General Biology Reviewer

Biology
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III. LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION OF LIFE - HYDROPHOBIC TAIL: portion of cell membrane
1. ATOMS - smallest particle of an element.
that does not allow water to pass through.

2. MOLECULE - reaction of the combination of atoms - HYDROPHILIC HEAD: portion where water pass
(lipids, protein, nucleic acids, carbohydrates)
through, do not have affinity for nutrients—only
3. CELL - combination of molecules needed by the water.
organisms.
CYTOPLASM
4. TISSUE - group of similar cells that perform specific - jellylike mixture of water, sugars, ions, and proteins.

functions.
ORGANELLE
5. ORGAN - structure usually composed of several - structure that carries out specialized metabolic
tissue types that form a functional unit.
functions inside a cell.

6. ORGAN SYSTEM - two or more organs working ________________________________________________

together in the execution of a specific body function.

PROKARYOTIC CELLS

7. MULTICELLULAR ORGANISM - an individual that

- do not have nucleus.

consists of one or more cells.

CAPSULE - found in some bacterial cells, protects the

8. POPULATION - group of interbreeding individuals of cell when it is engulfed by other organisms.

the same type or species.

CELL WALL - outer covering of most cells that

9. COMMUNITY - two or more populations of different protects bacterial cell.

species living and interacting in the same area.

PILI - hair-like structures on the surface of the cell that

10. ECOSYSTEM - a community together with its attach to other bacterial cells.

nonliving surroundings.
FLAGELLA - long, whip-like protrusion that aids in
locomotion.

11. BIOSYSTEM - part of Earth inhabited by living

organisms, consists of all ecosystems of Earth.
RIBOSOMES - responsible for protein production.

PLASMIDS - gene carrying, circular DNA structures not

IV.A PARTS OF PROKARYOTIC AND EUKARYOTIC involved in reproduction.

CELLS NUCLEOID REGION - contains the DNA.

CELL THEORY
________________________________________________

- All living organisms are made up of cells.

EUKARYOTIC CELLS

- Cell is the most basic unit of life.

NUCLEUS

- Cells come from pre-existing cells.

- has nuclear pores

- Cells contain DNA which they pass to their - Contains nucleolus, nuclear lamina, and
offspring when they divide.
chromosomes.

Nucleolus: contains RNA

COMPONENTS OF ALL CELLS

Nucleus: contains DNA

PLASMA MEMBRANE/CELL MEMBRANE Functions: Genetic information, assembly of ribosome

- surrounds the cell and controls which substances units, structural support

move in and out.

RIBOSOMES

- Follows a Fluid Mosaic Model

- Complex of RNA and proteins

- It has 2 regions:
Function: Protein synthesis

ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM

Ma. Jesikah R. Encarnacion (DLSMHSI)

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- contains receptors for entry of selected proteins.
- Organelle of photosynthesis

- Has ribosomes attached to the surface.

Function: Production of ATP and sugars via
- Flattened sacs
Photosynthesis

Function: Protein synthesis and processing

CYTOSKELETON
SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM - actin filaments, intermediate filaments, microtubules

- has enzymes for synthesizing lipids.

Function: Structural support, movement of materials,
- Tube-like sacs.
movement of whole cell.

Function: Lipid synthesis

Microtubules - involved in movement, made of tubulin
GOLGI APPARATUS subunits.

- stack of flattened sacs

Microfilaments - triggers microtubules to use motor
Cis Face: secretory, facing outwards
proteins, made of fibers of actin subunits.

Trans Face: transport, inside

Intermediate filaments - lock cells and tissues together

Function: Protein processing

CILIA - short, harlike structures that project from the
LYSOSOMES plasma membrane.

- acid hydrolases

- With enzymes for intracellular digestion.

IV.B CELL DIVISION
Function: Digestion and recycling
MITOSIS
PEROXISOMES
- enzymes that catalyze oxidation reactions.

- Breaks down amino acids, fatty acids, and toxic

substances

Function: Oxidation of fatty acids, ethanol, and other

compounds.

VESICLES
- stores, transports, or degrades its contents

Secretory Vesicle - functions with Golgi bodies

Transport Vesicle - from inside to outside,

transports toward the Smooth ER.

VACUOLES
- contains transported for selected molecules.

- Fluid-filled organelle that isolates or dispose wastes.

- Bigger than vesicle.

- Acts as storage of water

MITOCHONDRIA
- contains enzymes for ATP production.

Cisternae: external compartment

Matrix: Inner compartment

Function: ATP production

CHLOROPLASTS
- Pigments

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MEIOSIS

V. HEREDITY AND GENETICS - Most genes program cells to synthesize specific

HEREDITY enzymes and other proteins, whose cumulative
- transmission of traits from one generation to the action produces an organism’s inherited traits.

next.
GAMETES
VARIATION - reproductive cells

- sons and daughters are not identical copies of either - Vehicles that transmit genes from one generation to
parent or of their siblings.
the next.

GENETICS FERTILIZATION
- scientific study of heredity and inherited variation.
- male and female gametes unite.

INHERITANCE OF GENES

GENES
- parents endow their offspring with coded information
in the form of hereditary units.

- Account for family resemblance.

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VI. HUMAN BIOLOGY AND ANATOMY internal organs. They are not striated and are
Organ Systems
involuntary.

INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM NERVOUS SYSTEM

Components: skin, hair, nails, sweat glands
Components: nerves and sense organs, brain and
Function: covers and protects the body
 spinal cord

Specific features:
Function: receives stimuli from external and internal
- protect against injury
environments, conducts impulses and integrates
- Sensory receptors in skin tell about the environment
activities of other systems

- Prevents drying out of cells
Specific features:

- Helps maintain body temperature

- Central nervous system consists of the brain and
- Sweat glands excrete water and some wastes
spinal cord.

SKELETAL SYSTEM - Peripheral nervous system consists of the sense

Components: bones, cartilage, ligaments
organs and the nerves which connect the spinal cord
Function: supports and protects body
 with the rest of the body.

Specific features:
- Somatic division: consists of receptors and nerves
- supports body via bony framework
concerned with changes in the outside
- Protects delicate vital organs
environment.

- Bones are levers that transmit muscular forces

- Autonomic division: regulates the internal
- Muscles are attached to bones by bands of environment, primarily the sympathetic and
connective tissue called tendons. parasympathetic systems of the efferent system of
- Marrow inside some bonds produces blood cells.
nerves.

- Bones serve as banks for storage and release ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

minerals like Calcium and Phosphorus.
Components: Pituitary gland, adrenal gland, thyroid
MUSCULAR SYSTEM gland, hypothalamus gland, pineal gland, kidney,
Components: skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, smooth pancreas, ovaries, testes

muscle
Function: regulates body chemistry and many body
Function: moves parts of the skeleton, locomotion, functions.

pumps blood, aids movement of internal materials
 Specific features:

Specific features:
- information about hormone levels or their effect is
- muscle cells contract and become shorter and fed back to the gland to regulate the hormone’s
thicker
release.

- Long and narrow muscles are called fibers. - Endocrine activity is controlled by the hypothalamus
- Voluntary muscles are skeletal muscles attached to gland. This gland links nervous and endocrine
bones which make our bodies move, they are striped systems.

or striated in appearance.
CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
- Cardiac muscles are found in the walls of the heart, Components: heart, blood vessels, blood

it contracts involuntarily and is striated in Function: transports materials from one part of the
appearance.
body to another, defends body against diseases

- Smooth muscles are found in the walls of the
digestive tract, uterus, blood vessels and other
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Specific features:
Function: reproduction

- consists of cardiovascular system (consists of the

heart which pumps the blood through the blood Facts about the Human Body

vessels) and lymphatic system (helps to preserve Largest organ of the body Skin
fluid balance and protects the body against disease)

Largest internal organ Liver

- Transport nutrients all over the body from the
digestive system.
Total no. of muscles 630+

- Transports oxygen from lungs to all cells of the body.

Longest bone Femur
- Helps maintain normal body temperature.
Smallest bone Stapes/Stirrup
- Helps maintain fluid balance.

Hardest bone Teeth

RESPRIRATORY SYSTEM
Components: lungs and air passageways
Smallest muscle Stapes muscle

Function: exchanges gases between blood and the Largest muscle Gluteus Maximus
external environment
 Total no. of bones 206
Specific features:

Filter of the body Kidney

- respiration includes breathing, gas exchange
between lungs and blood, transport of gases through Pump of the body heart

the body by the blood.

Total no. of vertebrae 33
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM Normal body temperature 37C
Components: mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines,
Normal heart beat 72 per minute
liver, pancreas

Function: ingests and digests foods, absorbs them into No. Of ribs 12pairs

blood
 Total no. of bones in arm 30

Specific features:

total no. of bones in leg 29

- Salivary glands, liver and pancreas are NOT part of
Strongest muscle Masseter (Jaw), Tongue,
the digestive system but secrete digestive juices into
Uterus
it.

Largest element (amount) oxygen

URINARY SYSTEM
Spinal nerves 31 pairs
Components: kidney, bladder, and associated ducts

Function: excretes metabolic wastes, removes Volume of blood 5-6 liters

substances present in excess from the blood
 Most common blood type O and A
Specific features:

Largest part of brain cerebrum

- urine is made by the kidneys

- Transported from the kidneys to the bladder by the Largest Cell Nerve cell

ureters, the bladder stores the urine then urine Largest vein Inferior vena cava
leaves the bladder and exits via the urethra.
Largest artery Aorta
- 95% of urine is water.

Joints in human body 230

REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
Components: testes, ovaries, and associated pH of blood 7.3-7.4

structures

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