Apparatus and Uses

1. FLYWHEEL APPARATUS:
 Providing continuous energy when the energy source is discontinuous.
 Flywheels are used in reciprocating engines because the energy source, torque
from the engine, is intermittent.
 Flywheels resist the change in rotational energy.

2. MOMENT OF INERTIA APPARATUS:

 One's body movement to the side when a car makes a sharp turn is due to inertia.
 Moment of inertia of a rotating body (flywheel) is used in a machine to resist
variation in applied torque to smooth its rotational output.
 Tightening of seat belts in a car when it stops quickly.

3. GOVERNOR APPARATUS:
 Governor is a speed limiter.
 It is device used to measure and regulate the speed of a machine such as an
engine.
 It controls and change the supply of fuel to the engine.

4. OCCILOSCOPE:
 Oscilloscope is the display device having a florescence screen, to display waves
and signals.
 This is the part of old television or monitor screens.
 Use for the study of properties of rays (cathode) in lab.

5. GYROSCOPE:
 It gives the direction of gravity in vehicles.
 In cell phones, gyroscope is used as sensor to detect the orientation of the phone.
 It remain at its place while detecting the angle of rotation of moving object.

6. CAM AND TAPPET:

 Camshaft in an automobile changes the rotatory motion of engine into
reciprocating motion used in operation of intake and exhaust valves of the
cylinders.
  Tappets also called as valve lifter, it runs the camshaft and move vertically with
the rotation of camshaft.

7. OCCILOSCOPE:
 Oscilloscope is the display device having a florescence screen, to display waves
and signals.
 This is the part of old television or monitor screens.
 Use for the study of properties of rays (cathode) in lab.

8. BALANCING MACHINE FOR ROTATING MASSES:

 Balancing machine is used in engines.
 If rotating parts are not balanced, then cause too much vibration and effect the
performance of vehicles.

9. JOURNAL BEARING AND PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION:

 This apparatus helps to demonstrate and study the effect of important variables
such that speed, velocity, and load.
 Use to study the state of pressure and lubricating oil.
 Journal bearing help quiet and smooth running of engine.

10. COFFICIENT OF KINETIC FRICTION APPLICATION:

 Kinetic friction are forces that sliding surfaces exert on each other.
 Coefficient of kinetic friction is ratio of kinetic friction force to normal force.
 This apparatus is use to determine both static as well as static friction.

11. MECHANISMS
There are different mechanisms:
 Quick return apparatus
 Bearing apparatus
 Cam shaft mechanism.
12. SIMPLY SUPPORTED BEAM:
 It checks the quality of spring balance.
 It follows the equilibrium law for the study of vertical forces.
 Provides facilities for measuring support reactions and beam deflection.

13. ROOF TRUSS APPARATUS:

 This apparatus is used to measure the deformation of elements of roof truss.
 Study of loads on truss, in this case applied only on nodes.
 Roof truss in basic framework of a timber roof.

14. INVERTED GEAR TRAIN APPARATUS:

  Gear train are used to obtain the different velocity ratio or transmission of power.
 It provides controlled transmission of power.

15. SIMPLE GEAR TRAIN APPARATUS:

 They provide the turning and rotation of two axis to gather.
 It is used in gear box of automobiles.
 It is also used in lathe machines and heavy duty press machines.

16. WARREN GIRDER:

 It is the truss design used in real and model bridges.
 It is also used for fuselage frames.
 Warren girder is also provide framework for simple air planes.

17. FINK TRUSS APPARATUS:

 It is used for pedestrian bridges.
 It is used in inverted roof trusses.
 They provide support.

18. EDIBON STATISTICS APPARATUS:

 It is used for the study of load elevations.
19. WARREN GIRDER:
 It is the truss design used in real and model bridges.
 It is also used for fuselage frames.
 Warren girder is also provide framework for simple air planes.

20. CLUTCH FRICTION APPARATUS:

 This apparatus shows the clutch friction using different clutch plates.
 Clutch plates are screws to different effort pulleys.

21. TOGGLE JOINT APPARATUS:

 This apparatus is designed to evaluate forces within a toggle mechanism.
 This apparatus is used in crushing mechanisms.
 Also used in mining process.

22. WORN AND WORN WHEEL APPARATUS:

 It is used to carry load.
 This is a simple machine used for lifting and dragging heavy loads.

23. WRILLING SHAFT APPARATUS:

 It defines the speed of shaft at which a rotating shaft tends to vibrate violently.
 It changes the rotatory motion into transvers horizontal motion at high speed.
 24. DUPLEX SCREA JACK APPARATUS:
 Screw jacks are important device, used to lift heavy objects.
 It is used for changing tires of cars.
 It operates on the movement of threats.

25. BELT AND PULLY APPARATUS:

 It is used for power transmission.
 Belt are part of power transmission system of all engines and motors.
 Automatic conveyors are also operate on this mechanism.

Experiment No. 1
To determine the moment of inertia of fly wheel.

Objective:
The objective of experiment is to determine the moment of
inertia of flywheel and then compare it with the calculated or
theoretical value.
Apparatus:
 Fly wheel apparatus
 Thread
 Meter rod
 Stop watch
 Weights with hangers


Procedure:
1. Take a fly wheel apparatus and lubricate it.
2. Tie one end of the given cord with the lower part of the
apparatus while other with a hanger in order to add
weights to cord.
3. Adjust the height of hanger from the ground and add
weight to it.
4. With the help of stopwatch, measure the time for 10
revolution of flywheel and also for the hanger to touch
the ground.
5. Take at least 3 readings of each and take the mean time
of fall and revolution.
6. Calculate the angular velocity through given relation:
ω= 2πn/t
7. Calculate Ia, Ib and Ith through the relations:
Ia = (pr+r+t+t)/2h
Ib = 2ph/ω+ω
Ith= (WR+R)/2g
 Find the mean %age error in Ia and Ib.

Observations and Calculation:

Wheel Radius= 6.7in
Spindle Radius= 0.5in
g= 386.22 in/Sq. sec
Wheel weight= 68.5lbs
Ith= 68.5*(6.7*6.7)/2*(386.22) =4

No. W T1 T2 T3 T t1 t2 t3 t
1. 1.5 19.69 17.2 18.39 16.31 15.89 14.22 14.48 14.863
2. 2.5 16.31 16.46 15.78 16.183 10.28 10.34 9.99 10.173
3. 0.5 44.6 44.6 44.6 44.6 25.98 25.98 25.98 25.98
4. 1 32.14 32.14 32.14 32.14 17.48 17.48 17.48 17.48
5. 2 22.98 22.98 22.98 22.98 11.74 11.74 11.74 11.74

No. ω Ia Ib Ith
1 4.23 82.84 4.5 1.379
2 6.2 64.68 3.51 1.379
3 2.42 87.37 4.62 1.379
4 3.59 76.39 4.18 1.379
5 5.33 68.91 3.81 1.379

Formulas:
 ω = 2∏n/t
Ia = (Wr2t2)/2h2
Ib = 2Wh/ω2
Ith = (WR + R)/2g
Mean value of Ia = 61.6 rad/sq. sec
Mean value of Ib = 4.124 rad/sq. sec
% error in Ia = 44.3
% error in Ib = 2.96

Result:
Inertia of fly wheel is 61.6 and 4.124 rad/sq. sec with the % error of
44.3 and 2.96 respectively.

Experiment No. 2
To study the reaction of simply supported beam.

Objective:
Aim is to calculate two reaction forces due to three applied
loads and also calculate mean % error.
Apparatus:
 Simply supported beam
 Meter rod
 Hanger
 Spring balance
 Loads /weights

Experimental setup:

Take a simply supported beam apparatus and clean it properly. Take two spring
and attached their one end to the beam while other end to beam support
apparatus. Measure distance between two supports L. hang three hangers with
the beam at some distance L1, L2, L3. Add different weights to hangers and
measure theoretical and actual error.

Procedure:
1. Adjust the apparatus of simply supported beam.
2. There are three hangers attached to the beam.
3. Beam is hang on two spring balance.
4. Fix one end of spring balance as origin.
5. Now, first fix the lengths of three weights and note the reaction forces with
different values of weights.
 6. Then fix the weights of hangers and note the reaction forces while changing
the length from the origin.
7. Calculate the reaction forces and compare them with the theoretical
values.
8. Find %error of reaction.

Observations and Calculation:

Weight of hanger = w =0.5 lb.
Length of beam = L =23.8 in.
No. of L1 (in) L2 (in) L3 (in) W1 (lb) W2 (lb) W3 (lb) Ra (lb) Rb (lb)
Obs.
1. 5.6 13.6 17.9 0.75 2.25 1.25 3.1 3.9
2. 5.6 13.6 17.9 1.75 3.25 2.25 3.9 4.5
3. 5.6 13.6 17.9 1.25 1.75 2.25 2.1 4.1
4. 5 11 18 1.25 1.25 1.25 2.2 3.7
5. 3 9 14 1.25 1.25 1.25 3 2.1

Formulas:
W 1 L1 +W 2 L2+W 3 L3
Rb =
L

Ra = W1 + W2 + W3 -Rb

No. of Experimental values Theoretical values Error

Obs. %
Ra (lb) Rb (lb) Ra (lb) Rb (lb) Ra (lb) Rb (lb)
1 3.1 3.9 1.85 2.4 40.38 38.71
2 3.9 4.5 2.29 3.96 41.28 12
 3 2.1 4.1 2.264 2.986 7.8 27.17
4 2.2 3.7 1.964 1.786 11.23 51.72
5 3 2.1 1.833 1.917 38.9 8.71

Mean %Error Ra = 27.9

Mean %Error Rb = 27.66

Result:
Percentage error in the reaction forces at both end points are 27.9
and 27.66 respectively, which are very close to each other.

Experiment No. 3
To determine the displacement, velocity and acceleration
diagrams of slider crank mechanism.

Objective:
Main objective of this experiment is to study, how rotatory or translatory motion
of piston or cam are interconvert able. Also draw the graph of angular distance
with respect to displacement, velocity and acceleration.
Apparatus:
 Slider crank apparatus
 Meter rod
 Lubricant/oil
 Graph Paper

Procedure:
1. Take a slider crank mechanisms.
2. Check for the zero error if any.
3. Find the zero correction.
4. Now, rotate the circular scale, and note the reading from the
meter rod.
5. Note the reading of translatory motion from scale for every 10
degree rotation.
6. Draw table, note all the readings in tabular form.
7. Then draw the three graphs for distance, velocity and
acceleration.
Observations and Calculation:
No. Obs. θ S v a
1 0 0 0 0
2 10 0.05 0.005 0.0005
3 20 0.15 0.01 0.05
4 30 0.4 0.025 0.0015
5 40 0.7 0.03 0.016666667
6 50 1.05 0.035 0.0005
7 60 1.45 0.04 0.0125
8 70 1.9 0.045 0.0005
9 80 2.3 0.04 -0.0125
10 90 2.75 0.045 0.0005
11 100 3.2 0.045 0
12 110 3.55 0.035 -0.001
13 120 3.9 0.035 1.38778E-16
14 130 4.25 0.035 0
15 140 4.5 0.025 -0.04
16 150 4.7 0.02 -0.0005
17 160 4.85 0.015 -0.033333333
18 170 4.92 0.007 -0.0008
19 180 4.95 0.003 -0.133333333
20 190 4.95 0 -0.0003
21 200 4.85 -0.01 0.1
22 210 4.7 -0.015 -0.0005
23 220 4.45 -0.025 0.04
24 230 4.2 -0.025 0
25 240 3.85 -0.035 0.028571429
26 250 3.51 -0.034 -0.002941176
27 260 3.11 -0.04 0.015
28 270 2.7 -0.041 -1E-04
29 280 2.25 -0.045 0.008888889
30 290 1.81 -0.044 0.0001
31 300 1.37 -0.044 0
32 310 1 -0.037 0.0007
33 320 0.65 -0.035 -0.005714286
34 330 0.35 -0.03 0.0005
35 340 0.15 -0.02 -0.05
36 350 0.05 -0.01 0.001
37 360 0 -0.005 0.0005
Graphs:

Angular displacement vs. linear displacement

 Angular displacement vs. velocity.

Angular displacement vs. acceleration

Result:
When rotatory motion interchange with the linear motion, for every
10 degree rotation, the properties of linear motion i.e. displacement, velocity and
acceleration changes instantaneously. Their relation with angular displacement is
shown by graph.

Comments:
 There are large number of values, so it is difficult to plot a graph with
high accuracy.
 For comparatively visible graphs, take intervals between values.
Experiment No. 4
To determine the velocity, displacement and
acceleration graphs of With Worth’s Quick Return
mechanism.

Objective:
Main objective of this experiment is to study, how rotatory or translatory motion
of piston or cam are interconvert able. Also draw the graph of angular distance
with respect to displacement, velocity and acceleration, showing conversion of
rotatory to reciprocatory motion.

Quick Return Mechanism:

Quick return mechanism is different from slider mechanism. The basic difference
is due to change in linear motion. In Quick Return Mechanism, the reverse motion
is faster than the forward motion that is why it is named as quick return motion.

Apparatus:
 Quick return apparatus
 Meter rod
 Lubricant/oil
 Graph Paper
Experimental Setup:

Procedure:
1. Take the given apparatus and clean it properly.
2. Rotate the crank by an angle of 10° and note the
corresponding displacement of the slider through
given linear scale.
3. Repeat the experiment until one complete revolution
of the crank is completed.
4. From the experimental calculation, draw a graph
between displacement and degree of rotation.
5. After plotting the graph, draw tangents at 30 to the
curve and measure the angle of tangents.
6. To plot velocity graph, take a point 1 inch backward
from the origin and draw lines at angles
corresponding to that of the tangents in above graph.
7. Similarly, by drawing tangents to the velocity graph,
draw acceleration graph in the similar way.
Observations and Calculation:
No. Obs. θ S v a
1 0 -0.85
2 10 -0.55
3 20 -0.3 0.0275
4 30 0
5 40 0.25
6 50 0.53 0.0265 -0.00000111
7 60 0.8
8 70 1.05
9 80 1.35 0.0275
10 90 1.5
11 100 1.65
12 110 1.73 0.0115 -0.000533333
13 120 1.7
14 130 1.53
15 140 1.2 -0.025
16 150 0.73
17 160 1.15
18 170 -0.5 -0.0615 -0.001216667
19 180 -1.15
20 190 -1.6
21 200 -1.9 -0.0375
22 210 -2.2
23 220 -2.4
24 230 -2.59 -0.0195 0.0006
25 240 -2.6
26 250 -2.59
27 260 -2.6 0
28 270 -2.45
29 280 -2.3
30 290 -2.25 0.01 0.000333333
31 300 -2.2
32 310 -1.95
33 320 -1.75 0.0225
34 330 -1.55
35 340 -1.1
36 350 -0.8 0.0375 0.0005
37 360 -0.85
Graphs:

Angular displacement vs. linear displacement

Angular displacement vs. velocity

Angular displacement vs. acceleration.

Result:
When rotatory motion interchange with the linear motion, for every 10 degree
rotation, the properties of linear motion i.e. displacement, velocity and
acceleration changes instantaneously. Their relation with angular displacement is
shown by graph.

Comments:
• The displacement of the crank is non-zero at every angle of rotation.
• The velocity graph is sinusoidal.
• The displacement graph is reversed sinusoidal.
• In this experiment, rotatory motion is converted into linear motion.
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