MICROPROCESSOR

Chapter 3
System Overview
Computer Architecture

COMPUTER
MICROPROCESSOR

RAM

ROM PERIPHERAL
DEVICES
I / O PORTS
Memory - a place for data and
instructions to be stored

RAM (random-access memory)

- stored data and instruction
that which can be lost after
MEMORY the power is removed.

ROM (read-only memory)

- stored data and instruction
that which can never be lost
after the power is removed.
RAM ROM
Addressing

• Since there are many memory

locations, it is necessary to have a
means of referring to specific
locations. This is done through
addressing.
Addressing

• Typically, memory locations are

numbered from 0000
(in hexadecimal numbering) to the
highest location used by the
particular trainer or computer.
Addressing Memory

0000 Contents

0001 Contents

0002 Contents

Addresses 0003 Contents

0004 Contents

0005 Contents

0006 Contents
Addressing

• Each memory location has an

address and contents. The address
is necessary to specify which
memory location to read information
from or write information into.
The contents is the information itself.
Address Bus

 A communications link between the

microprocessor and the memory chips.

 A group of electrical paths which are connected

to RAM, ROM, and the I/O chips. Through this
bus the microprocessor can specify the address
to any memory location in any chip or device.
Address Bus and Data Bus
Address bus = unidirectional (one-way)

Microprocessor RAM ROM I/O

Data Bus

 Once the microprocessor has specified which

memory location or device it wants to put data
into or take data from, it then needs a set of
electrical paths for this information to travel
on.
Address Bus and Data Bus
Address bus = unidirectional (one-way)

Microprocessor RAM ROM I/O

Data bus = bidirectional (two-way)

Addressing Range

 The amount of memory allocated for all

addresses such as a device, files, server, or a
networked computer.
Addressing Range

 This is similar to the way each position

in our decimal number system
represents a certain power of 10.

 Decimal:
 103 102 101 100
 1,000 100 10 1
Addressing Range

 Now, let’s try the same problem in

binary: 11102 is a binary number. (the
subscript 2 tells us we are using base 2
or binary numbers.)
 Binary:
 23 (0) 22 (1) 21(1) 20 (0)
 8 4 2 1
 8 + 4 + 2 = 14
Addressing Range

 Problem:
 Using 12 binary digits, how many
memory location would be possible?

 Solution:
 212 = 4,096
Addressing Range

 Problem:
 How many memory locations could be
addressed by a 10-line address bus?
Using binary addressing.

 Solution:
 210 = 1,024 memory locations can be
addressed.
Addressing Range

 Problem:
 How many combinations are possible in
5 digit Decimal Addressing?

 Solution:
 105 = 100,000
Direction:Write your answer in a
1/4 sheet of yellow pad.

1. is a communication link between the

microprocessor and the memory chips.
2. is also a type of non-volatile storage, which store
information even if the component loses power.
3. is a set of electrical paths that allow data to flow
from one chip to another.
4. is only functional while the computer is turned
on.
5. How many memory locations could be addressed by a
16-line address bus, using binary addressing?
Answer:

1. Address Bus
2. Read-Only Memory
3. Data Bus
4. Random-Access Memory
5. 65,536 memory locations can
be addressed.
Thank You!

Prepared by:
Arlien Cobilla