5 th

Generation Mobile 
Communications
glmoyo
Evolution to 5G
• 100 times faster than 4 G
• Down link speed between 10G 
to 20Gbps (can download 
around 3 HD DVDs movies per 
second)  
5G ‐ Technology
1) Millimeter wave 
2) Massive MIMO
3) Small cell 
4) Beam forming 
5) NOMA 
6) MEC 
Millimeter wave 

• 5G to use between 24GHz to 100GHz   ‐ more free space there
• High capacity carrier frequencies (high capacity data channels)
• Supports massive MIMO antennae   
 Massive MIMO

• High frequency use (mm range) enable many, many tinny transmitters and receivers per cell 
• Many users per cell
• Cell using many Node B to transmit (parallel data transmission ) 
 • The distance between 
cells could vary between 
Small cells  10 to 100m 
• cells will be every where 
around us 
Beamforming 

• Highly directional beams
• Reduction in loss of 
power 
• Use of low power in 
phones (battery saving) 
• Less interference
• Fast data rates 
 NOMA –Non Orthogonal Multiple Access 
• Use overlapping signals to transmit different channel data 
• Signal are separated by power levels 
• It is up to the phone to try and separate or decipher its own signal
• Power levels are adjusted in real time depending on the distance of the phone 
from the base station 
• Nearer phones signals are tuned to low power 
• Distant phone signals are tuned to higher power to reach them 
• Nearer phones suppress the high power signals by  subtraction 
• Near phone receives X+x,  then performs (X‐x) ‐X  ‐‐‐ > to get x ( its receive signal) 
• The Distant phone gets X (Its Receive signal only ) since x fades along the way 
due to attenuation 
NOMA

•T
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NOMA ‐ Same 
frequency, same 
time, same code, 
different power 
levels 
• 1 million devices per km 2
Three major categories of use case for 5G: 
• Massive machine to machine communications – also called the Internet of 
Things (IoT) that involves connecting billions of devices without human 
intervention at a scale not seen before.   This has the potential to 
revolutionise modern industrial processes and applications including 
agriculture, manufacturing and business communications.    
• Ultra‐reliable low latency communications – mission critical including real‐
time control of devices, industrial robotics, vehicle to vehicle 
communications and safety systems, autonomous driving and safer 
transport networks.   Low latency communications also opens up a new 
world where remote medical care, procedures, and treatment are all 
possible
• Enhanced mobile broadband – providing significantly faster data speeds 
and greater capacity keeping the world connected.  New applications will 
include fixed wireless internet access for homes, outdoor broadcast 
applications without the need for broadcast vans, and greater connectivity 
for people on the move. 
• For communities, 5G will enable the connection of billions of devices for our 
smart cities, smart schools and smart homes, smart and safer vehicles, enhance 
health care and education, and provide a safer and more efficient place to live.
• For businesses and industry, 5G and IoT will provide a wealth of data allowing 
them to gain insights into their operations like never before. Businesses will 
operate and make key decisions driven by data, innovate in agriculture, smart 
farms and manufacturing, paving the way for cost savings, better customer 
experience and long term growth.
• New and Emerging technologies such as virtual and augmented reality will be 
accessible by everyone.  Virtual reality provides connected experiences that were 
not possible before. With 5G and VR you will be able to travel to your favourite 
city, watch a live football match with the feeling of being at the ground, or even be 
able to inspect real estate and walk through a new home all from the comfort of 
your couch.
• 5G will keep us connected in tomorrow’s smart cities, smart homes and smart 
schools, and enable opportunities that we haven’t even thought of yet.
From 4G to 5G System (5GS)
Control Plane (CP) group - has a counterpart in the EPC

 AMF (Core Access and Mobility Management Function): Responsible for connection and
reachability management, mobility management, access authentication and authorization, and
location services. Manages the mobility-related aspects of the EPC’s MME.
 SMF (Session Management Function): Manages each UE session, including IP address
allocation, selection of associated UP function, control aspects of QoS, and control aspects of UP
routing. Roughly corresponds to part of the EPC’s MME and the control-related aspects of the
EPC’s PGW.
 PCF (Policy Control Function): Manages the policy rules that other CP functions then enforce.
Roughly corresponds to the EPC’s PCRF.
 UDM (Unified Data Management): Manages user identity, including the generation of
authentication credentials. Includes part of the functionality in the EPC’s HSS.

• AUSF (Authentication Server Function): Essentially an authentication server. Includes part of the
functionality in the EPC’s HSS.
Control Plane (CP) but does not have a direct 
counterpart in the EPC
 SDSF (Structured Data Storage Network Function): A “helper” service used to store structured
data. Could be implemented by an “SQL Database” in a microservices-based system.
 UDSF (Unstructured Data Storage Network Function): A “helper” service used to store
unstructured data. Could be implemented by a “Key/Value Store” in a microservices-based system.
 NEF (Network Exposure Function): A means to expose select capabilities to third-party services,
including translation between internal and external representations for data. Could be implemented
by an “API Server” in a microservices-based system.
 NRF (NF Repository Function): A means to discover available services. Could be implemented
by a “Discovery Service” in a microservices-based system.
 NSSF (Network Slicing Selector Function): A means to select a Network Slice to serve a given
UE. Network slices are essentially a way to partition network resources in order to differentiate
service given to different users. It is a key feature of 5G.
User Plane (UP):

• UPF (User Plane Function): Forwards traffic between RAN and the 
Internet, corresponding to the S/PGW combination in EPC. In addition 
to packet forwarding, it is responsible for policy enforcement, lawful 
intercept, traffic usage reporting, and QoS policing.
5G System (5GS) components
1) Use Equipment (UE)
2) 5G Access Network (5G-AN)
3) 5G Core Network (5GC)
• End‐to‐End Network Slicing for Multiple Industries Based on One Physical Infrastructure
• E2E network slicing is a foundation to support diversified 5G services and is key to 5G network 
architecture evolution. 
• Based on NFV and SDN, physical infrastructure of the future network architecture consists of sites 
and three‐layer DC
• With software‐defined networking (SDN) and Network Functions Virtualization (NFV) supporting 
the underlying physical infrastructure, 5G comprehensively cloudifies access, transport, and core 
networks
• The major difference with 5G Core (5GC) compared to EPC is that 5GC’s control plane (CP) 
functions interact in a Service‐Based Architecture (SBA). 
• A key Network Function (NF) of SBA is the Network Repository Function (NRF), which provides NF 
service registration and discovery, enabling NFs to identify appropriate services in one another. 
• SBA principles apply to interfaces between CP functions within 5GC only, so interfaces toward 
Radio Access Network (RAN), user equipment or user plane (UP) functions (N1, N2, N3, N4, N6 and 
N9) are excluded. 
• Another major difference in 5GC’s CP is the structure, because it has different functional 
separation of Access and Mobility Functions (AMF) and Session Management Functions (SMF). 
• 5GC includes the separation of UP and CP functions of the gateway, which was an evolution of the 
gateway CP/UP separation (CUPS) introduced in EPC Release 14.
• Other changes include a separate Authentication Server (AUSF) and several new functions, such as 
the Network Slice Selection Function (NSSF) and the Network Exposure Function (NEF). 
Network Functions within the 5GC Control 
Plane (CP) 
use Service Based Interfaces (SBI) for their 
interactions:
A CP NF can provide one or more NF 
Services
Slicing‐is the network topologies + network function sets 
5G
• SMF - Session Management Function
The Session Management Function is related to the 3GPP 5G Architecture and is one of the main functions in the Next Generation Core. As
such, it includes various functionality relating to subscriber sessions, e.g. session establishment, modify and release.
• PCF - Policy Control Function
• The Policy Control function is related to the 3GPP 5G Architecture. This function supports the unified policy framework that governs network
behaviour. In so doing, it provides policy rules to control plane function(s) to enforce them. In order to facilitate this, the subscription
information is gathered from the Unified Data Management function.
• AF - Application Function
• The AF is a logical element of the 3GPP PCC framework which provides session related information to the PCRF in support of PCC rule
generation.
• UDM - Unified Data Management
• The Unified Data Management is related to the 3GPP 5G Architecture. This supports the ARPF (Authentication Credential Repository and
Processing Function) and stores the long-term security credentials used in the authentication for AKA. In addition, it stores subscription
information.
• AMF - Core Access and Mobility Management Function
• The Core Access and Mobility Management Function is part of the 3GPP 5G Architecture. Its primary tasks include: Registration Management,
Connection Management, Reachability Management, Mobility Management and various other functions relating to security and access
management and authorization.
• AUSF - Authentication Server Function
• The Authentication Server Function is part of the 3GPP 5G Architecture. It is used to facilitate the 5G security processes.
• UE - User Equipment
• UPF - User Plane Function
• The User Plane Function is related to the 3GPP 5G Architecture. It is similar to the roles played by the Serving/Packet Gateway in a 4G LTE
system. The UPF supports features and capabilities to facilitate user plane operation. Examples include: packet routing and forwarding,
interconnection to the Data Network, policy enforcement and data buffering.
• DN - Data Network
• The Data Network is related to the 3GPP 5G Architecture. It identifies Service Provider services, Internet access or 3rd party services.
• the
• Authentication Server Function
(AUSF)
• Core Access and Mobility
Management Function (AMF)
• Data network (DN), e.g. operator
services, Internet access or 3rd
party services
• Structured Data Storage network
function (SDSF)
• Unstructured Data Storage network
function (UDSF)
• Network Exposure Function (NEF)
• NF Repository Function (NRF)
• Policy Control function (PCF)
• Session Management Function
(SMF)
• Unified Data Management (UDM)
• User plane Function (UPF)
• Application Function (AF)
• User Equipment (UE)
• (Radio) Access Network ((R)AN)