GUJARAT NATІONAL LAW UNІVERSІTY

ENVIRONMENT LAW

SEMESTER VII

Internal Continuous Evaluation:

GROUP 1:

RESEARCH PAPER ON SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOAL 1: CASE

STUDY OF MALI AND SOMALIA

Submitted by:

Name: Aditi Jerai

Registration No.: 19A011

BBA. LL.B.

Semester VII

Submitted to:

Dr Saira Gori

Assistant Professor of Law

 Table of Contents

S. No. Particulars Page No.

Mali
1.1. Introduction 1
1.1.1. Historical Background 1
1.1.2. Current “No Poverty” Status 2
1.2. National Deliberations 3
1.2.1. Pre-2002: National Strategy to Combat Poverty
1.
and Interventions by IFIs 3
1.2.2. The Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper 2002-2006,
2007-2011 and 2012-2017 3
1.2.3. The Country Strategy Paper 2015-2019 4
1.3. International Deliberations 7

Somalia
2.1. Introduction 8
2.1.1. Historical Background 8
2.1.2. Current “No Poverty” Status 9
2.
2.2. National Deliberations 10
2.2.1. Poverty Attributable to Environmental Disasters 10
2.2.2. The National Development Plan 10
2.3. International Deliberations 12
 SDG 1- Case Study: Mali and Somalia

MALI

Introduction

Historical Background

The Republic of Mali is situated in western Africa. According to the Global Innovation Index
for the year 2021, Mali ranks 124th out of a total of 132 nations.1 The current economic status
of Mali can be largely attributed to the grave exploitation of the continent of Africa during
colonization. At the peak of economic flourishment in the 14th century in the Western African
countries, Mali was one of the richest countries in the world with its ruler at the time, Mansa
Musa, being the richest person in the world. With the entire territory of Mali expanding over
most of the present-day Western African countries like Senegal, the Gambia, Guinea, Niger,
Chad, Nigeria and Mauritania, the empire was the centre of trade between Europe and the rest
of the African Continent, through the Sub-Saharan Trade route. 2 Economy and trade were not
the only flourishing factors in Mali, education was also thriving, with the University of
Timbuktu, which exists to this date.

However, by the late 15th century the empire fell into the hands of Moroccan colonists.
Gradually with several changes of hands, Mali came into the firm control of the French
powers. Mali along with present-day Senegal became the Mali Federation, which came to be
a part of the Sudanese Republic. After the French gained power, during the African Scramble
in 1959, the Sudanese Republic came to be known as French Sudan, a French colonial
territory. Shortly after the state gained independence from the French power. With the
separation of Senegal from the federation, the Sudanese Republic also declared independence
from Mali, and Mali came into being as present-day Mali.3

However, like many of the previously colonized states, especially in West African states,
political stability always remained a struggle for Mali. This political instability would
eventually affect the overall policies adopted by the state, both national and international. For
the longest time, Mali was ruled over under a one-party system, however, in 1991 a coup led
to the establishment of multi-party democracy in Mali. Despite the restoration of democracy

1
Soumitra Dutta, Bruno Lanvin, Lorena Rivera Leon and Sacha Wunsch-Vincent, Global Innovation Index 2022
What is the future of innovation-driven growth? (15th Edition, 2022)
2
Barbara Krasner, Mansa Musa: The most famous traveller to Mecca (The Rosen Publishing Group 2017)
3
John Iliffe, Africans: The History of a Continent (Cambridge University Press 2015, p. 69)

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 SDG 1- Case Study: Mali and Somalia

in the state, rebel activities, military coups, and other such conflicts never seized, with
military takeovers as recent as 2020 and 2021.

Current Status

As a direct result of the hurdles faced in policy-making due to the political instability, Mali is
one of the ten poorest countries in the world with a GDP of $17.47 billion and the GDP per
capita of $862.50.4

Macr o Econom ic Indicator S, 2015-

2020
Real GDP growth Inflation
7
6 6 5.8
5 5.3 5 4.7 4.7
4
3
2 1.8 1.7 1.7 1.8
1.5
1
0
2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
-1
-2 -1.8
-3

Fig. 1.1- Macro-Economic Indicators of the GDP growth and Inflation in Mali

The gross domestic product of Mali largely relies on its primary sector, which excludes the
mining sector, that is agricultural activities, animal husbandry and fishery. Mali’s GDP’s
dependency on its primary sector can be traced back to the hydrographic network in Mali, the
major rivers: the Niger and Senegal. Mali is stricken with a disproportionate ratio of low
population density and large area, which leads to several shortcomings faced by Mali
concerning the ease of availability of proper infrastructure, health care and quality education.

With the above-mentioned factors coupled with the socio-political history of Mali,
overcoming poverty has proven to be, if not the most, one of the most difficult tasks in Mali.
The adoption of the Sustainable Development Goals, also known as the Goals in the year
2015 also included Mali as well, as one of 193 member nations of the United Nations which
adopted the said goals. These goals consisted of 17 goals altogether, the first goal being the
“No Poverty Goal”.

4
https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.KD.ZG?locations=SO

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 SDG 1- Case Study: Mali and Somalia

National Deliberations

Pre-2002: National Strategy to Combat Poverty and Interventions by IFIs

Prior to the introduction of the Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper, the National Strategy to
Combat Poverty existed. The National Strategy to Combat Poverty came into being in the
year 1982. The program was to provide a reasonable standard of living to even the poorest
section of the population of Mali. Such standards were aimed through the medium of
providing sufficient healthy food and drinking water, housing, proper health care and
education among several other goals to increase the living standards in Mali. However, SNLP
came to an end in the year 2002. The plan of action adopted by Mali under the SNLP relied
heavily on diverting funds from economic development programs towards the purposes of the
National Strategy to Combat Poverty. This diversion of funds and efforts was highly
criticized by several International Financial Institutes. The IFIs also argued that the lack of
emphasis on the economic growth of Mali made any program or efforts towards eradication
of poverty inefficient and unsustainable. Hence, making economic growth a major factor in
eradicating poverty.

The Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper 2002-2006, 2007-2011 and 2012-2017

The SNLP was replaced by the Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper, which is a multi-phase
program implemented in 2002. The first phase of the strategy paper, Poverty Reduction
Strategy Paper, 2002-2006. The PRSP was indicative of the firm resolution of the Malian
Government to prioritize combating poverty in all the developmental plans adopted by the
government. The program was subsequently taken over by the GPRSP from 2007 to 2011.
The two subsequent programs witnessed varied expectations from various sections of society,
like, improved living conditions, job availability and wealth redistribution from the general
population groups; mobilization of resources and promotion of policies from the government
authorities; and access to credit, sound policies for businesses and transparent taxation
policies by the private sectors. This decade of adoption of the newly formed plan of action
against poverty contributed towards an average increase of 5% in the rate of economic
growth of the Malian Economy.

Following the GPRSP 2007-2011, the GPRSP 2012-2017 materialized. The vision of the
program as stated in the International Monetary Fund Report-

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 SDG 1- Case Study: Mali and Somalia

To combine wisdom, authenticity, and drive to make Mali a prosperous, efficient,

modern nation whose population has “managed to take charge of its future with
determination, so as to remain a people united in its rich diversity, facing a common
goal, and with unshakeable faith in its future”. 5

The second phase aimed at embodying values of transparency, equity, solidarity, efficiency
and impact along with promoting participation, commitment, ownership and accountability in
the system. With these objectives, Mali aimed for economic emergence and betterment of the
quality of life in Mali. The GPRSP also took into account the generation of employment as a
means of achieving the goal of poverty reduction. It talked about the scope of a conclusive
environment for individuals to partake in self-employment due to market demand. The
program based itself on the three strategic pillars-

i) Promotion of accelerated, sustainable, pro-poor growth to create jobs and

generate income;
ii) By strengthening long-term development and providing accessible social services
of higher quality; and
iii) By promoting and propagating institutional development and mode of
governance.

The main motivation for the PRSP program to enter into its next phase of GPRSP 2012-2017
was to increase the rate of economic growth from an average of 5% to 7%, along with
diversification of the bases. The entirety of the program was internally financed. Particularly,
preferential consideration was utilized to realize the funding of various action plans within
the program. This was an attempt to prioritize the allocation of the financing as established by
the GPRSP.

The Country Strategy Paper 2015-20196

The Country Strategy Paper 2015-2019 or better known as CSP 2015-19, came into being
while the GPRSP was in its running. This scheme of action focused more on the grass root
changes to be made to the basic structure of society and its function in Mali. These changes
would include the transformation of agricultural practices used in the state and emphasis on
the development of value chains. However, according to the evaluation report released these
objectives of the CSP got dissolved and did not reflect in the actual practices of poverty
5
International Monetary Fund, Washington, D.C., Plan for the Sustainable Recovery of Mali 2013-14
6
African Development Bank and Mali Country Office, Mali: 2015-2019 Country Strategy Paper Mid-Term
Review and 2018 Country Portfolio Performance Review

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 SDG 1- Case Study: Mali and Somalia

eradication method utilized in Mali during the period of functioning of the plan. Following
this, a resolution to implement this particular reform in the pillar of the anti-poverty schemes
in Mali in the forthcoming CSP 2020-2024 as well. Under the 2015-2019 plan Mali also
resolute the appointment of the Council of Ministers, the National Policy on Transport,
Transport Infrastructure and its Accessibility. Under the aforementioned programs, the
Government of Mali aims to increase the modern infrastructure and connectivity network of
Mali by multiple folds by the year 2035. Under the CSP 2015-2019 the Government of Mali
also made accessibility to clean water and proper sanitation sector one of the major national
priorities. This was also pursuant to the Sustainable Development Goals adopted, and to
materialize which the Strategic Framework for Economic Recovery and Sustainable
Development or also known as the 2016-2018 CREDD was implemented. The Country
Strategic Paper 20115- 2019, as of the current date, remains to be the most successful course
of action taken by the Government of Mali. As per the Mid-Term results obtained under the
CSP 2015-2019, the amount financing for the resource allocation under the paper was
initially estimated to be a total of UA310 million. Based on Mali’s performance in the
African Development Fund-13,7 Mali’s indicative allocation was UA 54.82 million between
2014-2015 and the reaming was allocated during 2015-2016. The strategy along with the
allocated funds relied on the private sector window among regional operations and various
kinds of trust funds. The results of the CSP 2015-2019 and the indicators are presented in
tabular form as follows-8

Strategic Objectives Constraints in the

Outputs achieved
of the 2012-2017 achievement of the Expected outcome
at mid-term 2018
CSCRP result
Road infrastructure development
Promotion of Internal and external 140 km of the Work on the
accelerated, isolation and low Zantiébougou- Zantiébougou-Côte
sustainable and pro- density in terms of Konlondiéba-CI Road started
poor growth, modern infrastructure road developed and effectively in March
creating jobs and paved 2017 and is 37%
income-generating completed
activities

7
African Development Fund, ADF-13 Report: Supporting Africa’s Transformation
8
African Development Bank and Mali Country Office, Mali: 2015-2019 Country Strategy Paper Mid-Term
Review and 2018 Country Portfolio Performance Review (p. XIII)

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 SDG 1- Case Study: Mali and Somalia

Strengthening of 366,210 direct jobs

long-term bases for 1,192 km of the in man/days (87.5%
development and Douentza – Gao held by young
equitable access to Road developed and people for the
quality social paved ZantiébougouCôte
services d'Ivoire road)
Development of drinking water supply and sanitation infrastructure
Promotion of Rate of access to 140 boreholes drilled
accelerated, drinking water and
sustainable and pro- sanitation to
poor growth, improve: (i) from 49
Strong population
creating jobs and to 57% for Gao,
growth
income-generating Koulikoro and
activities Ségou; and (ii) from
36 to 64% for
Bamako.
Development of energy infrastructure (easy access and lower costs)
Promotion of Policy, legal, National Energy
accelerated, regulatory and Policy and National
sustainable and pro- institutional Renewable Energy
Low density in terms
poor growth, framework for the Development
of energy
creating jobs and promotion of Strategy Papers are
infrastructure
income-generating renewable energy available
activities investments
improved
Agriculture and food security
Vulnerability of the National Energy
economy, climate Policy and National
Irrigation schemes
variability and Renewable Energy
increased
environmental Development
degradation Strategy Papers
Food and nutrition Food and nutrition
security strengthened security strengthened

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 SDG 1- Case Study: Mali and Somalia

Fig. 1.2- Results-Based Framework of Mali’s 2015-2019 CSP

The implementation of the CSP 2020-2024 immediately succeeded CSP 2015-2019, the mid-
term reports for the same are yet to be assessed. The Malian Government also adopted the
Public Financial Reform Plan 2017-2021 in the year 2016. This adoption of the reform plan
was to consolidate the various achievements under the Government Action Plan for Public
Financial Management Improvement and Modernization, a simultaneous decade-long plan of
action adopted from 2006 to 2016.

International Deliberations and Interventions

In addition to the multiple national programs and initiatives of the Government of Mali,
several international interventions have been made in an attempt to assist the Malian
Government. Mali is a recipient of aid from the government and private entities from various
countries. Mali identifies these donations under its Overseas Development Assistance
Program or ODA. The top ten countries and institutions which contribute in form of
donations to Mali to reduce poverty are- i) the United States of America, ii) the European
Union and its Institutions, iii) World Bank (IDA), iv) France, v) Canada, vi) AfDF, vii)
Germany, viii) Netherlands, ix) Sweden and; x) Japan.

These major schemes of international intervention would include the initiatives taken by the
United States Agency for International Development or USAID. USAID has been actively
present in Mali since the 1970s and consistently helped Mali in its drive to eradicate poverty.
With respect to recent times and the requirements in Mali, USAID has been a constant
presence in the agricultural sector of Mali, which is also the major source of GDP in the state
of Mali. According to the Borgen project, in 2018 alone over 400,000 farmers, directly and
indirectly,
benefitted
from the
initiatives
of USAID
in the
framing
sector.

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 SDG 1- Case Study: Mali and Somalia

SOMALIA

Introduction

Historical Background

The Federal Republic of Somalia is the westernmost coastal nation which lies partly in the
Gulf of Aden and the Indian Ocean towards its east and neighbours Ethiopia, Djibouti and
Kenya in mainland Africa. Geographically Somalia consists of plains, highlands and plateaus
and recipient of irregular rainfall, a common hurdle to agricultural practices faced by many
states in the region. With a total population of 17.1 million9, of which over 80% are ethnically
Somalian, majorly north-African residents for centuries. Somalia has experienced a rich
history of both social and religious value, due to its vicinity with the Arabic Sub-continent
and the advent of Islam. Somalia is also one sufferer of the Scramble of Africa, which
witnessed the rapid change of ruling authority in various regions of northern, eastern and
western Africa.

Somalia is one of the very few African nations which remained untouched by the European
Colonizing countries, until very late in the 19 th century. Immediately after the scramble,
Somalia was ruled under the Indian Office of Great Britain and thus, was formally
administered as a part of the Indian Empire under British rule. Several efforts to retrieve the
power rule were made by the Dhaqdhaqaaqa Daraawiishta movement or popularly known as
the Dervish movement. The tussle of power between the British and the Drevish continued
into the early 20th century, until the Dervish powers were defeated by British airpower in the
year 1920. From then onwards till 1940 Somalia witnessed several secessions of power at the
hands of Britain, Italian Forces and Somaliland Forces. And ultimately after World War II,
when British forces were weakened all over its colonies, along with two decades of attempts
to unite Somaliland with its current neighbouring countries, Somalia gained independence on
the 1st of July, 1960. However, even after gaining independence Somalia struggled greatly
with respect to political and geographical stability. Partly due to the incessant religious
overlap with the ruling and governing authorities and the ethnical diversity of the population
Somalia underwent the Somalia Civil War.10 This instability was to the extent that Somalia
came to be known as a case study example in several “state failure” discourses.
9
“World Population Prospects 2022” population.un.org United Nations Department of Economic and Social
Affairs, Population Division, July 2022.
10
Tobias Hgmann, Markus Hoehne, Failures of the State Debate: Evidence from the Somali Territories (Journal
of International Development 2009)

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 SDG 1- Case Study: Mali and Somalia

Along with its internal issues, Somalia was also embroiled in the Cold War by the United
States of America due to its strategic location, including its proximity with the middle eastern
countries and the Persian Gulf as well as the Indian Ocean. This also contributed to the
drastic decline in Somalia’s food security from its status of “Food Sufficient” in the 1970s to
being a food-deficient country.

Current “No Poverty” Status

The above-mentioned historical background of Somalia indicates the struggles of streamlined

policy-making due to the political, ethical, religious and military conflicts that have taken
place in the country. The transition from the Transitional Federal Government formed in

Tr ans for m ati on Index, 2020

Political and Social Integration
Stability of Democratic Institutions 5 Socio-economic Level

International Cooperation Market Organization

0
Resource Efficiency Monetary and Fiscal Stability

Sustainability Private Property

Economic Performance Welfare Regime

2004 to the restoration of the Federal Government of Somalia in 2012 to finally the peaceful
elections conducted in 2016 forming a government, Somalia has come a long way.

Fig. 2.1- Transformational Index of Somalia, 202011

However, political stability remains a hurdle for the Government of Somalia. This instability
also affects the survey taking institutions, creating a severe lack of statistics and making the
process of policy-making more difficult and ambiguous. According to the satellite imputation
numbers, large concentrations of poverty-stricken areas are found in the southwestern and
northern parts of Somalia. Despite the constant instability and various environmental along
with other socio-economic and external calamities, the Government of Somalia has made

11
Transformation Atlas 2020, https://atlas.bti-project.org/

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 SDG 1- Case Study: Mali and Somalia

efforts in form of poverty reduction programs and international collaborations to curb

poverty.

National Deliberations

Poverty in Somalia has been a struggle for a long. As mentioned previously, poverty in
Somalia can be attributed to several factors, inter or external factors, both man-made and
natural calamities.

Poverty Attributable to Environmental Disasters

Somalia is no stranger to the impact of environmental calamities and other environmental

challenges like deforestation, aridity, war waste disposal and land degradation in addition to
the global trend of climate change. Climate-related disasters have become more frequent in
the past three decades as compared to the preceding years with close to 20 floods and 12
droughts since 1990. Needless to say, two of the greatest environmental disasters that have
had an impact on poverty in Somalia would, ironically, be drought and flood.

Droughts in Somalia are a direct result of the country’s vulnerability to climate change. El
Niño 2011 broke Somalia’s record for the worst hitting drought recorded in the past 60 years,
as a result approximately 260,000 people suffered directly and indirectly. Subsequently, in
2016 and 2017 a rough estimate of 740,000 people were displaced, a great percentage of
which being minors. These large-scale displacements had a significant contribution to
poverty statistics in the country.

Somalia is also a victim of flash floods which occur at frequent intervals. The Gu rains,
comparable to the Indian Monsoon cause a series of flash floods in various regions of the
country. With its booming population and the lack of a proper procedural framework to deal
with such floods, flash floods have proven to be fatal.

The National Development Plan12

Since, the last decade, particularly from 2012 onwards Somalia and the Government of
Somalia have made noteworthy efforts to combat poverty and recover from the damage
caused due to decades of mismanagement, conflicts, and civil wars in addition to severe
environmental degradation. Somalia has witnessed great progress in terms of its political
stability, which has remained to be a constant hurdle, by conducting two consecutive
12
International Monetary Fund, Washington, D.C. Somalia: Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper- Joint Staff
Advisory Note (March 2020)

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 SDG 1- Case Study: Mali and Somalia

successful elections. The National Development Plan has been in action since 1986, as
formulated by the Government of Somalia. In its early phases, i.e., before 1991, the NDP was
not framed with credible statistics, therefore, was never really able to serve the true purpose
of combating poverty and other socio-economic circumstances which indirectly contributed
towards poverty. The National Development Program was designed as a multi-a phase, an
annual plan which would take into account the current requirements at the time of
formulation of the particular plan.

The National Development Plan 9 is one such comprehensive strategic plan aimed at the
reduction of poverty and promoting inclusive growth in the country. The National
Development Plan 9, unlike its predecessor NDP 8, is based on four pillars-

i. Inclusive Politics;
ii. Improvement in National Security and Rule of Law;
iii. Inclusive Economic Growth; and
iv. Human Development.

In contrast to this basis of the structure of NDP 9, NDP 8 was based on a total of nine pillars.
However, policymakers took notice that such fragmentation led to fragmentation of interests,
thus scattered results. Reducing the driving factors of the NDP 9 would lead to a more
streamlined plan of action, meaning more aims of the plan could be achieved under a single
plan. The NPD 9 covers an analysis of deeply rooted issues and wider discussions with
various stakeholders in the implementation of a certain plan of action. Therefore, NDP 9 is
viewed as more than an interim poverty reduction plan, due to its scope. It should also be
noted that the National Development Plan is overseen by a specialized National Development
Council. This particular council is composed of members from the planning ministries of all
the five states and that of the federal ministry as well. As stated earlier, the NDP 9 broadened
its basis of vision by including the concerns of various stakeholders in addition to the inputs
from the ministries, making the plan heavily consultation based.

The plan proposes macroeconomic reforms as well. Somalia has seen a growth of 3.5% in its
real economic growth from the base year 2018 till 2022. The plan also predicts a significant
decrease in consumer price inflation. Another key element of monetary reforms brought
about under the National Development Plan 9 is the issuance of new notes to legitimize
banknotes and put a curb on the circulation of counterfeit notes in the country. As Somalia
faces a huge hurdle in form of corruption, this demonetization plan has great potential to curb

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 SDG 1- Case Study: Mali and Somalia

such practices. This step with the plan is comparable to the demonetization of 2018 that took
place in India. Analogically, while this step might create short – termed problems for the
middle and lower class of the population in Somalia.

NDP 9 is a very well-planned program as indicated by the analysis of the implementation

challenges that the plan would contain in the NDP itself. The plan anticipated several
coordination issues about multiple levels of the government, both at the level federal
government and state government, as well as coordination issues with non – governmental
organizations and other non–state actors involved in the implementation of the National
Development Plan. The plan also correctly identifies the ground reality and challenges that
one may face while dealing with various stakeholders in an attempt to reduce poverty.

International Deliberations13

The adoption of the National Development Plan 9 for the period of 2020 – 2024 is Somalia’s
attempt at poverty reduction, through internally funded programs. It qualifies as Poverty
Reduction Strategy Paper. As already mentioned, the NDP 9 is built upon the visions of the
Sustainable Development Goals and is also based on the 2030 Agenda. The European Union
has been a huge donor and has contributed to the economy and development in Somalia,
exponentially in the past decade. These donations and contributions can be attributed to the
number of common goals and objectives shared by the European Union and Somalia. A few
examples of such common objectives would be-

i. The Green Deal Alliance;

ii. Alliance for Sustainable Investments and Jobs; and
iii. General peace, security, governance and overall human development.

Following the vision of these goals and objectives, the Multi-Annual Indicative Program was
brought into action, between Somalia and the European Union. The MIP is broadly based on
the visions of the National Development Plan 9, and in addition to this, it also aims at
stabilizing the state and having a wider outreach to vulnerable groups. EU’s presence in the
entire scene in Somalia is to achieve long-term goals which require sustained efforts and a
certain level of political and national security.

Under the Multi-Annual Indicative Program, the European Union has identified several
priority areas which would receive the EU’s undivided attention and resources, in terms of

13
Multi-Annual Indicative Programme (2021-2027) Federal Republic of Somalia

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 SDG 1- Case Study: Mali and Somalia

monetary, political and framework-oriented support. These priority areas can be classified
into three major priority areas- i) Governance and Peacebuilding; ii) Inclusive and Green
Economic Growth, and; iii) Resilience-building and overall social inclusion. These key
priority areas are identified in order to make the program more efficient by focusing on the
key challenges faced by Somalia. These priority areas are also aligned with the integral
motive of the MIP to create a nexus of humanitarian development and peace in the country.

I. Governance and Peacebuilding

This would strengthen the governance policies and mitigate issues, not only pertaining
to poverty, at the root level itself. A drive to promote a government approach, more
gender inclusive is also included in the plan. The EU shall focus on the three sectors
of inclusive governance, reconciliation and justice system and security issues to
achieve its goal of inclusive governance and peace.
II. Inclusivity and Green Economic Growth, and
The second priority area aims at the economic growth of the country without
compromising on the Sustainable Development Goal, the Agenda 2030 or any of the
environmental concerns. This shall be achieved by strengthening the economic and
financial governance, promoting education and technical and vocational education
and training and overall economic development.
III. Resilience-building and overall social inclusion.
The third priority area oversees human cooperation with social and environmental
hurdles. The European Union shall attempt to strengthen the country’s ability to deal
independently with the negative implications of climate change and natural
calamities. Under this area issues relating to migration and displacement shall be
mitigated.

13