‫ﻳﻮم‪......................... :‬‬ ‫ا ﺎل اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻤﻲ ‪ :1‬اﻟﺘﺨﺼﺺ اﻟﻮﻇﻴﻔﻲ ﻟﻠﱪوﺗﻴﻨﺎت‬ ‫اﻹﺳﻢ واﻟﻠﻘﺐ‪................................

:‬‬
‫‪..............................‬‬ ‫اﻟﻮﺣﺪة اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ‪ :1‬آﻟﻴﺎت ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ اﻟﱪوﺗﲔ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺴﻢ‪........................................:‬‬
‫‪..............................‬‬ ‫اﳊﺼﺔ اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ‪......................................... :4‬‬ ‫اﻟﻔﻮج‪.........................................:‬‬
‫وﺿﻌﻴﺔ اﻹﻧﻄﻼق‪:‬‬
‫ﲢﻤﻞ ﺟﺰﻳﺌﺔ اﻟـ‪ ARNm‬ﻧﺴﺨﺔ ﻣﻦ اﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺔ اﻟﻮراﺛﻴﺔ اﳌﺴﺆوﻟﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ اﻟﱪوﺗﲔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﻮاة إﱃ اﳍﻴﻮﱃ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺗﺘﺎﺑﻊ ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ آزوﺗﻴﺔ ﺗﺴﻤﻰ اﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻟﻨﻮوﻳﺔ ﻣﻜﺘﻮﺑﺔ ﺑـ ‪4‬‬
‫أﺣﺮف ﻫﻲ اﻟﻘﻮاﻋﺪ اﻵزوﺗﻴﺔ )‪ (U ،G ،C ،A‬ﻣﻦ أﺟﻞ ﺗﺮﲨﺘﻬﺎ إﱃ ﺑﺮوﺗﲔ )ﻟﻐﺔ ﺑﺮوﺗﻴﻨﻴﺔ( ﻣﻜﺘﻮﺑﺔ ﺑـ ‪ 20‬ﻛﻠﻤﺔ ﻫﻲ اﻷﲪﺎض اﻷﻣﻴﻨﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫اﳌﺸﻜﻠﺔ‪........................................................................................................................................... :‬‬
‫اﻟﻔﺮﺿﻴﺎت‪:‬‬
‫ف‪......................................................................................................................................... :1‬‬
‫ف‪......................................................................................................................................... :2‬‬
‫ف‪......................................................................................................................................... :3‬‬
‫اﻟﺘﻘﺼﻲ‪:‬‬
‫‪.1‬اﻟﺸﻔﺮة اﻟﻮراﺛﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﻣﻦ أﺟﻞ اﻟﺘﻌﺮف ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﲔ اﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻟﻨﻮوﻳﺔ واﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻟﱪوﺗﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﻧﻘﱰح ﻋﻠﻴﻚ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ‪:‬‬
‫اﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻟﻨﻮوﻳﺔ ﳑﺜﻠﺔ ﺑﺘﺘﺎﺑﻊ ‪ 4‬أﻧﻮاع ﻣﻦ اﻟﻘﻮاﻋﺪ اﻵزوﺗﻴﺔ ﰲ اﻟـ‪) ARNm‬اﻟﺸﻔﺮة اﻟﻮراﺛﻴﺔ(‪.‬‬
‫اﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻟﱪوﺗﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﳑﺜﻠﺔ ﺑـ‪ 20‬ﻧﻮع ﻣﻦ اﻷﲪﺎض اﻷﻣﻴﻨﻴﺔ )وﺣﺪة ﺑﻨﺎء اﻟﱪوﺗﲔ( اﳌﻌﺮوﻓﺔ ﰲ اﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻟﻜﻞ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ ﻧﻮوﻳﺔ )ﻧﻴﻜﻠﻴﻮﺗﻴﺪات( ﻣﻌﲎ ﺧﺎص )ﺗﻮاﻓﻖ( ﺑﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﺑﺮوﺗﻴﻨﻴﺔ )أﲪﺎض اﻣﻴﻨﻴﺔ(‪.‬‬
‫ﲤﺜﻞ اﻟﻮﺛﻴﻘﺔ )‪ (1‬ﺟﺪول اﻟﺸﻔﺮة اﻟﻮراﺛﻴﺔ )ﺟﺪول راﻣﺰات اﻟـ‪ ARNm‬واﻷﲪﺎض اﻷﻣﻴﻨﻴﺔ اﳌﻮاﻓﻘﺔ ﳍﺎ(‪:‬‬

‫اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪ .1‬إﻗﱰح إﺣﺘﻤﺎﻻت اﻟﺘﻮاﻓﻖ اﳌﻤﻜﻨﺔ ﺑﲔ اﻟﻠﻐﺘﲔ اﻟﻨﻮوﻳﺔ واﻟﱪوﺗﻴﻨﻴﺔ و‪E‬ﻗﺶ اﻹﺣﺘﻤﺎل اﻷﻛﺜﺮ وﺟﺎﻫﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .2‬إﺳﺘﺨﺮج ﳑﻴﺰات اﻟﺸﻔﺮة اﻟﻮراﺛﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ دراﺳﺘﻚ ﳉﺪول اﻟﺸﻔﺮة اﻟﻮراﺛﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
 ‫اﻹﺟﺎﺑﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪.1‬إﻗﱰاح إﺣﺘﻤﺎ ﻻت اﻟﺘﻮاﻓﻖ اﳌﻤﻜﻨﺔ ﺑﲔ اﻟﻠﻐﺘﲔ اﻟﻨﻮوﻳﺔ واﻟﱪوﺗﻴﻨﻴﺔ وﻣﻨﺎﻗﺸﺔ اﻹﺣﺘﻤﺎل اﻷﻛﺜﺮ وﺟﺎﻫﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﻧﻈﺮا ﻟﻮﺟﻮد ‪ 4‬ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ آزوﺗﻴﺔ )ﻧﻴﻜﻠﻴﻮﺗﻴﺪات( ﻣﺘﻜﺮرة ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟـ‪ (U ،G ،C ،A) ARNm‬ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ‪ 20‬ﻧﻮﻋﺎ ﻣﻦ اﻷﲪﺎض اﻷﻣﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﺗﺪﺧﻞ ﰲ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ اﻟﱪوﺗﻴﻨﺎت‬
‫ﻓﺈﻧﻨﺎ ﻧﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻗﺎﻧﻮن اﻹﺣﺘﻤﺎﻻت اﻟﺘﺎﱄ‪ A=BC :‬ﺣﻴﺚ‪:‬‬
‫‪ :A‬ﻋﺪد أﻧﻮاع اﻟﺮاﻣﺰات‪.‬‬
‫‪ :B‬ﻋﺪد أﻧﻮاع اﻟﻘﻮاﻋﺪ اﻵزوﺗﻴﺔ ﰲ ‪.4= ARNm‬‬
‫‪ :C‬ﻋﺪد اﻟﻘﻮاﻋﺪ اﻵزوﺗﻴﺔ ﰲ اﻟﺮاﻣﺰة اﳌﺸﻔﺮة ﻟﻠﺤﻤﺾ اﻷﻣﻴﲏ‪.‬‬
‫إذن ﻋﺪد اﻹﺣﺘﻤﺎﻻت اﳌﻤﻜﻨﺔ ﻫﻮ‪:‬‬
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‫ﺑﺮ‪E‬ﻣﺞ ‪ :Anagène‬ﻫﻮ ﺑﺮ‪E‬ﻣﺞ ﳏﺎﻛﺎة ﻳُﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﺎدة ﰲ‪:‬‬

‫∼ ﻋﺮض وﻣﻘﺎرﻧﺔ ﺗﺘﺎﺑﻊ اﻟﻨﻴﻜﻠﻴﻮﺗﻴﺪات ﰲ ‪.ADN‬‬

‫∼ ﻋﺮض وﻣﻘﺎرﻧﺔ ﺗﺘﺎﺑﻊ اﻟﻨﻴﻜﻠﻴﻮﺗﻴﺪات ﰲ ‪.ARNm‬‬
‫∼ ﻋﺮض وﻣﻘﺎرﻧﺔ ﺗﺘﺎﺑﻊ اﻷﲪﺎض اﻷﻣﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺑﺮوﺗﲔ‪.‬‬
‫∼ اﻟﻘﻴﺎم ‪k‬ﺳﺘﻨﺴﺎخ اﻟـ‪ ARNm‬إﻧﻄﻼﻗﺎ ﻣﻦ اﳌﻮرﺛﺔ‪.‬‬
‫∼ اﻟﻘﻴﺎم ﺑﱰﲨﺔ اﻟـ‪ ARNm‬إﱃ ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﺑﻴﺒﺘﻴﺪﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫اﻟﻮﺛﻴﻘﺔ )‪ (2‬ﺻﻮرة إﺣﺪى ﻧﻮاﻓﺬ ﻫﺬا اﻟﱪ‪E‬ﻣﺞ ﻛﻤﺎ ﺗﺒﺪو ﰲ ﺟﻬﺎز اﳊﺎﺳﻮب‪:‬‬

‫اﳋﻼﺻﺔ‪:‬‬
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 ‫ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ‪:‬‬
‫إﻟﻴﻚ ﺟﺰء ﻣﻦ اﻟﺴﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﻏﲑ اﳌﺴﺘﻨﺴﺨﺔ ﻟﻠـ ‪.ADN‬‬
‫‪ATGCCCTGTGCCATCAAGTAA‬‬
‫‪ .1‬أﻋﻂ ﻣﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ اﻷﲪﺎض اﻷﻣﻴﻨﺔ اﳌﻄﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﻟﻠﱪوﺗﲔ اﻟﺬي ﺗﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﰲ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﻪ ﻫﺬﻩ اﳌﻮرﺛﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .2‬ﺣﺪد ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ إﺳﺘﺒﺪال اﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪة اﻵزوﺗﻴﺔ ‪ C‬رﻗﻢ ‪ 10‬ﻣﻦ اﻟﺴﻠﺴﻠﺔ اﳌﺴﺘﻨﺴﺨﺔ |ﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪة اﻵزوﺗﻴﺔ ‪.A‬‬
‫اﻹﺟﺎﺑﺔ‪:‬‬
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‫اﳌﺼﻄﻠﺤﺎت اﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫اﻟﺸﻔﺮة اﻟﻮراﺛﻴﺔ )‪ :(Code génétique‬ﻫﻲ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺔ وراﺛﻴﺔ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﱰﻛﻴﺐ اﻟﱪوﺗﲔ وﺗﺘﻤﺜﻞ ﰲ ﺗﺘﺎﺑﻊ دﻗﻴﻖ ﻟﻌﺪد ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﻴﻜﻠﻴﻮﺗﻴﺪات‪ ،‬ﺗُﻜﺘﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺛﻼﺛﻴﺎت‬
‫)راﻣﺰات( ﺗُﺸﻔﺮ ﻷﲪﺎض أﻣﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺟﺪول اﻟﺸﻔﺮة اﻟﻮراﺛﻴﺔ‪ :‬ﻫﻮ اﻟﻘﺎﻣﻮس اﻟﺬي ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻟﱰﲨﺔ اﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻟﻨﻮوﻳﺔ إﱃ ﻟﻐﺔ ﺑﺮوﺗﻴﻨﻴﺔ‪ ،‬وﺣﺪة اﻟﺸﻔﺮة اﻟﻮراﺛﻴﺔ ﺗﺘﻤﺜﻞ ﰲ ﺗﺘﺎﱄ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ آزوﺗﻴﺔ وﺗﺪﻋﻰ ˆﻟﺮاﻣﺰة‬
‫وﻋﺪدﻫﺎ ‪ 64‬راﻣﺰة‪.‬‬