Lecture 3

D.Ma’mon Abu hammad

 Graphical presentation data

1 . Bar charts
Example 1 : present the following table using a bar
chart :
X 2 3 4 5 Total
Fi 4 2 1 2 9

fi

X
A AB B O
Example 2 :
Present the following table using a bar chart:
X 2 3 4 5 total
Fi 4 2 1 2 9

fi

X
1 2 3 4 5
O

2. Histogram :
They are used to present continuous data given in a
frequency table with classes . (actual limit , fi)
Example 3 : construct a histogram to present the data
shown.
 class Fi Actual limit
9-5 1 4.5-9.5
10-14 3 9.5-14.5
15-19 2 14.5-19.5
20-24 4 19.5- 24.5
Total 10 /////

Fi

4
3
2
1 (actual limit)
4.5 9.5 14.5 19.5 24.5

3. polygons :
The frequency polygon is a graph that displays the data
by using limit that connect points plotted for the
frequency and the midpoints of the classes. The
frequencies are represented by the heights of the points.
Example 4 :
Construct a polygon to represent the data shown for the
record high temperature.
Class Fi Midpoints
100-104 2 102
105-109 8 107
110-109 18 112
114-119 13 117
120-124 7 122
125-129 1 127
130-134 1 132
Total 50 ////

fi
18
15
12
9
6
3
102 107 112 117 122 127 132 midpoint
4. The ogive :
The ogive is a graph that represents the cumulative
frequency for the classes in a frequency distribution .
Example 5:
Construct an ogive for the frequency distribution in
Example 4?
Solution : step 1 find cumulative and actual limit (class
boundaries )
Actual limit class Cumulative freq.
boundares
99.5-104.5 2
104.5-109.5 10
109.5-114.5 28
114.5-119.5 41
119.5-124.5 48
124.5-129.5 49
129.5-134.5 50
Cumulative freq.

50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5 Actual
99.5 104.5 109.5 114.5 119.5 124.5 129.5
 5. The pie graph :
A pie graph is a circle that is divided into sections or
wedges according to the percentage of frequencies
in each category of the distribution

Example: This frequency distribution shows the

number of pounds of each snack food eaten during
the super Bowl.
Construct a pie graph for the data

Snack Pounds (frequency)

Potato 11.2
Tortilla chips 8.2
Pretzels 4.3
Popcorn 3.8
Snack nuts 2.5
Total 30

Solution 1 Degrees = Fi 360° ;

N
popcorn = 3.8(360°)=46°
30
Potato chips = 11.2(360°)=134°
30
Tortilla chips = 8.2 (360°)=98°
30

Pretzels = 4.3 (360°)=52°

30
Snack nuts = 2.5 (360°)=30°
30

Not: 46°+134°+52°+30°+98°= 360°

Popcorn
12.7% Snack
nuts 8.3%
Pretzels
14.3%

Potato ships
Tortilla 37.3%
ships 27.3%
6. Stem and leaf plots
A stem and leaf plot is a data that uses part of the data
values as the stem and part of the data value as the leaf
to from groups or classes.
Example 7 : At on outpatient testing center, the number
of cardiograms performed each day for 20 days is shown
construct a stem and leaf plot for the data.

25 31 20 32 13
14 43 02 57 23
36 32 33 32 44
32 52 44 51 45

Solution: Step 1 arrange the data in order

02,13,14,20,23,25,31,32,32,32,32,33,36,43,44,45,51,52,57
Step 2 separate the data according to the first digit,
as shown.

02 13,14 20,23,25
31,32,32,32,32,33,36, 43,44,44,45, 51,52,57

Step 3
Stem Leaf
0 2
1 3 4
2 0 3 5
3 1 2 2 2 2 3 6
4 3 4 4 5
5 127