By Faheem Mir .

CE-20-44
 Metals may be moulded in a variety of ways, making them
a versatile housing material. They come in a number of
natural colours or can be coated to give them a larger
range of colours and enhanced protection. Metals are
durable, attractive, and efficient heat and electricity
conductors.
Wood burning stoves,
bathtubs, sinks, skillets,
sewage lines, waste
disposal systems, lawn
furniture, and gas pipes
are all made of cast iron,
which is made of iron
and carbon and melted in
a furnace. BRONZE is a copper-tin
alloy that produces a
WROUGHT IRON is robust, elegant, and
nearly pure iron used stately material that
for ornamental lawn weathers well.
furniture, lighting Thresholds, screws,
fixtures, fences, and plumbing supplies, and
staircase/porch decorative objects such
railings. as sculpture are all
made of it..

ALUMINUM is lightweight,
corrosion-resistant, a good
conductor of electricity, a good
reflector of light and heat, easily
moulded into a variety of shapes,
and receptive to a variety of
finishes. Window and door
frames, railings, and hardware
can all be made out of aluminium.
Lamp bases, plant stands,
kitchenware, and grills can all be
"cast" with it. Range hoods,
awnings, garage doors, appliance
panels, and ducting may all be
"rolled" with it.
BRASS is an alloy of copper
and zinc, ranging in color from
a coppery red to silvery white.
Tin can be added or it can be
coated with clear enamel to
prevent tarnishing. Ir can be
cast, hammered, stamped,
rolled, or drawn into bolts,
screws, pipe fittings, wire,
furniture, and decorative pieces.
COPPER is most
important for it’s
electrical and heat
conductivity, and
resistance to corrosion.
Exposed to moist air, it
becomes coated with a
thin layer of green
carbonate that protects it
from further corrosion. It
is used in wiring and
roofing.
 LEAD is a corrosive-
STAINLESS STEEL is resistant metal that is
steel that has been heavy but useful. It's
treated with chromium found under showers, in
to make it harder and pool liners, and in
more corrosion resistant drainage pipes. It
over a wide temperature expands and contracts
range. Guttering, with temperature, and it
downspouts, cooking can cause lead
and dining utensils, poisoning, restricting its
appliances, sinks, usage in a variety of
countertops, and even domestic applications.
furniture are all made of It's a type of leaded
it.. glass that's employed in
window designs.
 The only dwelling building material that allows light
to pass through while maintaining a clear vision is
glass. It doesn't carry electricity and is nearly
impervious to corrosion.
The amount of force that glass
can endure without shattering is
referred to as its "tensile
strength." Tensile strength can be
improved by increasing the
thickness of the material or by
using specific manufacturing
procedures. Scratches, flaws, and
fast temperature changes reduce
it.es.

Float glass is a flat glass that is less

costly and of higher quality than
sheet or plate glass. It is distortion-
free, comes in a variety of strengths
and thicknesses, and can be cut into
extremely big sheets. It can be
coloured to prevent glare and heat
transmission.
 Clay is easily sculpted, but high-
temperature firing retains the shape,
colour, and texture of the clay. This
"ceramic" becomes resistant to heat,
cold, moisture, acids, and salts after
firing. For decorating, it can be glazed,
tinted, and textured. Glazing strengthens
it and seals it, making it watertight.

Mosaic tile is
constructed of Roofing tile is
porcelain or expensive and
natural clay and is more porous
smaller, smoother, than other
and brighter in roofing
colour than materials.
traditional tile.
 Plastics are often inexpensive, resistant to
moisture and corrosion, lightweight, durable, and
easily moulded into complicated shapes. Because
of their low care needs, plastics are replacing many
natural construction materials.
 The trunk, stems, and branches of trees are
made of wood, which is a hard, fibrous
structure. It can be processed into lumber,
plywood, and other construction-related
wood products.

Hardwoods and softwoods are

two types of wood that can be
found in nature. Softwoods are
tough and durable, but they
don't take finishes as well as
hardwoods. The most typical
application is in building.
Cedar, cypress, fir, pine, and
redwood are among examples.

Hardwoods are generally more costly than softwoods. They are more
resistant to denting and scratches, and their surfaces have smooth,
beautiful grain patterns. Hardwoods are the most common flooring and
furniture materials. Ash, beech, birch, cherry, elm, mahogany, maple, oak,
poplar, and walnut are some examples.
 HARDBOARD is a form of composite board
made from pressed together refined wood
fibres. It's possible that one or both sides are
smooth. PARTICLE BOARD is a form of
composite board manufactured from
adhesively attached wood flakes, chips, and
shavings..
 Masonry materials are versatile, durable, and
beautiful. They are more expensive than wood
products, but require less maintenance.

BRICK is fireproof, weather-resistant,

and easy to maintain. It is popular for
fireplaces, chimneys, walls, and floors.

Bricks are available in a wide range of colours and sizes. Colors vary
depending on the chemical composition of the clay used to produce them,
as well as the time and temperature at which they were fired. Mortar is used
to seal the gaps between the bricks and to connect them together.
 Because stone is difficult to deal with in construction,
it is labour intensive and thus costly. It includes a
variety of colours and textures to keep things
interesting. It's fireproof and decay-resistant, and it
exudes permanence and solidity.
Granite (hard and durable),
sandstone (porous and prone to
moisture, with poor insulating
value), limestone (weathers
quickly in humid regions),
marble (expensive and opulent,
but not as durable as granite),
and slate are all examples of
natural stone (hard and brittle,
made from compressed clay or
shale). Stone-like materials
include manufactured stone
(made from lightweight concrete
or fibreglass) and terrazzo (a
durable material produced from
marble pieces glued together
with cement).