Name: Loayon, Christine Joy A.

BSCRIM FI 3A

Answer the following, for your ASSIGNMENT next meeting:

A. When was the Probation started to develop? Who develop?

*Probation started in England with the old practice of suspending judgment and releasing
the offender on his own recognizance with the promise not to commit any more crime.
Often times, a surety was required and the guarantor was given the authority to bring back
the offender to the court if he violated the condition of his release. In the United States,
probation was practice in Boston by John Augustus in 1841. Although the first probation law
was passed in Massachusetts in 1878 it was not until the passage of the first Juvenile Court
law of Cook Country (Chicago) in 1899 that probation was widely us. Today, probation has
won public acceptance as part of the state correctional system by nearly all counties in the
world.

B. Who was John Augustus?

* John Augustus, the "Father of Probation," is recognized as the first true probation officer.
Augustus was born in Woburn, Massachusetts in 1785. By 1829, he was a permanent
resident of Boston and the owner of a successful boot-making business.

C. Who was considered as the Father of Philippine Probation?

* The late Congressman Teodulo C. Natividad recognized as the Father of Philippine Probation
was appointed its first Administrator.

D. Who develop the Parole System?

* The first parole law was passed in Massachusetts in 1837. At about the same time, Captain
Maconochie, in charge of the English Penal Colony in Norfolk Island, Australia, introduced a
system whereby a prisoner was given a ticket of leave (the equivalent of parole) after earning a
certain required number of marks Parole was also a feature of the Irish Prison system, which
was established in 1856.
E. What was the International Aspect or viewpoint of Correctional Work?

*Countries of Europe, the United States and the Far East had an interchange and cross-diffusion
of methods of criminal justice and penal philosophy and practices among themselves as early as
the beginning of the I9th century The first interchange of ideas was primarily with reference to
the type of physical plant of prison and especially whether it should be individual or congregate
cell and working quarters.

F. How would you explain the International Penal and Penitentiary Commission?

The first attempts to achieve international cooperation with respect to the prevention crime and
the treatment of offenders were largely the by-product of the development of a scientific
approach to the problem and of a general pattern of international cooperation in the exchange
of technical and practical information. The first international organization in the field was the
International N. and Penitentiary Commission established in 1875.

This organization was responsible for holding international penal and penitentiary congresses
every five years. The last congress was held in The Hague in August 1950. The Commission
developed publications, studies and international exchange of information, and devoted a great
deal of attention to the formulation of basic or minimum standards of practice in the treatment
of offenders.

G. Can you formulate of what was required under the “Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment
of Prisoners “ which was adopted by League of Nations in 1934?

* In 1934, the League of Nations adopted the “Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of
Prisoners”, drafted by the IPCC. The League requested all governments to give the greatest
possible publicity to the Rules, to take the necessary measures in order that they might be
observed; and to submit regular reports regarding their application and regarding the prison
reforms achieved in the respective countries. The work of the League, however, was interrupted
by the outbreak of the war in 1939. The participants in the international activity in the field of
crime prevention and treatment of offenders were restricted to the countries of Europe, North
America, and British Commonwealth and to a small number of Asian and Latin-American States.

H. Can you explain the scope or range covered by the correctional process?
 * In recent years, the continuity or the correctional process from the moment of conviction to
the final release from legal control has been stress. It is recognized that probation, juvenile and
adult institutional care, including jail and parole are all parts of the same process.

Coordination and Direction

In the past it was the common notion that the penal system of a country was limited to the
operation of prisons Due to the significant progress attained in the field of correctional
administration during the last 30 tears, it is now an accepted practice to include probation,
juvenile as well as adult institutions, and parole as integral parts of the state correctional
system. agencies in a continuous coordinated and integrated process, rather than he being dealt
with through successive, independent and loosely coordinated services by the same agencies.
Since probation, prison and parole deal with the same offender and use the same techniques
and procedures in the attainment of their objectives; it would be more economical to the
government if these agencies cooperate closely and integrate their services. Furthermore,
subjecting the offender to a series of interviews tests and examination successively and
repeatedly by these agencies will only increase his bewilderment and confusion and cause him
to lose faith in the sincerity of the authorities to help him get rehabilitated. Therefore, in as
much as all agencies having anything to do with the offender have but one objective to protect
society against crime — these agencies should consult each other and integrate their activities in
order to attain their objectives effectively and with the least expense and effort.
I. How will you explain “Coordination of Institutions and Parole”?

Another step toward the fullest practicable coordination of the state's correctional services
is to integrate institutions and parole as far as possible. This is so because the two agencies
deal with the same offender. Parole is the extension of imprisonment. The period served on
parole is part of the same sentence that he serves in the prison. The prison program is
directed towards the preparation of the prisoner for parole, and the parolee's successful
adjustment to the community depends largely on the quality of that preparation Therefore,
in order to attain the objective of reforming the offender, prison ad parole should fall under
one department, preferably the Department of Corrections or Department of Justice. In
California, prison and parole WI under the California Department of Corrections In the US
Federal government and in the Philippine government prison and parole are under the
Department of Justice.

J. Why is it coordination of Probation and Parole important?

*The nature of probation and parole services is essentially the same. Probation and Parole
services attempt to held the convicted offender adjust himself in the community as a law-
abiding and productive member of the society. Both agencies use the same techniques and
procedures in helping their wards. Administratively, however, both services at are opposite
poles. The granting authority in probation is the judge. Probation therefore is a judicial function
The staff that screens candidates for probation belongs to the coup With respect to parole, the
authority that grants parole is a Board, which is under the executive branch of the government
Under the theory of separation of powers, therefore, probation and parole cannot be placed
under one department administratively. However, the supervisory function of parole and
probation over their wards can be assigned to one agency. The Federal government of the
United States has this arrangement-the field supervision of probationers and parolees are done
by probation officers.