Maharana Pratap Sen. Sec.

Adarsh Vidyalaya
Manwal-Mangwal
(Affiliated to C.B.S.E, New
Delhi)
Investigatory Project On
“TRANSFORMER”
Guided by: Kajal Manhas
Submitted by: Ankit Katal
 CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Ankit Katal of class
XII Science, Roll No _______ worked on
project titled “Transformer” held in
Maharana Pratap Sen. Sec. Adarsh
Vidyalaya during the academic session
2022-23.
They worked sincerely under the
guidance of faculties prepared this
dissertation.
External Teacher Subject Teacher
Acknowledgement
Primarily we would like to thank God
for being able to complete this project
with success. Then we would like to
thank our physics teacher Ms. Kajal
Manhas, whose valuable guidance has
been the one that helped us patch this
project and make it full proof success.
Then we would like to thank our
parents and friends who helped us with
their valuable suggestions and
guidance that has been helpful in
various phases of the completion of the
project.
Last but not the least we would like to
thank our classmates who helped me a
lot.
Ankit Katal
 CONTENTS

• Introduction
• Principle
• Constructions
• Theory and Working
• Efficiency
• Energy Losses
• Uses of Transformer
• Bibliography
 Introduction
The transformer is a device used for converting a
low alternating voltage to a high alternating
voltage or a high alternating to a low alternating
voltage to a low alternating voltage. It is a static
electric device that transfers energy by inductive
coupling between its winding circuits.
Transformers range in size from a thumbnail-sized
coupling transformer hidden inside a stage
microphone to huge units weighing hundred of
tons used in power plant substations or to
interconnect portions of the power grid. All
operate on the same basic principles, although
the range of designs is wide. While new
technologies have eliminated the need for
transformers in some electronic circuits,
transformers are still found in many electronic
devices. Transformers are essential for high
voltage electric power transmission, which makes
long-distance transmission economically practical.
A transformer is most widely used device in both
low and high current circuit. In a transformer, the
electrical energy transfer from one circuit to
another circuit takes place without the use of
moving particles. A transformer which increases
the voltages is called a step-up transformer. A
transformer which decreases the A.C. voltages is
called a step-down transformer.
Transformer is, therefore, an essential piece of
apparatus both for high and low current circuits.

Close-up of single-phase pole mounted transformer

 PRINCIPLE

It is based on the principle of mutual induction,

i.e., if a varying current is set-up in a circuit then
induced e.m.f. is produced in the neighbouring
circuit. The varying current in a circuit produce
varying magnetic flux which induces e.m.f. in the
neighbouring circuits.
 CONSTRUCTION
A transformer consists of a rectangular soft iron
core made of laminated sheets, well insulated
from one another. Two coils p1 & p2 and s1 & s2 are
wound on the same core, but are well insulated
with each other. Note that both the coils are
insulated from the core, the source of alternating
e.m.f. is connected to p1p2, the primary coil and a
load resistance R is connected to s1s2, the
secondary coil through an open switch S, thus,
there can be no current through the secondary
coil so long as the switch is open. For an ideal
transformer, we assume that the resistance of the
primary & secondary winding is negligible.
Further, the energy loss due to magnetizing the
iron core is also negligible. For operation at low
frequency, we may have a soft iron. The soft iron
core is insulated by joining thin iron strips coated
with varnish to insulate them to reduce energy
loss by eddy current. The input circuit is called
primary. And the output circuit is called
secondary.
An ideal voltage step-down transformer. The secondary current arises from the
action of the secondary EMF on the (not shown) load impedance.

The ideal transformer as a circuit element

 THEORY AND WORKING

When an altering EMF is supplied to the primary

coil p1p2, an alternating current starts falling on it.
The alternating current in the primary coil
produces a changing magnetic flux, which induces
altering voltage in the primary as well as in the
secondary coil. In a good-transformer, whole of
the magnetic flux linked with primary coil is also
linked with the secondary coil, and then the
induced EMF induced in each turn of the coil is
equal to that induced in each turn of the primary
coil. Thus, if Ep and Es be the instantaneous values
of the EMFs induced in the primary and secondary
coils and Np and Ns are the no. of turns of the
primary and the secondary coils of the
transformer and, Dɸb / dt = rate of change of flux
in each turn of the coil at this instant, we have
Ep = -Np Dɸb/dt (1)
Es = -Ns Dɸb/dt (2)
Since the above relations are true at every instant,
so by dividing 2 by 1, we get
Es/Ep = Ns/Np (3)

As Ep is the instantaneous value of back EMF

induced in the primary coil p1, so the
instantaneous current the primary coil is due to
the difference (E – Ep) in the instantaneous values
of the applied and back EMF. Further, if Rp is the
resistance of p1p2 coil, then the instantaneous
current Ip in the primary coil is given by
Ip = (E – Ep)/ Rp
E – EP = IP RP
When the resistance of the primary coil is small,
Rp Ip can be neglected, so, therefore
E – Ep = 0 or Ep = E
Thus, back EMF = input EMF

Hence equation 3 can be written as Es / EP = ES / E

=> output EMF / input EMF = NS / NP = K
Where K is constant, called turn or transformation
ratio.
In a step-up transformer

ES > E so K >1, hence NS > NP

In a step-down transformer

ES < E so K < 1, hence NS > NP

If Ip=value of primary current at the same instant t

And Is = value of sec. current this instant, then
Input power at the instant t = E p Ip and
Output power at the same instant = Es Is

If there are no losses of power in the transformer,

then Input power = Output power or
E P I P = E S IS Or
ES / EP = IP / IS = K

In a step-up transformer

As K > 1, so Ip > Is or Is < Ip

i.e. current in sec. coil is weaker when secondary

voltage is higher. Hence, whatever we gain in
voltage, we lose in current in same ratio. Similarly,
it can be shown that, in a step-down transformer,
whatever we lose in voltage, we gain in current in
same ratio. Thus, a step up transformer in reality
steps down the current & a step down
transformer steps up the current.

Step Up Transformer

BASIC IDEA OF STEP UP TRANSFORMER

Step Down Transformer

BASIC IDEA OF STEP DOWN TRANSFORMER

 EFFICIENCY
Efficiency of a transformer is defined as the ratio
of output power to the input power, i.e.
Ƞ = output power/input power = ES IS /EPIP

Thus, in an ideal transformer, where there is no

power losses, Ƞ = 1. But in actual practice, there
are many power losses; therefore efficiency of
transformer is less than one.
 ENERGY LOSSES
In practice, the output energy of a transformer is
always than the input energy, because energy losses
occur due to a number of reasons as explained below :-
1. Loss of magnetic flux: The coupling b/w the coils is
seldom perfect. So, whole of the magnetic flux
produced by the primary coil is not linked up with the
secondary coil.
2. Iron loss: In actual iron cores, in spite of lamination,
Eddy currents are produced. The magnitude of eddy
current may, however, be small. And a part of energy is
lost as the heat produced in the iron core.
3. Copper loss: In practice, the coils of the transformer
possess resistance. So a part of the energy is lost due
to the heat produced in the resistance of the coil.
4. Hysteresis Loss: The alternating current in the coil
tapes the iron core through complete cycle of
magnetization. So energy is lost due to hysteresis.
5. Magneto restriction: The alternating current in the
transformer may be set its parts in to vibrations and
sound may be produced. It is called humming. Thus, a
part of energy may be lost due to humming.

USES OF TRANSFORMER
A transformer is used almost in all A.C. operations

 In voltage regulator for T.V., refrigerator,

computer, air conditioner etc.
 In the induction furnaces.
 A step-down transformer is used for welding
purposes.
 A step-down transformer is used for obtaining
large current.
 A step-up transformer is used for the
production of X-Rays and NEON
advertisement.
 Transformers are used in voltage regulators
and stabilize power supply.
 Transformers are used in the transmission of
alternating current over long distances.
 Small transformers are used in radio sets.
 Micro transformers are also used in various
devices such as telephones, loud speakers and
electric bells etc.
A big transformer
 Bibliography

 NCERT Textbook of Physics

 Pradeep’s Fundamentals of Physics
 Physics LAB manual
 Wikipedia