CHAPTER I

DISCUSSION

A. Reference in the pragmatics

Reference, is the act of the speaker/writer using linguistic forms to

allow the listener/reader to identify something , the reference depends on
the speaker's intention, for example to refer to something , and on the
speaker's belief, for example, so that the listener can identify the speaker's
intention.

B. Type of References

1. Reference Based on the Place of Reference

Furthermore, Sumarlam (2003:23) asserts that based on the place,

whether the reference is inside the text or outside the text, the reference
is divided into two types:

a. Endophora Reference

This reference, if the reference (referred unit) is or is in the

text, and .Endophora is divided into anaphora and cataphora
based on the position (distribution) of the reference (reference).

 Anaphora is a tool in language to make cross-references

of things or words that have been stated previously. The
device can be in the form of personal pronouns such as
he, they, conjunctions adverb of time, tools and events.

Example: Mrs. Mastuti got a job, even though she got a

diploma two years ago.

In the words she anaphora with Bu Mastuti.

 Cataphor is a device in language that refers to slang

with the antecedent behind it.

Example: After he entered, Toni immediately hugged his

sister.

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One interpretation of the above sentence is that he

refers to Toni although there are other possible
interpretations. The symptom of using pronominals like
him, which refers to Toni's antecedent, which is to his right,
is called cataphora.

b. Reference to Exophores

Exophoric reference, if the reference is or is outside the text

of the conversation.

Example: my car ran out of gas, he filled it up.

2. Reference Based on Lingual Unit Type

Halliday and Hasan (in Hartono 2000:147) divide references into

three types, namely: (1) personal references, (2) demonstrative
references, and (3) comparative references.

a. Personal Reference

Persona references cover the three classes of personal

pronouns, namely personal pronoun I, personal pronoun II, and
personal pronoun III, including the singular and the plural.
Persona references are realized through personal pronouns
(personal pronouns). Personal pronouns are pronouns that are
used to refer to people. Personal pronouns can refer to oneself
(first person pronouns), refer to the person being spoken to
(second personal pronouns), or refer to the person being spoken
of (third personal pronouns).

 First person

The singular first persona in Indonesian is me, me,

and daku. Personal pronouns I have variations in the
form -ku and ku-. The use of the first person singular
can be seen in the following sentences.

Example:

- A gift for my sister, I made it as beautiful as

possible.
- I don't know about the accident this morning
- I think Andi is a smart kid.
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In addition to the first persona, the Indonesian

language also recognizes the plural persona, namely we,
and we. The following sentences contain the first person
plural.

Example:

- We are all the backbone of the nation. We must

be able to compete with other nations in
technology

• Second person

The second persona has several forms, namely you, you,

you, you, you-, and mu-. The second persona has the plural you
and all. The second persona that has a variety of forms is only
you and you. The bound forms are you- and mu-, respectively.
The following is an excerpt of a sentence that uses the second
person

- Example: You are like the sun in my heart. Do

you know this person. What is your need for
coming tonight?

• Third person

There are two kinds of singular third persona, (1) he, she, or
–nya, and (2) he. The third plural persona is them. The
following sentences use the third person.

- Example: All of them in the class are students

majoring in Indonesian. His sister had died a
year ago in an accident. He is known as a writer
since he was a teenager.

b. Demonstrative Reference

According to Kridalaksana (1994: 92) demonstratives are

types that function to show something (antecedents) inside and
outside the conversational speech. From the point of view of
form, one can distinguish between (1) basic demonstratives,
such as this and this, (2) derived demonstratives, such as the
following, so, (3) compound demonstratives such as here,
there, there, this that, there- here.
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Sumarlam (2003:25) divides demonstrative reference

(pronouns) into two, namely demonstrative pronouns of time
(temporal) and pronouns of place (locational). There are
demonstrative pronouns that refer to the present time (such as
now and now), past (such as yesterday and then), future (such
as tomorrow and in the future), and neutral time (such as
morning and afternoon). Meanwhile, the demonstrative
pronouns of place refer to a place or location that is close to the
speaker (here, this), a bit far from the speaker (situ, that), far
from the speaker (there), and explicitly points to a place
(Surakarta, Yogyakarta). .

According to Hartono (2000: 150) there are four kinds of

demonstrative (demonstrative) pronouns in Indonesian, namely
(1) general indicating pronouns such and such (referring to a
starting point close to the author, to the future, or referring to
information that is conveyed by the author), (2) pronouns
indicating place (these pronouns are based on differences in the
starting point of the speaker: near here, a bit far away, and far
away), (3) pronouns indicating things (the starting point of the
difference is the same as the near location pointers like this). ,
so far away and both of them are related), and (4) the adverb
designation of the reference point is located at the place of the
antecedent referred to, the backward and the following, the
forward.

c. Comparative Reference

Comparative reference (comparison) is one type of grammatical

cohesion that compares two or more things that have similarities or
similarities in terms of form / form, attitude, nature, character, behavior,
and so on (Sumarlam 2003:26). Words that are commonly used to
compare, for example , are like, like, like, like, equal to, not different
from, exactly like , and exactly the same as.

According to Hartono (2000:151) comparative references in

Indonesian are related to the comparison of two or more entities, including
the level of quality or intensity that can be equal or unequal. The
equivalent level is called the equative level, the unequal level is divided
into two, namely the comparative level and the superlative level.
Equivalent level refers to the level of quality or intensity that is the same
or similar. The degree of comparability refers to the degree of quality or
intensity that is more or less. The superlative level refers to the highest
level of quality or intensity among the adjectives being compared.
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C. Referring Expression

The linguistic form used in the reference is a referring

expression . Referring expression is a part of language that is used
to relate one thing to another thing outside the language. And only the
nature of the object can be imagined. This includes referring expressions :

D.
Inference In

Pragmatics

If the reference is carried out by and depends on the speaker's

purpose, inference is the task of the listener to make a conclusion in order
to have an interpretation of meaning with the speaker (the speaker's
intention), which shows the process of deciphering the pragmatic meaning
of an utterance. To do so, the listener uses additional knowledge to
understand what has not been said explicitly (direct delivery).

E. Type Of Inference

1. Direct Inference

Inference in which the conclusion is drawn from only one premise

(the proposition used to draw the conclusion). The conclusion drawn
should not be wider than the premise.
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Example: Mom, tomorrow is my friend's birthday. I was invited to

dinner. But I don't have new clothes, no gifts yet.”

Then the inference of the phrase: that can not go to his theme birthday.

Example: The tree that Mr. Budi planted a year ago is alive. From
this premise, we can immediately draw the conclusion (inference) that:
the tree that Pak Budi planted a year ago did not die.

2. Indirect Inference

Inference in which the conclusion is drawn from two or more

premises. The process of reason forms a new proposition on the basis
of combining old propositions.

Example:

A : The children were so happy when their mother gave them food.

B : Unfortunately, I brought a little gudeg with me.

Inference that bridges the two utterances, for example (C) below.
C : The lunch that the mother brought, the side dishes were
complete.

Another example;

A : I looked into the room.

B : The ceiling is very high.

As a missing link an inference is given, for example:

C: the room has a ceiling

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F. Aspects of Reference and Inference

1. Referential and Attributive Use

Referential Is a concept that refers to something that does not

always match its shape (image of its form). The speaker invites the
reader to assume physically when what is described does not
exist. Example :There is a man waiting for you. (There is a man
waiting for you)

The sentence above only informs that there is a man waiting, but
does not know who the man in question is. So, the listener will
indirectly assume the person in question, maybe someone he knows or
someone else.

 He wants to marry a beautiful women . (He wants to marry

a beautiful woman)

In the second example sentence, listeners will

immediately assume after hearing it, because listeners will
assume what kind of beautiful girl he wants to marry,
because everyone has different assumptions about beautiful
women.

 We are eager to buy a household appliance. (We really

want to buy household appliances)

There are so many household appliances, listeners

will continue to assume about the household appliances
they want to buy.

Notice the use of the attributive a is before the pronoun (its

referential). And this characterizes the use of referential and
attributive .
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2. Name and Reference

Name and reference is a collaborative process between intent and

purpose. Usually refers to the same beliefs / beliefs, knowledge and
culture. One example is that in today's society, when people want to
buy dab soap at a shop, we will say “I want to buy dab soap” without
mentioning the name of a particular soap brand.

However, the seller understandably provides soap with a well-

known brand without any hesitation and confusion about what is meant
by dab soap. Because both the seller and the buyer know that the term
dab soap refers to a well-known brand of soap.

Example: A: I'll wait you at sky (I'll wait for you in the sky) . B
: Ok, noted.

The meaning of Sky here is not the actual sky, but it could be a
place, or something else, the response from speaker B shows that he
knows what the reference sky means above, it could be that sky is a
place name.

3. The Role of Co-Text

Our ability to identify the references to which they are actually

intended depends more on our understanding. The role of co-text
generally limits us to interpretation outside of its context.

Example : These potato cakes are made from fried potatoes and
pounded with a mixture of chicken meat. (potato cakes are made from
fried potatoes that are mashed and mixed with chicken).

When the speaker says this sentence, the listener will automatically
assume according to what the speaker said, that potato cakes are made
from fried potatoes pounded with a mixture of chicken meat. Without
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assuming anything else (out of context) other than the speaker's

utterance.

Example: The fried rice left without paying. (the fried rice is left
without paying)

The sentence above means that the fried rice is left without paying
for it. This sentence is not focused on the fried rice, but refers to the
person. Because we know that the speaker's expression about fried rice
being left without paying is talking about the person, not fried rice or
anything else.

4. Anaphoric Reference

Anaphoric reference invites listeners to continue to identify

correctly. Reference itself has 3 types of references, namely:

• Anaphoric reference (Initial reference mentioned at the

beginning)

• Cataphoric reference (Initial reference is mentioned at the end)

• Zero Anaphora (expression that has no reference)

Example:

 In the first chapter a girl and a boy were trying to escape

from the chase of monsters. The boy grabbed the girl 's
hand and pulled her to move quickly. He shouted loudly at
her to keep running to avoid monsters.

Phrases in bold are initial references , while those in italics

and bold are a naphoric references . And the sentence above is an
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Anaphoric reference because the initial reference is mentioned

first.

Example:

 I headed for the kitchen with minimal lighting, and walked

slowly. Suddenly I tripped over something and it hurt my
leg, I tried to see it but it's hard. Until I took it , it turned out
to be a worn wood with a sharp surface.

The sentence above is a cataphoric reference because the

initial reference is mentioned after the anaphoric reference it . So,
when the reader reads the sentence, the reader will continue to
identify the word it until it finds the initial word and it turns out
that it is a worn wood .

Example:

 Open the wrap of the noodle seasoning then pour into a

bowl, then stir until all the spices are well blended with the
noodles.

This last example is a zero reference, where there is no

anaphoric reference and no initial reference. The sentences
conveyed are very clear so that listeners and readers do not need to
identify again.
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 CHAPTER II

CONCLUSION

Reference is a referenceTraditionally reference means the relationship

between a word and a thing. The word book has a reference (show) to a collection
of bound paper to be written or read. In line with that statement, Djajasudarma
(1994: 51) suggests that traditionally, reference is a relationship between words
and objects, but furthermore it is said to be a language with the world. A reference
or reference is one type of grammatical cohesion or in the form of a particular
lingual unit that refers to another lingual unit (or a reference) that precedes or
follows it (Sumarlam 2003:23). There are several types of references, namely: (1)
references based on the place of reference, and (2) based on the type of linguistic
unit. References based on the acauany place are divided into two, namely
endophoric and exophoric references.demonstrative reference

comparative reference .

Inference has an understanding , namely the activity of making inferences

based on the expression and context of its use. In making inferences, it is
necessary to consider implicatures. Implicature is an indirect meaning or implied
meaning caused by what is said (explicature). Inference has two types, namely
direct reference and indirect reference.

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SOURCES

• http://ssgpelajarbahasa.blogspot.com/2011/11/referensi-dan-inferensi-
wacana.html

• https://www.canva.com/design/DAFO1K_-bGI/
meKSThccCTTEs2l5hFQ2Bw/edit?utm_content=DAFO1K_-
bGI&utm_campaign=designshare&utm_medium=link2&utm_source=shar
ebutton

• https://haloedukasi.com/reference-dan-inference-dalam-pragmatics