the primary windings currents do not sum
to zero due to star‐connection.
 To avoid transformer core saturation in the 3‐phase star
rectifier, a special arrangement is used in the secondary
windings. The modified circuit is called zig‐zag or
interstar rectifier.
Three Phase Bridge Rectifiers
• The 3‐phase bridge rectifier includes 6 diodes with a

conduction angle of 2/3 each.
• Each 3‐phase line connects between a pair of diodes.

• Diodes 1,3 and 5 have common cathode connections, the
diode connected to the highest positive phase voltage
would conduct.
Dr Mouloud Denai 22
• Diodes 2,4 and 6 have common anode connections, the

diode connected to the most negative phase voltage
would conduct.
Dr Mouloud Denai 23
• The average DC output voltage is:

2 / 3
6 3 3
Vdc 
2 
/3
3Vm sin(θ )dθ 

Vm  1.654Vm
• The rms of the output voltage is:

2 / 3
9
VL   V sin(θ ) 2
dθ  1.655Vm

m
 /3
Filtering in Rectifier Circuits
• Filters are used in rectifier circuits for smoothing the output

DC voltage of the load.
• They are classified as:
 Inductor‐input DC filters (high power applications)
 Capacitor‐input DC filters (low power applications)
• The choice of the capacitor value needs to fulfill a number

of requirements. The value must be chosen so that its time
constant is very much longer than the time interval between
the successive peaks of the rectified waveform:
Dr Mouloud Denai 24
Filtering in Rectifier Circuits
1
Rload  C 
f
Where:
overall resistance of the load for the supply.
value of the capacitor.
the ripple frequency – this will be twice the line
frequency if a full wave rectifier is used.
Dr Mouloud Denai 25

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• AC to DC converters without control are designed using

= Average DC value of the current.

 The output voltage of a rectifier circuit also has 2

 The output DC power

 The rms value of output voltage

 The output AC power

 The transformer utilization factor is defined as

real power V I cosφ1

 The crest factor is a comparison of the peak input

• When is negative the diode is reverse‐biased and

• Example: For the half‐wave rectifier circuit below the source

a) The average load current

c) The power factor

0.318Vm  0.318 Vm 

RF  FF 2  1  1.57 2  1  1.21 or 121%

0.5Vm  0.5 Vm 

• R‐L load with freewheeling diode (FWD)

reverse‐biased: Energy stored in is dissipated through .

 When point of the transformer is positive with respect

 On the positive half‐cycle

 On the negative half‐cycle

• The average DC voltage across the load is:

• The average value of the load current is:

• Single‐phase diode rectifiers are suitable for low power

 The diode in a given phase conducts during the period

• The conduction angle of each diode is 2/3 (1200) ( for

 The rms value of the output voltage is:

• The 3‐phase bridge rectifier includes 6 diodes with a

• Each 3‐phase line connects between a pair of diodes.

• Diodes 2,4 and 6 have common anode connections, the

• The average DC output voltage is:

• The rms of the output voltage is:

• Filters are used in rectifier circuits for smoothing the output

• The choice of the capacitor value needs to fulfill a number

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