Differential calculus

33
Differentiation of inverse
trigonometric and hyperbolic
functions
Hence, when y = sin−1 x then
33.1 Inverse functions dy 1
=√
y+2 dx 1 − x2
If y = 3x − 2, then by transposition, x = . The
3
y+2 (ii) A sketch of part of the curve of y = sin−1 x
function x = is called the inverse function of is shown in Fig. 33(a). The principal value of
3
y = 3x − 2 (see page 201). sin−1 x is defined as the value lying between
Inverse trigonometric functions are denoted by −π/2 and π/2. The gradient of the curve
prefixing the function with ‘arc’ or, more com- between points A and B is positive for all values
monly, by using the −1 notation. For example, if of x and thus only the positive value is taken
y = sin x, then x = arcsin y or x = sin−1 y. Similarly, 1
when evaluating √ .
if y = cos x, then x = arccos y or x = cos−1 y, and so 1 − x2
on. In this chapter the −1 notation will be used. A x x
sketch of each of the inverse trigonometric functions (iii) Given y = sin−1 then = sin y and
a a
is shown in Fig. 33.1. x = a sin y
Inverse hyperbolic functions are denoted by pre- "
fixing the function with ‘ar’ or, more commonly, by dx
Hence = a cos y = a 1 − sin2 y
using the −1 notation. For example, if y = sinh x, then dy
#$ #(
x = arsinh y or x = sinh−1 y. Similarly, if y = sech x, % x &2' a2 − x 2
)
then x = arsech y or x = sech−1 y, and so on. In this =a 1 − =a
a a2
chapter the −1 notation will be used. A sketch of √
each of the inverse hyperbolic functions is shown in a a2 − x 2 √
Fig. 33.2. = = a2 − x 2
a
dy 1 1
Thus = = √
33.2 Differentiation of inverse dx dx a − x2
2
trigonometric functions dy
x dy 1
(i) If y = sin−1 x, then x = sin y. i.e. when y = sin−1 then =√
a dx 2
a − x2
Differentiating both sides with respect to y
gives: Since integration is the reverse process of
! differentiation then:
dx *
= cos y = 1 − sin2 y 1 x
dy √ dx = sin−1 + c
dx √ 2
a −x 2 a
since cos2 y + sin2 y = 1, i.e. = 1 − x2
dy
dy 1 (iv) Given y = sin−1 f (x) the function of a function
However = dy
dx dx rule may be used to find .
dx
dy
 DIFFERENTIATION OF INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC AND HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS 333

y y y
3p/2
3p/2 y = tan21 x
y = sin21 x
D p
p y = cos21 x p/2
p/2 B p/2
C
-1 0 +1 x -1 0 +1 x 0 x
A -p/2 -p/2

-p -p
-p/2
-3p/2
-3p/2

(a) (b) (c)

y
y y
3p/2 p
3p/2 y= cosec21 x
p y = sec21 x
p p/2
p/2 y = cot21 x
p/2
-1 0 +1 x
-p/2 -1 0 +1 x 0 x
-p/2 -p/2
-p
-p
-3p/2
-3p/2 p
(d) (e) (f)

Figure 33.1

G
y y y
3 y = sinh21 x 3
y = cosh21 x y = tanh21 x
2 2
1 1
-1 0 +1 x
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3x -2 -1 0 1 2 3 x
-1 -1
-2 -2
-3 -3
(a) (b) (c)

y y y
3
y= sech21 x y = cosech21 x y = coth21 x
2
1

0 1 x 0 x -1 0 +1 x
-1
-2
-3
(d) (e) (f)

Figure 33.2
334 DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS

Let u = f (x) then y = sin−1 u From Table 33.1(i), if

du dy 1 dy f " (x)
Then = f " (x) and =√ y = sin−1 f (x) then =!
dx du 1 − u2 dx 1 − [ f (x)]2
(see para. (i)) Hence, if y = sin−1 5x 2 then f (x) = 5x 2 and
dy dy du 1 f " (x) = 10x.
Thus = × =√ f " (x)
dx du dx 1 − u2 dy 10x 10x
f ! (x) Thus =! =√
= ! dx 1 − (5x 2 )2 1 − 25x4
1 − [ f (x)]2
(v) The differential coefficients of the remaining
inverse trigonometric functions are obtained in Problem 2.
a similar manner to that shown above and a (a) Show that if y = cos−1 x then
summary of the results is shown in Table 33.1.
dy 1
Table 33.1 Differential coefficients of inverse =√
dx 1 − x2
trigonometric functions
(b) Hence obtain the differential coefficient of
dy y = cos−1 (1 − 2x 2 ).
y or f (x) or f " (x)
dx
x 1
(i) sin−1 √ (a) If y = cos−1 x then x = cos y.
a a2 − x2
f " (x) Differentiating with respect to y gives:
sin−1 f (x) !
1 − [ f (x)]2 dx !
x −1 = −sin y = − 1 − cos2 y
(ii) cos−1 √ dy
a a2 − x 2 √
−f " (x) = − 1 − x2
cos−1 f (x) !
1 − [ f (x)]2 dy 1 1
x a Hence = = −√
(iii) tan−1 dx dx 1 − x2
a a2 + x 2
dy
f " (x)
tan−1 f (x) The principal value of y = cos−1 x is defined as
1 + [ f (x)]2 the angle lying between 0 and π, i.e. between
x a points C and D shown in Fig. 33.1(b). The gradi-
(iv) sec−1 √
a x x 2 − a2 ent of the curve is negative between C and D and
f " (x) dy
sec−1 f (x) ! thus the differential coefficient is negative as
f (x) [ f (x)]2 − 1 dx
x −a shown above.
(v) cosec−1 √
a x x 2 − a2 (b) If y = cos−1 f (x) then by letting u = f (x),
−f " (x) y = cos−1 u
cosec−1 f (x) !
f (x) [ f (x)]2 − 1 dy 1
x −a Then = −√ (from part (a))
(vi) cot −1 du 1 − u2
a a + x2
2
du
−f " (x) and = f " (x)
cot −1 f (x) dx
1 + [ f (x)]2 From the function of a function rule,
dy dy du 1
= · = −√ f " (x)
dx du dx 1−u 2
dy −f " (x)
Problem 1. Find given y = sin−1 5x 2 . = !
dx
1 − [ f (x)]2
 DIFFERENTIATION OF INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC AND HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS 335

Hence, when y = cos−1 (1 − 2x 2 ) Problem 4. Find the differential coefficient of

dy −(−4x) y = ln(cos−1 3x).
then =!
dx 1 − [1 − 2x 2 ]2
4x 4x Let u = cos−1 3x then y = ln u.
=! =!
2 4
1 − (1 − 4x + 4x ) (4x − 4x 4 )
2
By the function of a function rule,
4x 4x 2
=! = √ =√ dy dy du 1 d
[4x 2 (1 − x 2 )] 2x 1 − x 2 1 − x2 = · = × ( cos−1 3x)
dx du dx ( u dx )
1 −3
= !
Problem 3. Determine the differential coeffi- cos−1 3x 1 − (3x)2
x
cient of y = tan−1 and show that the differ-
a d −3
2x 6 i.e. [ln(cos−1 3x)] = √
ential coefficient of tan−1 is dx
3 9 + 4x 2 1 − 9x2 cos−1 3x

x x
If y = tan−1 then = tan y and x = a tan y 3 dy
a a Problem 5. If y = tan−1 find
t2 dt
dx
= a sec2 y = a(1 + tan2 y) since
dy Using the general form from Table 33.1(iii),
sec2 y = 1 + tan2 y
" # x $2 % & 2 ' 3
a + x2 f (t) = = 3t −2 ,
=a 1+ =a t2
a a2
−6
a2 + x 2 from which f $ (t) =
= t3
a & '
dy 1 a Hence
d 3
tan−1 2 =
f $ (t) G
Hence = = 2 dt t 1 + [ f (t)]2
dx dx a + x2
6 6
dy − 3 − 3
=( t t
The principal value of y = tan−1 x is defined as & '2 ) = 4
π π 3 t + 9
the angle lying between − and and the gra- 1+ 2 4
2 2 t t
& '
dy & '& 4 '
dient i.e. between these two values is always 6 t 6t
dx = − 3 = − 4
positive (see Fig. 33.1 (c)). t 4
t +9 t +9
2x x 3
Comparing tan−1 with tan−1 shows that a =
3 a 2 cot−1 2x
−1 2x Problem 6. Differentiate y =
Hence if y = tan then 1 + 4x 2
3
3 3 3
dy 2 2 2 Using the quotient rule:
= & '2 = = & '
dx 3 9 9 + 4x 2 −2
+x 2 + x 2 (1 + 4x )2 − (cot −1 2x)(8x)
2 4 4 dy 1 + (2x)2
=
dx (1 + 4x 2 )2
3 from Table 33.1(vi)
(4) 6 −2(1 + 4x cot−1 2x)
= 2 2 = =
9 + 4x 9 + 4x2 (1 + 4x2 )2
336 DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS

Problem 7. Differentiate y = x cosec−1 x. Now try the following exercise.

Exercise 136 Further problems on

Using the product rule: differentiating inverse trigonometric
! " functions
dy −1
= (x) √ + (cosec−1 x) (1)
dx x x2 − 1 In Problems 1 to 6, differentiate with respect to
the variable.
from Table 33.1(v) x
−1 1. (a) sin−1 4x (b) sin−1
=√ + cosec−1 x 2
x2 − 1 ! "
4 1
(a) √ (b) √
1 − 16x 2 4 − x2
Problem 8. Show that if 2 x
# $ 2. (a) cos−1 3x (b) cos−1
sin t dy 1 3 3
y = tan −1 then = ! "
cos t − 1 dt 2 −3 −2
(a) √ (b) √
1 − 9x 2 3 9 − x2
# $
sin t 1 √
If f (t) = 3. (a) 3 tan−1 2x (b) tan−1 x
cos t − 1 2
! "
(cos t − 1)(cos t) − (sin t)(−sin t) 6 1
then f # (t) = (a) (b) √
(cos t − 1)2 1 + 4x 2 4 x(1 + x)
cos2 t − cos t + sin2 t 1 − cos t 3
= 2
= 4. (a) 2 sec−1 2t (b) sec−1 x
(cos t − 1) (cos t − 1)2 4
! "
since sin2 t + cos2 t = 1 2 4
(a) √ (b) √
−(cos t − 1) −1 t 4t 2 − 1 x 9x 2 − 16
= 2
=
(cos t − 1) cos t − 1 5 θ
5. (a) cosec−1 (b) cosec−1 x 2
Using Table 33.1(iii), when 2 2
! "
# $ −5 −2
−1 sin t (a) √ (b) √
y = tan θ θ2 − 4 x x4 − 1
cos t − 1
√
−1 6. (a) 3 cot−1 2t (b) cot−1 θ 2 − 1
dy ! "
then = cos t − 1 −6 −1
# $2 (a) (b) √
dt sin t 1 + 4t 2 θ θ2 − 1
1+
cos t − 1 7. Show that the differential coefficient of
−1 x 1 + x2
tan−1 2
is
cos t − 1 1−x 1 − x2 + x4
=
(cos t − 1)2 + (sin t)2
In Problems 8 to 11 differentiate with respect to
(cos t − 1)2 the variable.
# $# $
−1 (cos t − 1)2 8. (a) 2x sin−1 3x (b) t 2 sec−1 2t
=
cos t − 1 cos2 t − 2 cos t + 1 + sin2 t  6x 
(a) √ + 2 sin−1 3x
 1 − 9x 2 
−(cos t − 1) 1 − cos t 1  t 
= = = (b) √ −1
+ 2t sec 2t
2 − 2 cos t 2(1 − cos t) 2
4t 2 − 1
 DIFFERENTIATION OF INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC AND HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS 337
1 + 2
9. (a) θ 2 cos−1 (θ 2 − 1) (b) (1 − x 2 ) tan−1 x −1 x x + a2 + x2
  Hence, sinh = ln (1)
2θ 2 a a
−1 2
(a) 2θ cos (θ − 1) − √  3
 $ % 2 − θ2 
 1 − x2  Thus to evaluate sinh−1 , let x = 3 and a = 4 in
(b) − 2x tan−1 x 4
1+x 2 equation (1).
1 √ 2
√ √ 3 3 + 4 2 + 32
10. (a) 2 t cot−1 t (b) x cosec−1 x Then sin h−1 = ln
 √  4 4
−2 t 1 −1
$ %
(a) 1 + t 2 + √ cot t  3+5
 t  = ln = ln 2 = 0.6931
 √ 1  4
(b) cosec−1 x − √
2 (x − 1) By similar reasoning to the above it may be
shown that:
sin−1 3x cos−1 x 1 √ 2
x x + x 2 − a2
11. (a) (b) √
x2 1 − x2 cosh−1 = ln
a a
 ) * $ %
1 3x 1
−1
− 2 sin 3x  −1 x a+x
(a) x 3 √ and tanh = ln
 1 − 9x 2  a 2 a−x
 
 x 
 −1 + √ cos−1 x 
 1 − x2 
(b) 2 Problem 9. Evaluate, correct to 4 decimal
(1 − x )
places, sinh−1 2.

1 √ 2
x x + a2 + x 2
33.3 Logarithmic forms of the inverse From above, sinh−1= ln
hyperbolic functions a a
With x = 2 and a = 1, G
Inverse hyperbolic functions may be evaluated most 1 √ 2
conveniently when expressed in a logarithmic −1 2 + 12 + 22
sinh 2 = ln
form. 1
x x
For example, if y = sinh−1 then = sinh y. √
a a = ln (2 + 5) = ln 4.2361
From Chapter 5, e y = cosh y + sinh y and
cosh2 y −+sinh2 y = 1, from which, = 1.4436, correct to 4 decimal places
cosh y = 1 + sinh2 y which is positive since cosh y
is always positive (see Fig. 5.2, page 43).
+ Problem 10. Show $ that %
Hence e y = 1 + sinh2 y + sinh y −1 x 1 a+x
tanh = ln and evaluate, correct
,- ,$ a 2 a−x
. x /2 0 x a2 + x 2
%
x 3
= 1+ + = 2
+ to 4 decimal places, tanh−1
a a a a 5
√ √
a2 + x 2 x x + a2 + x 2 x x
= + or If y = tanh−1 then = tanh y.
a a a a a
Taking Napierian logarithms of both sides gives: From Chapter 5,
1 y
1 √ 2 sinh x 2 (e − e−y ) e2y − 1
tanh y = = =
x + a2 + x 2 cosh x 1 y
+ e−y ) e2y + 1
y = ln 2 (e
a by dividing each term by e−y
338 DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS

x e2y − 1 14 7
Thus, = cosh−1 1.4 = cosh−1 = cosh−1
a e2y + 1 10 5
−1 x
from which, x(e2y + 1) = a(e2y − 1) In the equation for cosh , let x = 7 and a = 5
a
# √ $
Hence x + a = ae2y − xe2y = e2y (a − x) 7 + 72 − 52
! " −1 7
a+x Then cosh = ln
2y
from which e = 5 5
a−x = ln 2.3798 = 0.8670,
Taking Napierian logarithms of both sides gives: correct to 4 decimal places
! "
a+x
2y = ln Now try the following exercise.
a−x
! "
1 a+x
and y = ln Exercise 137 Further problems on logarith-
2 a−x mic forms of the inverse hyperbolic functions
! "
x 1 a+x In Problems 1 to 3 use logarithmic equivalents of
Hence, tanh−1 = ln
a 2 a−x inverse hyperbolic functions to evaluate correct
Substituting x = 3 and a = 5 gives: to 4 decimal places.
! " 1
−1 3 1 5+3 1 1. (a) sinh−1 (b) sinh−1 4 (c) sinh−1 0.9
tanh = ln = ln 4 2
5 2 5−3 2
[(a) 0.4812 (b) 2.0947 (c) 0.8089]
= 0.6931, correct to 4 decimal places
5
2. (a) cosh−1 (b) cosh−1 3 (c) cosh−1 4.3
4
Problem 11. Prove that [(a) 0.6931 (b) 1.7627 (c) 2.1380]
# √ $
x x + x 2 − a2 1 5
cosh −1 = ln 3. (a) tanh−1 (b) tanh−1 (c) tanh−1 0.7
a a 4 8
[(a) 0.2554 (b) 0.7332 (c) 0.8673]
and hence evaluate cosh−1 1.4 correct to
4 decimal places.

x x 33.4 Differentiation of inverse

If y = cosh−1 then = cos y hyperbolic functions
a a
%
e = cosh y + sinh y = cosh y ± cosh2 y − 1
y x x
If y = sinh−1 then = sinh y and x = a sinh y
&' √ a a
( x )2 * dx
x x x 2 − a2 = a cosh y (from Chapter 32).
= ± −1 = ± dy
a a a a
Also cosh2 y − sinh2 y = 1, from which,
√ &'
x ± x 2 − a2 % ( x )2 *
= cosh y= 1 + sinh y = 2 1+
a a
Taking Napierian logarithms of both sides gives: √
2
a +x 2
# √ $ =
x ± x 2 − a2 a
y = ln √
a dx a a2 + x 2 √
Hence = a cosh y = = a2 + x 2
Thus, assuming the principal value, dy a
# √ $ dy 1 1
−1 x x + x2 − a2 Then = =%
cosh = ln dx dx a + x2
2
a a
dy
 DIFFERENTIATION OF INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC AND HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS 339

x Table 33.2 Differential coefficients of inverse hyper-

[An alternative method of differentiating sinh−1
a bolic functions
is to
! differentiate the
" logarithmic form
√ dy
2
x+ a +x 2
y or f (x) or f # (x)
ln with respect to x]. dx
a
x 1
From the sketch of y = sinh−1 x shown in (i) sinh−1 √
# $ a x 2 + a2
dy
Fig. 33.2(a) it is seen that the gradient i.e. f # (x)
dx sinh−1 f (x) &
is always positive. [ f (x)]2 + 1
x 1
It follows from above that (ii) cosh−1 √
% a x 2 − a2
1 x f # (x)
√ dx = sinh−1 + c cosh−1 f (x) &
2
x +a 2 a [ f (x)]2 − 1
! √ " x a
(iii) tanh−1
x + a2 + x 2 a 2
a − x2
or ln +c
a f # (x)
tanh−1 f (x)
1 − [ f (x)]2
It may be shown that x −a
(iv) sech−1 √
d 1 a x a2 − x 2
(sinh−1 x) = &
dx x2 + 1 −f # (x)
sech−1 f (x) &
f (x) 1 − [ f (x)]2
or more generally x −a
(v) cosech−1 √
d f " (x) a x x 2 + a2
[sinh−1 f (x)] = ' −f # (x)
dx cosech−1 f (x)
[ f (x)]2 + 1 &
f (x) [ f (x)]2 + 1
x a
by using the function of a function rule as in (vi) coth−1 G
Section 33.2(iv). a a − x2
2

The remaining inverse hyperbolic functions are f # (x)

coth−1 f (x)
differentiated in a similar manner to that shown 1 − [ f (x)]2
above and the results are summarized in Table 33.2.
dy f # (x)
Problem 12. Find the differential coefficient If y = cosh−1 f (x), =&
dx [ f (x)]2 − 1
of y = sinh−1 2x. & &
If y = cosh−1 (x 2 + 1), then f (x) = (x 2 + 1) and
1 x
From Table 33.2(i), f # (x) = (x + 1)−1/2 (2x) = &
2 2
(x + 1)
d f # (x) ( )
[sinh−1 f (x)] = & d &
dx [ f (x)]2 + 1 Hence, cosh−1 (x 2 + 1)
dx
d 2 x x
Hence (sinh−1 2x) = & & &
dx [(2x)2 + 1] (x 2 + 1) (x 2 + 1)
= *+ . =&
2 ,& -2 (x 2 + 1 − 1)
=& (x 2 + 1) − 1
[4x2 + 1]
x
&
Problem 13. Determine 2
(x + 1) 1
d ( & ) = =&
cosh−1 (x 2 + 1) x (x2 + 1)
dx
340 DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS

d ! x" Problem 16. Find the differential coefficient of

Problem 14. Show that tanh−1 = y = sech−1 (2x − 1).
dx a
a
and hence determine the differential
a2 − x 2
4x From Table 33.2(iv),
coefficient of tanh−1
3 d −f " (x)
[sech−1 f (x)] = )
x x dx f (x) 1 − [ f (x)]2
If y = tanh−1 then = tanh y and x = a tanh y
a a
d
dx Hence, [sech−1 (2x − 1)]
= a sech2 y = a(1 − tanh2 y), since dx
dy −2
1 − sech2 y = tanh2 y = )
# $ x %2 & ' ( (2x − 1) [1 − (2x − 1)2 ]
a2 − x 2 a2 − x 2
=a 1 − =a = −2
a a2 a = )
dy 1 a (2x − 1) [1 − (4x 2 − 4x + 1)]
Hence = = 2 −2 −2
dx dx a − x2 = =
) √
dy (2x − 1) (4x − 4x 2 ) (2x − 1) [4x(1 − x)]
4x x −2 −1
Comparing tanh−1 with tanh−1 shows that = √ = √
3 a (2x − 1)2 [x(1 − x)] (2x − 1) [x(1 − x)]
3
a=
4
# & 3 3 Problem 17. Show that
d 4x
Hence tanh−1 = ' (42 = 4 d
[coth−1 (sin x)] = sec x.
dx 3 3 9
− x2 − x2 dx
4 16
3 From Table 33.2(vi),
4 3 16 12
= = · =
9 − 16x 2 4 (9 − 16x ) 2 9 − 16x2 d f " (x)
[coth−1 f (x)] =
16 dx 1 − [ f (x)]2

d cos x
Problem 15. Differentiate cosech−1 (sinh θ). Hence [coth−1 (sin x)] =
dx [1 − (sin x)2 ]
cos x
From Table 33.2(v), = since cos2 x + sin2 x = 1
cos2 x
d −f " (x) 1
[cosech−1 f (x)] = ) = = sec x
dx f (x) [ f (x)]2 + 1 cos x

d
Hence [cosech−1 (sinh θ)] Problem 18. Differentiate
dθ y = (x 2 − 1) tanh−1 x.
−cosh θ
= )
sinh θ [sinh2 θ + 1] Using the product rule,
−cosh θ ' (
= √ since cosh2 θ − sinh2 θ = 1 dy 1
sinh θ cosh2 θ = (x 2 − 1) + ( tanh−1 x)(2x)
dx 1 − x2
−cosh θ −1 −(1 − x 2 )
= = = −cosech θ = + 2x tanh−1 x = 2x tanh−1 x − 1
sinh θ cosh θ sinh θ (1 − x 2 )
 DIFFERENTIATION OF INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC AND HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS 341
* +
! 1 1 x
dx = −1
& ' tanh & 3 ' + c
Problem 19. Determine " 2 23
(x 2 + 4) 2
!
2 1 2x
i.e. dx = tanh−1 +c
d # x$ 1 2
(9 − 4x ) 3 3
Since sinh−1 ="
dx a (x + a2 )
2
! Now try the following exercise.
dx x
then " = sinh−1 + c
(x 2 + a2 ) a Exercise 138 Further problems on differen-
! ! tiation of inverse hyperbolic functions
1 1
Hence " dx = " dx In Problems 1 to 11, differentiate with respect to
2
(x + 4) (x + 22 )
2
the variable.
x x
= sinh−1 +c 1. (a) sinh−1 (b) sinh−1 4x
2 3
* +
! 1 4
4 (a) " (b) "
Problem 20. Determine " dx. (x 2 + 9) (16x 2 + 1)
2
(x − 3) t 1
2. (a) 2 cosh−1 (b) cosh−1 2θ
3 2
* +
d # x$ 1 2 1
Since cosh−1 =" (a) " (b) "
dx a (x 2 − a2 ) (t 2 − 9) (4θ 2 − 1)
!
1 x 2x
then " dx = cosh−1 + c 3. (a) tanh−1 (b) 3 tanh−1 3x
2 2
(x − a ) a 5
! ! , -
4 1 10 9
(a) (b)
Hence "
2
(x − 3)
dx = 4 % √ dx 25 − 4x 2 (1 − 9x 2 ) G
[x 2 − ( 3)2 ]
3x 1
x 4. (a) sech−1 (b) − sech−1 2x
= 4 cosh−1 √ + c *
4 2
+
3
−4 1
(a) " (b) "
! x (16 − 9x 2 ) 2x (1 − 4x 2 )
2
Problem 21. Find dx. x 1
(9 − 4x 2 ) 5. (a) cosech−1 (b) cosech−1 4x
4 2
* +
x a −4 −1
Since tanh−1 = 2 (a) " (b) "
a a − x2 x (x 2 + 16) 2x (16x 2 + 1)
!
a x 2x 1
then dx = tanh−1 + c 6. (a) coth−1 (b) coth−1 3t
a2 −x 2 a 7 4
! , -
1 1 x 14 3
i.e. dx = tanh−1 + c (a) (b)
−xa2 2 a a 49 − 4x 2 4(1 − 9t 2 )
! ! "
2 1 7. (a) 2 sinh−1 (x 2 − 1)
Hence dx = 2 &9 ' dx "
(9 − 4x 2 ) 4 4 − x2 1
(b) cosh−1 (x 2 + 1)
! 2
1 1 * +
= (& '2 ) dx 2 1
2 3
− x2 (a) " (b) "
2 (x 2 − 1) 2 (x 2 + 1)
342 DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS

8. (a) sech−1 (x − 1) (b) tanh−1 (tanh x) In Problems 13 to 15, determine the given
! " integrals
−1
(a) √ (b) 1 .
(x − 1) [x(2 − x)] 1
# $ 13. (a) ( dx
2
(x + 9)
t
9. (a) cosh−1 (b) coth−1 (cos x) .
t−1 3
! " (b) ( dx
2
(4x + 25)
−1
(a) √ (b) −cosec x ! "
(t − 1) (2t − 1) x 3 2x
√ (a) sinh−1 + c (b) sinh−1 +c
10. (a) θ sinh−1 θ (b) x cosh−1 x 3 2 5
  .
θ 1
(a) ( + sinh−1 θ 14. (a) ( dx
 (θ 2 + 1)  (x 2 − 16)
 
 √  .
 x cosh−1 x  1
(b) ( + √ (b) ( dt
(x 2 − 1) 2 x 2
(t − 5)
√ ! "
2 sec h−1 t tan h−1 x −1 x −1 t
11. (a) (b) (a) cosh + c (b) cosh √ + c
t2 (1 − x 2 ) . 4 . 5
 , - dθ 3
−1 1 −1
√ 15. (a) ( (b) dx
(a) t 3 √(1 − t) + 4 sech t  (36 + θ 2 ) (16 − 2x 2 )
 
   
  1 θ
 1 + 2x tanh x −1  (a) tan−1 + c
(b)  6 6 
 
(1 − x 2 )2  3 x 
−1
(b) √ tanh √ + c
d 2 8 8
12. Show that [x cosh−1 (cosh x)] = 2x
dx