2021 NANJING
Simulation Research on Transformer Saturation
Hysteresis Characteristics Based on PSCAD
Kaimin Huang
Shenzhen Power Supply
Bureau Co.Ltd
Shenzhen, China
2021 IEEE Sustainable Power and Energy Conference (iSPEC) | 978-1-6654-1439-5/21/$31.00 ©2021 IEEE | DOI: 10.1109/iSPEC53008.2021.9735472
huangkaimin@sz.csg.cn
Jianbing Xu
Shenzhen Power Supply
Bureau Co.Ltd
Shenzhen, China Southwest Jiaotong University
xujianbing@sz.csg.cn
puyuan1998@foxmail.com
Abstract—In order to study the saturation hysteresis
characteristics of transformers, based on the PSCAD platform,
this paper uses the transformer Saturation module and the
Hysteresis module to establish a transformer model of the
saturation hysteresis characteristics and simulate and analyze
the saturation parameters in the transformer module and the
improved J-A model parameters. First, the influence of
saturation parameters in the transformer Saturation module
on the excitation current is analyzed; then the influence of the
improved JA model on the shape of the hysteresis loop, the
influence on the excitation current, and the influence of the
degree of DC bias are analyzed. The simulation results show
that The air-core reactance value has the greatest impact on
the transformer excitation current ; the nine parameters in the
improved J-A theory have different effects on the hysteresis
loop and the excitation current. Changing any parameter may
cause the transformer hysteresis characteristics to occur
change, so that the degree of DC bias of the transformer is
changed. The transformer model in the PSCAD V4.6 platform
considers both saturation characteristics and hysteresis
characteristics. If its parameter settings can be close to the
actual transformer operating parameters, it can simulate the
excitation characteristics of the transformer under DC bias,
which has engineering significance.
Keywords—Transformer model; saturation characteristics;
hysteresis characteristics; J-A model
I. INTRODUCTION
With the rapid development of my country's rail transit
industry, the problem of subway stray current leakage has
become increasingly serious. Stray current will flow into the
grid through the grounding transformer[1-2]. After the stray
current flows through the transformer, the magnetization
curve of the transformer core will shift, and the transformer
will produce DC bias. DC bias will cause the transformer's
temperature rise, noise and vibration increase, excitation
current distortion and other hazards. The phenomenon of DC
bias has seriously threatened the safe and stable operation of
transformers and even power systems[3-6]. As for the study of
transformer DC bias, the saturation hysteresis characteristics
of the transformer core are the first to be studied.
When the transformer is in normal operation, its iron core
works in the linear region. In order to make the transformer
utilization rate higher, the iron core working point tends to be
saturated. When the transformer is in the DC bias state, the
This research was financially supported by the Science and
Technology Project of CSG(090000KK52200132)
978-1-6654-1439-5/21/$31.00 ©2021 IEEE
Paper No. iSPEC 2021CP0385
Authorized licensed use limited to: Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka-UTEM. Downloaded on November 02,2022 at 13:14:18 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
Guoxing Wu Fan Zhang
Shenzhen Power Supply Shenzhen Power Supply
Bureau Co.Ltd Bureau Co.Ltd
Shenzhen, China Shenzhen, China
wuguoxing@sz.csg.cn zhangfan@sz.csg.cn
Yuan Pu*
School of Electrical
Engineering
Chengdu, China
iron core is half-wave saturated and the excitation current is
distorted. Saturation characteristics and hysteresis
characteristics are important factors that affect the size of the
excitation current of the transformer in the DC bias state.
However, establishing an accurate transformer model is the
key to studying the above problems, so consider building a
transformer model that takes into account saturation
hysteresis.
Literature [7] selects the UMEC transformer model in the
PSCAD simulation platform for the transformer DC bias
simulation experiment, but the UMEC transformer model
only considers the saturation characteristics of the iron core
and does not consider the hysteresis characteristics;
Literature [8-9] selects Matlab/Simulink software As a
simulation platform, only saturation characteristics are
considered; literature [10] proposes a new model of
PSCAD/EMTDC electromagnetic transient simulation of
transformers with hysteresis characteristics. On the basis of
the classic model, an excitation branch considering hysteresis
is added, and at the same time Taking into account the
saturation and hysteresis characteristics of the transformer, it
is necessary to measure the parameters of the hysteresis loop,
and the simulation custom modeling is very complicated, and
it is not convenient to analyze the characteristics of the
transformer under the bias magnetic field; the literature [11]
derives the DC bias field The Jiles-Atherton modified model
of the transformer core magnetization characteristics under
the conditions, the model is more convenient to solve the
excitation current and core loss; Literature [12] proposed an
electromagnetic transient transformer model based on JA
simulation transformer hysteresis, using the method of
injection current source J-A hysteresis model This method is
conducive to the realization of the program and improves the
calculation efficiency, but it is too complicated to simulate
the DC bias of the transformer in the area power grid.
Therefore, it is necessary to consider the saturation hysteresis
characteristics of the transformer at the same time.
Based on the PSCAD simulation platform, this paper
establishes a transformer simulation model. Analyze the
influence of each parameter setting in the Saturation module
on the transformer excitation current, and give the specific
range of parameter setting. Using the J-A model in the
Hysteresis module newly added in PSCAD/EMTDC V4.6,
according to the law of conservation of energy, the formula
for the improved J-A model is derived, and the parameters in
the improved J-A model are analyzed.
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 2021 NANJING
II. MODEL ESTABLISHMENT
Build the transformer DC bias model on the
PSCAD/EMTDC simulation platform. When the transformer
is in the DC bias state, the core is nonlinear. Considering that
the saturation hysteresis characteristic of the transformer has
a great influence on it, the Classical transformer in the
PSCAD software library is selected for modeling.
A. Transformer Model Establishment
Since this article focuses on the saturation hysteresis
characteristics of the transformer, a transformer is selected
for research in the model. The simulation diagram of the
transformer is shown in Fig. 1.
Infinite power 10/230kV Line 220/121/11kV Load
Y Y
Y Load
Fig. 1. Transformer simulation diagram
In order to get closer to the transformer used in the actual
project, this article selects a certain area of 220kV
transformer nameplate parameters for setting. The
transformer used in the simulation is a classic three-phase
three-winding transformer, Y/Y/D11 connection mode, the
Y-type connection of the transformer is grounded, the
transformation ratio is 220/121/11kV, the transformer
capacity is 150MVA, and the leakage reactance value is
calculated as the high-voltage winding-medium Voltage
winding: 0.2 [pu]; high voltage winding-low voltage winding:
0.136 [pu]; medium voltage winding-low voltage winding:
0.072 [pu]. The saturation module setting and hysteresis
module setting are described in detail below.
B. Transformer Saturation Parameter Setting
1) Introduction to Transformer Saturation Module
The core saturation in PSCAD simulates the saturation
characteristics of the classic transformer model by injecting a
compensation current source into the winding where it is
located. The parameters that directly affect the saturation
characteristics of the transformer are: air-core reactance,
knee-point voltage, and excitation current. Among them,
adjusting the air-core reactance value will affect the slope in
Fig. 2; adjusting the knee point voltage will affect the
intercept of the asymptotes on the Y axis; adjusting the
excitation current will determine the effective knee point
horizontal position along the voltage line of Vs=1.0pu[13] .
However, since the Hysteresis module in the Saturation
module chooses to use the J-A model, the knee voltage value
cannot be set, so this is explained.
Vs
Slope is based on air-core reactance
Knee point
1.0
Excitation current Is
percentage
Fig. 2. Iron core saturation curve
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2) Saturation Parameter Setting
Saturation current is selected to be directly injected into
winding 1; the air-core reactance value is set to 0.26[pu], the
excitation current is 0.25%; the remanence is set to 0; the
rated magnetic flux is set to 1.75T.
C. Transformer Hysteresis Parameter Setting
1) Introduction of Transformer Hysteresis Module
Since the classic transformer in the Hysteresis module in
the Saturation module of the transformer model in
PSCAD/EMTDC cannot well reflect the excitation
characteristics of the transformer in the DC bias state, the JA
model is a widely used model in the field of magnetic
modeling, so The Hysteresis module in the transformer
chooses the JA model to describe the hysteresis of the iron
core.
The J-A model is widely used in the field of magnetic
modeling because of its few parameters and clear physical
meaning. The J-A model was first proposed in 1983, and
scholars have continuously revised and improved the J-A
model. The J-A model is based on the theory of magnetic
domains. The magnetization component is divided into a
reversible magnetization component Mrev and an irreversible
magnetization component Mirr. Finally, the correct
expression is derived from the energy conservation formula.
The theory of JA model assumes three conditions: 1)
Assuming that the domain wall is horizontal, ignoring the
thickness of the magnetic domain wall; 2) Ignoring the
spatial position of the magnetic domain; 3) The work done to
overcome the obstacle of the pinning point has a certain
proportional relationship with the magnetic field strength[14].
a) Traditional J-A model
The traditional J-A model is based on the magnetic
domain theory and uses the improved Langevin function to
obtain the expression of the non-hysteresis magnetization:
He a
M an  M s [coth( ) ] (1)
a He
He  H   M (2)
In the formula: He is the effective magnetic field strength;
is the average field parameter, used to reflect the coupling
within the magnetic domain; Man is the magnetization
without hysteresis; a is the shape parameter of the
magnetization curve without hysteresis; Man is the saturation
magnetization; H is Magnetic field strength.
It can be obtained from the law of conservation of energy:
the actual magnetized magnetostatic energy is equal to the
magnetostatic energy without hysteresis minus the hysteresis
loss of the pinch point, and the following expression can be
obtained:
dM irr
0  MdH e =0  M an dH  0 k  ( )dH e (3)
e dH e
Among：
dH / dt  0，  1
 (4)
dH / dt  0，  1
In the formula: μ0 is the vacuum permeability; k is the
hold-down coefficient, which characterizes the strength
of hysteresis; δ is the directional coefficient.
From the simplification of the above formula, we can get:
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 2021 NANJING

dM irr (5)
M  M an   k 0.4
dH e
From M=Mirr+Mrev and Mrev=c(Man-Mirr), we can get: 0.2

Excitation current (A)

dM M M dM an (6)
0
 (1  c) an   c
dH e k dH e
-0.2
In the formula: c is the reversible magnetization coefficient,
a parameter that characterizes the elastic displacement -0.4 0.1[pu]
0.2[pu]

movement of the magnetic domain. 0.2 0.22 0.24 0.26 0.28

0.3[pu]
0.3
Time (s)
After simplification, the final expression can be obtained:
Fig. 3. Comparison of simulation waveforms of excitation current under
dM M M dM dM an (7) different air-core reactance
 (1  c) an (1   )c
dH k dH dH
b) Improve the J-A Model It can be seen from Fig. 3 that changing the value of the
air-core reactance, the excitation current waveform remains
In version 4.6 of PSCAD software, a new module to unchanged, and the value changes. When the air-core
consider transformer hysteresis is added, and the J-A model reactance is 0.1, the value of the excitation current is the
is improved. The traditional J-A model has five parameters largest, and the air-core reactance value is 0.2 compared with
to describe the hysteresis loop in the above discussion, and 0.3. The reactance changes from 0.1 to 0.2 to be small, so the
the J-A model in the PSCAD software uses 9 parameters to size of the air-core reactance determines the size of the
describe the hysteresis loop. The improved J-A model excitation current. The empirical approach is that the air-core
modifies the pinch factor k and the non-hysteresis reactance is approximately twice the leakage reactance.
magnetization.
2) Nominal Flux Density
The traditional J-A model believes that the restraint
The most commonly used iron core material in my
coefficient is constant, but in the actual magnetization
country is cold-rolled silicon steel sheet, and its saturation
process, the restraint coefficient k is constantly changing
magnetic density is 1.9~2.0T. The working magnetic density
with the magnetization process. In order to make the
of small and medium-sized transformers is often relatively
simulation closer to the actual situation, the restraint
low, 1.55~1.65T, while the working magnetic density of
coefficient k needs to be modified:
large-capacity transformers is usually closer to the saturation
2 magnetic density, 1.7~1.75T.
M 
k '  k[1     ] (8) When the rated magnetic flux is 1.7T, 1.75T, 1.8T, the
 Ms  transformer excitation current is shown in Fig. 4.
The traditional J-A model uses the Langevin function to
describe the non-hysteresis magnetization, while the 0.2

improved J-A model in the PSCAD software uses a new

function to describe the non-hysteresis magnetization[15-17]. 0.1
Excitation current (A)

a1 H e  H eb 0

M an  M s (9)
a3  a2 H e  H eb -0.1

In the formula: a1、a2、a3、bare all shape parameters of non- -0.2 1.7T

1.75T
hysteresis magnetization, and a1>0,a2≥a1,a3≥0,b≥1; because 0.2 0.22 0.24 0.26 0.28
1.8T
0.3
there are 4 shape parameters in the improved J-A model to Time (s)

describe the non-hysteresis magnetization Compared with
the 1 parameter of the traditional J-A model, the improved J-
A model can better describe the non-hysteresis
magnetization curve.
2) Hysteresis Parameter Setting
The parameters of the J-A model are set as follows ：
c=0.1,k=5.0 × 10-5, β=0.96, α=1.325 × 10-5,Ms=1.72 ×
106,a1=2730, a2=3209, a3=20294,b=2.
III. SIMULATION ANALYSIS
When the transformer rated parameters are determined,
the parameters affecting the saturation characteristics and
hysteresis characteristics of the transformer are analyzed
respectively.
A. Transformer Saturation Parameters
1) Air Core Reactance
When the air-core reactance value is 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, the
transformer excitation current is shown in Fig. 2.
Fig. 4. Comparison of simulation waveforms of excitation current under
different rated magnetic fluxes
It can be seen from the figure that the waveform of the
excitation current remains unchanged, and the value of the
excitation current does not change much, so the rated
magnetic flux has little effect on the excitation current within
a reasonable range. Because the transformer in the model is a
220kV large transformer, the rated magnetic flux setting
value is 1.75T.
3) Magnetizing Current
The excitation current is approximately equal to the no-
load current, which can be obtained from the transformer
nameplate parameters.
B. Transformer Hysteresis Parameters
1) The Influence of Improved J-A Model Parameters on
Hysteresis Loop
The hysteresis loop indicates the relationship between the
magnetic field intensity M and the magnetic induction

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 2021 NANJING

intensity B during the repeated magnetization of a
ferromagnetic substance. The hysteresis loop is an important
tool for simulating the characteristics of the iron core. The
different shapes of the hysteresis loop simulate the core
characteristics of different materials of the transformer. The
magnetization process of the transformer core is shown in the
figure.
Br
Hcm
The parameters Ms、k、c、α of the original J-A model
and the improved JA model have the same influence on the
hysteresis loop. The saturation magnetization Ms is an
inherent property of the material itself, which mainly affects
the maximum magnetization, and the irreversible loss
coefficient k mainly Affects the area of the hysteresis loop,
the area of the hysteresis loop represents the core loss; the
B
reversible magnetic susceptibility c and the irreversible loss
coefficient k have the opposite effects on the hysteresis loop;
B C
the average field parameter α is a coefficient reflecting the
A coupling between magnetic domains, Mainly affect the
inclination of the hysteresis loop.
2 2
0 H
1.5 1.5

1 1

Magnetic induction (T)

Magnetic induction (T)

0.5 0.5

0 0

-0.5 -0.5

-1 -1
a1  2730 a2  3209
a1  2930 a2  3409
Fig. 5. Magnetization curve -1.5
a1  3130
-1.5
a2  3609
-2 -2
-150 -100 -50 0 50 100 150 -800 -600 -400 -200 0 200 400 600 800
Magnetic field strength (A/m) Magnetic field strength (A/m)

Place the magnetic material in a magnetic field with a 2

(a)Influence of parameter a1
2
(b)Influence of parameter a2

magnetic field intensity of 0, and gradually increase the 1.5

1
1.5

magnetic field intensity. The magnetic induction intensity

Magnetic induction (T)

Magnetic induction (T)

0.5 0.5

will increase along the OAB. After the magnetic induction 0 0

intensity reaches point B, the magnetic material is in a -0.5

-1
-0.5

-1
saturated state. After that, the magnetic field intensity and -1.5
a3  20294
a3  21294 -1.5
b 1
b  1.5

magnetic induction intensity are increased. Basically -2

-150 -100 -50 0 50
a3  22294

100 150
-2
-150 -100 -50 0 50 100
b2
150

unchanged. OAB is called the initial magnetization curve. If Magnetic field strength (A/m)
(c)Influence of parameter a3
Magnetic field strength (A/m)
(d)Influence of parameter b

the magnetic field intensity is reduced, the magnetization Fig. 7. The influence of improved J-A model parameters on hysteresis
curve no longer returns along the original path of the initial loop
magnetization curve OAB, but the magnetic induction
intensity B lags behind the magnetic field intensity H and 2

changes, which is the hysteresis phenomenon of magnetic 1.5

materials. When the magnetic field intensity H is reduced to 1
0, the magnetic induction intensity is not equal to 0. To
Mag netic induction (T)

reduce the magnetic induction intensity to 0, a reverse 0.5

magnetic field Hc must be added, and the magnetic induction 0

intensity is 0, where Hc is called the coercive force. -0.5

The nine parameters of the improved J-A model in -1

β 0
PSCAD describe the hysteresis curve together, and the -1.5 β  0.5
different combinations of the nine parameters describe β  0.96
different hysteresis loops. Except that the correction -2
-200 -150 -100 -50 0 50 100 150 200
coefficient is 0.96, the influence of the other eight parameters Magnetic field strength (A/m)

on the characteristics of the transformer core is discussed.

Fig. 8. The influence of parameter β on hysteresis loop
Using the controlled variable method, keeping seven of the
parameters unchanged, changing one parameter, and TABLE I. THE INFLUENCE OF J-A MODEL ON HYSTERESIS LOOP
discussing its impact on the hysteresis loop one by one.
Maximum Loop
2 2
Parameter Coercivity remanence
1.5 1.5 magnetization area
1 1
MS   —  —
Magnetic induction (T)

Magnetic induction (T)

0.5 0.5

0 0 k —   
α — —  —
-0.5 -0.5

-1 -1
Ms 1.710-6A/m c  0.1
-1.5 Ms 1.810-6A/m
Ms 1.910-6A/m
-1.5 c  0.2
c  0.3
c —   
-2 -2
-150 -100 -50 0 50
Magnetic field strength (A/m)
100 150 -150 -100 -50 0 50
Magnetic field strength (A/m)
100 150
a1   —  —
(a)Influence of parameter Ms (b)Influence of parameter c
2 2
a2   —  —
1.5 1.5

1 1 a3   —  —
Magnetic induction (T)
Magnetic induction (T)

0.5 0.5
b    —
0 0

-0.5 -0.5 β — — — 
Improve the newly added parameters in the J-A model,
-1 -1
k  410 5A/m   1.32510 5
-1.5 k  510 5A/m -1.5   1.325106
  1.32510 7
except that β is the modified irreversible loss coefficient k,
5
k  610 A/m
-2 -2
-150 -100 -50 0 50 100 150 -150 -100 -50 0 50 100 150

in order to better fit the shoulder area of the hysteresis loop,

Magnetic field strength (A/m) Magnetic field strength (A/m)
(c)Influence of parameter k (d)Influence of parameter 

Fig. 6. The influence of the original J-A model parameters on the

without the influence of the shape parameters a1, a2, and a3
hysteresis loop of the hysteresis magnetization curve The trend is opposite.

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 2021 NANJING

0.4
When the shape parameter a1 increases, the maximum 0.15

magnetization and remanence value both increase, and the 0.1

0.3

Excitation current (A)

loop area is basically unchanged. When the shape parameter

Excitation current (A)

0.2
0.05
b is in the range of 1~2, the hysteresis loop basically does 0.1
not change. 0
Time s 0
2) The Influence of Improved J-A Model Parameters on (a) b=2
-0.05
Excitation Current -0.1

To study the excitation characteristics of a transformer -0.1

1.4 1.42 1.44 1.46 1.48 1.5
-0.2
1.4 1.42 1.44 1.46 1.48 1.5
under DC bias, first, the transformer model parameters need Time (s)
(a) Waveform diagram of excitation current when b=3
Time (s)
(b) Waveform diagram of excitation current when b=2
to be set correctly, and the transformer model must be
verified. The transformer winding current is very dependent Fig. 10. The influence of parameter b on the degree of DC bias
on the connected load, so the excitation current is to verify
that the transformer model is correct. The key to it or not. It can be seen that if a certain parameter is simply
The following figure discusses the influence of the improved changed, the hysteresis characteristics of the transformer
J-A model parameters on the excitation current. Due to space may change, and the degree of DC bias will also have a
limitations, the four parameters that have the greatest impact certain influence. In the DC bias simulation experiment, the
on the excitation current are selected. result is wrong. Improving the determination of 9 parameters
0.25 0.25
in the J-A model is actually a problem of simultaneous
0.2 0.2 optimization of 9 nonlinear variables. Traditional
0.15 0.15
mathematical methods are difficult to solve, and intelligent
Excitation current (A)

Excitation current (A)

0.1 0.1
0.05 0.05 algorithms are generally used to solve such problems. In
-0.05
0 0
-0.05
engineering, simulated annealing and artificial fish school
-0.1 -0.1 algorithms are generally used to solve such problems.
-0.15 -0.15
-6
Ms  1.710 A/m
-0.2 M s  1.810-6A/m -0.2 a1  2730
-6 a1  2930
M s  1.910 A/m a1  3130
-0.25 -0.25
1.4 1.42 1.44 1.46 1.48 1.5 1.4 1.42 1.44 1.46 1.48 1.5
Time (s) Time (s)
2
(a)Influence of parameter Ms
0.25
(b)Influence of parameter a1 IV. CONCLUSION
0.2
1.5
0.15 This article fully considers the saturation characteristics
and hysteresis characteristics of the transformer. Through
1
Excitation current (A)

Excitation current (A)

0.1
0.5
PSCAD simulation analysis, the air-core reactance value has
0.05
0 0

-0.5
-1
-1.5
-2
1.4 1.42 1.44 1.46
Time (s)
1.48
(c)Influence of parameter a2
Fig. 9. The influence of improved J-A model parameters on hysteresis
loop
It can be seen that the four parameters Ms、a1、a2 and b
have a greater impact on the amplitude of the excitation
current. Among them, the non-hysteresis magnetization
curve shape parameter a2 has the greatest impact on the
transformer excitation current.
When the transformer is in normal operation, the
excitation current is positive and negative symmetrical.
When the stray current flows in from the neutral point of the
transformer, a DC component appears in the transformer
windings, and the transformer core appears half-wave
saturated. The excitation current is no longer positive and
negative symmetrical, but is biased to the time axis once, the
excitation current Distortion occurs. If the parameters of the
improved JA model are set unreasonably, no matter how
much current is injected into the neutral point, the excitation
current of the transformer will basically not change. For
example, when 500A DC is injected into the neutral point of
the transformer the difference between the two.
-0.05 the greatest influence on the excitation current. In the setting
-0.1
-0.15
of three-phase three-winding transformer, the empirical
a2  3209
a2  3409
a2  3609
-0.2 b1
b2
b3
practice is to set the air-core reactance value to twice the
1.5
-0.25
1.4 1.42 1.44 1.46
Time (s)
1.48 1.5 leakage reactance of the high and middle windings. In the
(d)Influence of parameter b
improvement of J-A model parameter settings, the hysteresis
loop of the transformer can be determined by determining 9
parameters. From the simulation results, it can be known that
when the shape parameter b changes between 1 and 2, the
shape of the hysteresis loop basically does not occur. The
degree of transformer DC bias beyond this interval will also
change; and in addition to the shape parameter b, the new
shape parameters of the improved JA model are more
sensitive to the effect of the hysteresis loop, and have a
greater impact on the shape of the hysteresis loop, the
modified parameter can adjust the shoulder area of the
hysteresis loop according to the change of the magnetic field
strength, so that the simulated hysteresis loop is closer to
reality.
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