Republic of the Philippines

NUEVA ECIJA UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

Cabanatuan City

PUMPS

DORIC JUBILEA MARTIN

JOHN JERIC VICENTE

PCS 2: FLOOD CONTROL AND DRAINAGE ENGINEERING

Engr. Derick Aldrin L. Esteban

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 Republic of the Philippines
NUEVA ECIJA UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
Cabanatuan City

Different industries all over the world uses pumps in numerous ways, this can include pumping

of water, oil, gas, wastewater and even food in some cases. In addition, pumps were also widely

used in chemical and agricultural industry such as in the form of irrigation systems.

A mechanical device that transfers different fluids from one location to another, pump is also

defined as a hydraulic device that lifts fluid from low to high level and low to high pressure

areas by converting mechanical energy of the fluid into pressure energy also known as hydraulic

energy.

Before we proceed to different types of pumps, let us familiarize ourselves with some important

parts of a pump. Starting with the pump’s casing or basically its cover, which protects and

supports other components or parts of the pump, in some cases, the cover is used to retain

pressure and prevent leakages. Piston is a part of pump that is tightly fitted in a cylinder and

moves linearly back and forth to compress or move the fluid. Plungers, is a component similar

to piston and only differs in shape and size. Impellers on the other hand is a rotating component

which is equipped with blades that rotates and moves fluid in the pump.

There are two types of pumps, positive displacement pumps and dynamic pump. In positive

displacement pump, the moving parts such as gears, plungers, piston and the others drain fluid

from the casing or housing, through this process the hydraulic pressure increases. But, the pump

itself don’t create pressure, it just generates fluid flow. Positive displacement pumps are further

dived into types, reciprocating, rotary, and pneumatic pump.

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 Republic of the Philippines
NUEVA ECIJA UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
Cabanatuan City

Dynamic pump is the second type of pump that transfers the fluid by increasing its pressure as

it passes through impeller and diffuser. In dynamic pump, the impeller increases the speed of

the fluid and the diffuser converts this into pressure energy. Just like in positive displacement

pump, dynamic pumps are further divided into centrifugal and vertical centrifugal pumps.

Types of Positive Displacement Pump

1. Reciprocating Pumps – the plunger or piston in this type of pump moves downward and

upward, during suction stroke, the cylinder is filled with fresh liquid and after filling, the

inlet valve closes and the discharge stroke starts. During the discharge stroke, the outlet

valve opens and the pressurized liquid discharges from the outlet valve. Since

reciprocating pumps produce high pressure, it is often used in petrochemical,

agricultural and fertilizer industry.

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 Republic of the Philippines
NUEVA ECIJA UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
Cabanatuan City

In addition, reciprocating pumps creates large pressure than the other type

of pump such as centrifugal pump. It is also best for high pressure requirement application.

Reciprocating pumps are also easy to operate since it uses a piston and cylinder in pressurizing

the fluid. In addition, it has a self-priming capability, high efficiency and can also be used for air

compression. For its disadvantages on the other hand, reciprocating pumps are not the best pick

when it comes to high flow application because it produces low flow rate. High initial cost,

heavy weight, and high maintenance cost are some of its disadvantages. Moreover,

reciprocating pump also has high wear and tear because of large amount of friction produced

between the piston and cylinder, and can't deliver continuous supply of water and other fluids.

Reciprocating pumps can be divided further into three types.

a. Plunger Type Pumps – it has a crosshead operated by a cam handle device. These pumps

are mostly used in descaling, oil hydraulics, cleaning, water irrigation, and even

transporting paints and chocolates. Its capacity adjusts by varying the pump speed or

stroke, through the setting of the eccentric pin.

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 Republic of the Philippines
NUEVA ECIJA UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
Cabanatuan City

Plunger pumps consumes low energy, has linear performance curve, has maximum possible

efficiency, has wide range of pressure and has the capability to move in slurries, high viscosity

liquids and abrasives with good control. For its disadvantages, plunger pump delivers pulsating

flow of fluid, can only handle fluids that have a low flow rate, has high maintenance cost, larger

in size compared to other pumps, and requires high or wide space for installation.

b. Diaphragm Pumps – diaphragm pumps are very versatile and can handle a large number

of liquids wastewater, additives, can also be used in pharmaceuticals, chemicals and even

dry food powders. Diaphragm pumps does not require any packing or seals, and are

most commonly used in leakage-free applications since they were designed for pumping

sludge, slurries and liquids.

Just like reciprocating pump, diaphragm pumps also have self-priming capability, it's also

potable and easy to install. Diaphragm pumps has a long service life and can handle fluids with

low, medium and high viscosity and does not have seal problems. On the other hand, it can't

supply high pressure during the pumping process, it's also less reliable in supplying fluid

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 Republic of the Philippines
NUEVA ECIJA UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
Cabanatuan City

during the pumping process. This type of pumps also has high initial cost and expensive spare

parts, in some cases, it takes a long time for product delivery.

c. Piston Pumps – this type of pump gets power from an electric motor via a shaft, piston

pump is a simple but powerful device, it is operated by moving the piston upward and

downward inside the chamber. As the piston moves downward, it sucks the fluid from

the outside via an inlet valve, while it moves upward then pressurized the fluid by

reducing its volume. Piston pumps are generally designed for relatively low viscosity

fluids such as water and light oil. Piston pumps are often used in withdrawing water

from well, water irrigation, oil and gas distribution systems, and even transporting paint

and chocolates.

2. Rotary Pump – the rotor rotates or replaces the fluid by orbiting and rotary movement.

The mechanism of rotary pump consists of housing, vane or blades, cams, runner, inlet

and outlet ports, these components help to transfer fluids.

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 Republic of the Philippines
NUEVA ECIJA UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
Cabanatuan City

Rotary pumps are also self-priming pumps and offers an almost constant delivery rate

regardless of the pressure, they are manufactured in a manner that minimizes leakage from

pressure side to suction side. These pumps work at low speeds, and mostly utilized to transfer

highly viscous fluids like oil and fuel.

Rotary pumps are also divided into three types, rotary lobe, screw pumps and progressive

cavity pumps.

a. Rotary Lobe – in this type of pump, the liquid sucks in from the suction valve to the cavity

between the chamber wall and lobes. The liquid cannot escape the pumps since the rotor

has mesh, the liquid exits only from the nozzle along the rotation direction of the outer

lobe.

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 Republic of the Philippines
NUEVA ECIJA UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
Cabanatuan City

Rotary lobe pumps have high hygiene quality, rust resistance and excellent efficiency. They are

often used in biopharmaceutical manufacturing, and beverage and food processing industries.

Rotary lobe pumps do not have metal to metal contact, and can run dry for a long time. It can

also handle pastes, slurries, solids and provides pulsating free flow. On the other hand, this type

of pump requires two seals, timing gears and has high initial cost, it also reduces lift with thin

or non-viscous liquids.

b. Screw Pumps – a singular kind of positive displacement rotary pump in which the liquid

flow through the pump element is axial. Screw pump is a non-clog, large capacity

atmospheric pressure device that can pump various wastes and solids from the sewage.

This type of pump uses two screws for pressurizing the fluid.

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 Republic of the Philippines
NUEVA ECIJA UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
Cabanatuan City

Screw pump also has self-priming capability, can operate in dry condition and

can also be used for all type of fluids and has a sleek and compact design. This type of pump

needs blast to transfer light gases, has a low pumping speed and has high initial cost.

c. Progressive Cavity Pumps – the last type of rotary pumps, progressive cavity pumps are

specially designed for transporting viscous and abrasive liquids with high air content,

fibers and solids. This type of pump is the best option for shear-sensitive liquid, as it can

control both high and low viscosity materials. They are designed for a volumetric flow

rate that is proportional to the turning of the pump impeller.

Progressive cavity pumps are good for solids and other complex fluids, also has self-priming

capability, reduced noise while operating, it's also versatile since it can also operate vertically,

and can work with high and low viscosity fluids. For its disadvantages, the alignment can be

hard to maintain, has high maintenance cost, sensitive stator since dry running for a few seconds

may bring damage. The pump requires liquid to maintain the surface lubricated and can only

use to transfer fluids for a limited distance.

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 Republic of the Philippines
NUEVA ECIJA UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
Cabanatuan City

3. Pneumatic Pump

In pneumatic ejector, pressurized air releases from the delivery pressure vessel to the outlet by

gravity through sequence of surges via check valve.

Pneumatic pump has easy maintenance and requires little to no cleaning, its also easy to use and

has low initial cost. For its disadvantages, pneumatic pumps uses compressed air instead of

electricity which is more expensive. And during operation, it produces loud noise and silencer

is required.

Dynamic Pump

A dynamic pump transfers the fluid by increasing its pressure as it passes through the

impeller and diffuser. In this type, the impeller increases the speed of the fluid and the diffuser

converts this speed into pressure energy. It uses centrifugal force for the pumping of fluid. A

dynamic pump further divides into the below-given types:

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 Republic of the Philippines
NUEVA ECIJA UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
Cabanatuan City

1. Centrifugal Pumps

These are the most widely used pumps around the world. The Centrifugal pump has a

straightforward working principle. These pump types are efficient, robust, and relatively

inexpensive to manufacture. It improves performance by transferring mechanical power from

the motor to the liquid via the rotating impeller.

It is a pump that has an impeller and a diffuser for pressuring the water or other fluids.

The impeller moves the fluid axially and radially with the help of a centrifugal force. This

impeller is connected with an electric motor via a shaft. As the shaft starts its rotation, the

impeller also rotates. This impeller has fixed blades that also rotate with the impeller movement

The centrifugal pumps are the best options to transfer fluids from one place to another

for many applications such as pharmaceutical, chemical, mining, oil, power plants, industrial,

municipal (water and wastewater treatment plants), agriculture, etc.

They are generally designed for relatively low viscosity fluids such as water and light oil.

The liquids having high viscosity, like 10 or 20 wt oil at 68-70 degrees Fahrenheit requires

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 Republic of the Philippines
NUEVA ECIJA UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
Cabanatuan City

additional horsepower to run the centrifugal pump. Therefore, the positive displacement pumps

are the best options for liquids having a viscosity of more than 30 wt.

The most common uses of the centrifugal pumps are sewage drainage, mud, sludge,

crude oil pumping, hot water circulation, pressurization, water supply, and boiler water

treatment. The centrifugal pumps have the following types:

• Radial Flow Pumps

It includes in the most famous types of centrifugal pumps. The impeller of these pumps

releases liquid at right angles to the shaft. With these types of pumps, the entire pressure

generates by centrifugal force. Radial flow pump uses for low flow rate and high pressure

applications. The runner outer diameter to the eye diameter ratio for this water pump is not less

than 2.

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 Republic of the Philippines
NUEVA ECIJA UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
Cabanatuan City

• Axial Flow

The fluid moves through the runner in a parallel direction to the low height of the shaft

axis. As well as the discharge of the flow is high. These types of pumps use for high discharge

flow and medium head applications. It creates pressure by pushing and lifting liquid with the

impeller blade. It has only one ratio of runner outer diameter (D2) to eye diameter (D1). Its

impeller has no width.

• Mixed Flow

In this pump, the direction of flow is partly radial and partly axial. It uses for high flow

and medium head applications. In these, some of the pressure is created by centrifugal force,

and some are created by lifting the impeller blades on the fluid.

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 Republic of the Philippines
NUEVA ECIJA UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
Cabanatuan City

A Mixed-flow pump mostly utilizes for drainage of agricultural land and lift irrigation,

handling seawater, cooling water for nuclear and thermal power plants, water supply, industrial

applications, and sewage applications. It has less than 1.5 ratios of runner outer diameter (D2)

to eye diameter (D1). Its impeller has a lot of widths.

2. Vertical Centrifugal Pumps

It is also known as a cantilever pump. It uses a unique maintenance design and exclusive

shaft. This pump has a maintained design and special shaft that allows the volume to fit in the

pit when the bearing is outside the pit. It does not use a filled container to cover the shaft but

uses a throttle sleeve. These have different types that are given below.

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 Republic of the Philippines
NUEVA ECIJA UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
Cabanatuan City

• Horizontal Pumps

The horizontal water pump has at least two impellers. These use for pumping service. All

phases are in similar shelters and are mounted on similar axes. At least eight additional steps

can be mounted on a single horizontal shaft. Each step lifts roughly the same amount of head.

The multi stage water pump can be primed double or single suction with the first impeller.

• Submersible Pumps

These are close coupled pumps driven by submersible motors and designed to be

installed underwater in damp wells The motor mounts under the bowl assembly and directly

connects to the rotor shaft of the pump.

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 Republic of the Philippines
NUEVA ECIJA UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
Cabanatuan City

A submersible pump is also known as a septic tank pump, sewage pump, and rainwater

pump. It has many applications, including construction, municipal, industrial, local, household,

commercial, and storm water recycling services.

These types of pumps efficiently pump rainwater, groundwater, trade water, greywater,

black water, sewage, well water, chemicals, and food. Applications for these pipelines mainly

include a variety of impellers such as single-channel, multi-stage, closed, breakers, and cutters.

Various designs of submersible pumps are available for different applications such as low head,

high flow, high head, and low flow.

• Line-shaft Pump

The controller of this type of motor connects to the ejection head. The shaft system

extends through the column to the drum assembly. In this way, the shaft transfers the torque to

the rotor of the water pump.

References:

What is a Pump? | What are the types of Pumps? Mechanical Boost

Parts of a Pump | Components and Workings of a Pump - Power Zone Equipment

https://mechanicalboost.com/what-is-a-pump-types-of-pumps- and-applications/

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