Chapter three: Differentiation of complex functions

Lecture Five
Objectives
By the end of this lecture the learner is expected to do the following:

 Define the derivative of a complex function

 Test the differentiability of a complex function
 Define analytic functions and test the analyticity of functions
 State and prove the Cauchy-Riemann equations

3.1 Differentiability
f z  z   f ( z )
A single valued function f (z ) is said to be differentiable at z  z0 if lim
z 0 z
exists and is finite (i.e. is independent of the manner in which z  0 )

When the limit of this different quotient exists, this limit is called the derivative of f (z ) at
f z  z   f ( z ) df f z  z   f ( z )
z  z0 and write f ( z0 )  lim or  lim
z 0 z dz z  z0 z 0 z

NB: if f (z ) is differentiable at a point then it is continuous at the point but the reverse is not
true.

Example 1

Show that f ( z)  x 2  y 2  i 2 xy is differentiable for all values of z hence state the derivative.

Solution
z  x  iy, z  x  iy
f z  z   f ( z )
f ( z 0 )  lim
z 0 z

Prof. E. Mwenda Complex Analysis I 2021 1

 f ( z 0 )  lim
x  x 2   y  y 2  2i( x  x) y  y   x 2  y 2  i 2 xy
x 0
y 0
x  iy
2 xx  x   2 yy  y   2i ( xy  yx  xy )
2 2
 lim
x 0
y 0
x  iy

 lim
2 xx  2ixy   2iyx  2 yy   x 2  y 2  2ixy 
x 0
y 0
x  iy

 lim 2 x  i 2 y 
 2

x   y   2ixy 
2



x 0
y 0 
x  iy 
 2x  i2 y
f ( z 0 )  2 x  i 2 y
H/W
Test the differentiability of f ( z )  2 y  ix

Solution

Suppose z  0 along a line through z of slope m so that y  mx then

f z  z   f ( z )  2y  ix  2mx  ix 2m  i
 lim   
x 0 x  iy 
lim
z 0 z y 0   x  imx 1  im
The limit depends on gradient m and hence on the direction from which z  0 . since this
conclusion is independent of the value of z and hence true for all z, f ( z )  2 y  ix is nowhere
differentiable.

NB: if the functions f : D  C and g : D  C are both differentiable at z0  D

then we have f  g , f  g , fg and f being differentiable at z  z0 and
g
  
 f  g  ( z0 )   f  ( z0 )  g  ( z0 )
 f  g ( z0 )  f ( z0 )  g  ( z0 )  f ( z0 )  g ( z0 )
 
f f ( z 0 )  g ( z 0 )  f ( z 0 )   g  ( z 0 ) 
  z 0   , provided g  ( z 0 )  0
g g  ( z0 )
2

3.2 Analytic functions and C-R equations

A single valued complex function f (z ) is said to be analytic (or regular) at z  z0 if f (z ) is
differentiable for all z in some disk about z  z0 .
i.e. there exists a neighbourhood r such that f (z ) exists for all z in z  z0  r .
An important test for analyticity is the use of Cauchy-Riemann (C-R) equations. Other terms
used for analytic are regular and holomorphic.
Prof. E. Mwenda Complex Analysis I 2021 2
The function f (z ) is said to be analytic in a region if it is analytic at every point in the region. A
a  a1 z  a2 z 2  ...  an z n
rational function f ( z )  0 is an analytic function which is regular at all
b0  b1 z  b2 z 2  ...  bn z n
finite point of the complex plane except at those points for which the denominator is zero.
The function is said to be entire if it is analytic in the whole complex plane.
A polynomial f ( z )  a0  a1 z  a2 z 2  ...  an z n is an analytic function of z, regular at all finite
points of the complex plane and therefore it is entire. Other entire functions include
f ( z)  e z , f ( z)  Cos z, f ( z)  Sin z

Example 2
1
Show that the function f ( z )  is analytic everywhere except at z  1 .
1 z
Solution
 1 1 
 1  z  z  1  z 
f ( z0 )  lim  
z  0
 z 
 
 1 1  z  1  z  z  
 lim   
z  0  z 1  z  z 1  z  

 1 
 lim  
z 0  1  z  z 1  z  
 
1

1  z 
2

Independent of the way in which z  0 provided z  1 .

f (z ) is analytic everywhere except at z  1 .

Theorem (The C-R equation)

Let f (z ) be continuous in a disk z  z0  r about z0  x0  iy0 and assume that f (z ) is
u ( x0 , y0 ) v( x0 , y0 ) u ( x0 , y0 ) v( x0 , y0 ) u v
differentiable at z  z0 then  and  or 
x y y x x y
u v
and  evaluated at ( x0 , y0 )
y x

These are called the Cauchy-Riemann equations for u and v.

Proof
f z  z   f ( z )
From assumption that f (z ) exists then f ( z0 )  lim Where z  x  iy and
z 0 z
f ( z )  u ( x, y )  iv( x, y )

Prof. E. Mwenda Complex Analysis I 2021 3

Thus
f z  z   f ( z ) u  x0  x, y0  y   ivx0  x, y0  y   u x0 , y0   iv x0 , y0 

z x  iy


u x0  x, y0  y   u x0 , y0   ivx0  x, y0  y   ivx0 , y0 
x  iy
u  x0  x, y0  y   u  x0 , y0  vx0  x, y0  y   v x0 , y0 
 i
x  iy x  iy

Taking limits of the difference quotient along each axis we have

f  z  z   f ( z ) u  x0  x, y0  y   u  x0 , y0  v  x0  x, y0  y   v  x0 , y0 
lim  lim  i lim
x 0
y  0
z x 0
y  0
x  i y x 0
y  0
x  i y
u v
  x0 , y0   i  x0 , y0 
x x

f  z  z   f ( z ) u  x0  x, y0  y   u  x0 , y0  v  x0  x, y0  y   v  x0 , y0 
lim  lim  i lim
x  0
y 0
z x  0
y 0
x  i y x  0
y 0
x  i y
u  x0 , y0  y   u  x0 , y0  v  x0 , y0  y   v  x0 , y0 
 lim  i lim
y 0 i y y 0 i y
v u
  x0 , y0   i  x0 , y0 
y y
Equating the two we have
u v v u
f ( z 0 )  x0 , y0   i x0 , y0   x0 , y0   i x0 , y0 
x x y y
u
 x0 , y0   v x0 , y0  and u x0 , y0    v x0 , y0 
x y y x

Corollary
Let f ( z )  u ( x, y )  iv( x, y ) be analytic in a domain D. Then u and v satisfy the C-R equations
for all (x,y) on D.

Proof
Let z  x  iy be in D, f z  exists for all z in D, hence f(z) is continuous at each point on D.
Thus there is an open disk about z containing only points on D. Thus f(z) is continuous in this
disk. Since f(z) is differentiable, by the theorem on C-R equations, u and v satisfy the C-R
equations at (x,y).

Prof. E. Mwenda Complex Analysis I 2021 4

NB: It can be shown (this is left as an exercise) that using the transformation equations
u u x u y
x  r cos , y  r sin and the chain rule   the C-R equations in polar co-
r x r y r
u 1 v v 1 u
ordinates are  
r r  r r 
Example 3
Test the analyticity of

(i). f z   z  i : D is the entire complex plane

2z 1
(ii). f z   : D consists of all z , z  0
z
(iii). f  z   z : D is entire complex plane.

Solution

f z   z  i  x  iy  i  x  i ( y  1)
u  x v  y 1
u u v v
a)  1,  0,  0, 1
x y x y
u v u v
  1 and  0
x y y x
The C-R equations are satisfied thus function is analytic

2 z  1 2  x  iy   1  2 x  1  i 2 y
f z   
z x  iy x  iy
 2 x  1  i 2 y
x  iy
 
x  iy x  iy
x y
 2 2 i 2
x y 2
x  y2
x y
u  2 2 v 2
x y 2
x  y2
u

 ,

x 2  y 2  x(2 x) u

2 xy
,
v

2 xy
,
x  y    x  
2 2 2
x2  y 2 x2  y 2 x2  y 2

v

 
x 2  y 2 (1)  ( y )(2 y )

y2  x2
y    
2 2
x2  y 2 x2  y 2
u v y2  x2 u v 2 xy
b)   and  
x y   y x  
2 2
x2  y 2 x2  y 2

Prof. E. Mwenda Complex Analysis I 2021 5

 The C-R equations are satisfied thus function is analytic
f  z   z  x  iy u  x, v   y
u u v v
c)  1,  0,  0,  1
x y x y
u v

x y
The C-R equations are not satisfied thus function is not analytic on D.

Theorem: Suppose that f ( z )  u ( x, y )  iv( x, y ) where z  x  iy and u and v are real valued
functions. Suppose further that f (z ) exists. Then the four partial derivatives in the C-R
u u v v
equations , , , exists and the Cauchy-Riemann equations hold. Furthermore, we
x y x y
u v v u
have f ( z )  i and f ( z )   i .
x x y y

Exercise 5
1.

Lecture six
Objectives
By the end of this lecture the learner is expected to do the following:

 Define and test for harmonic functions

 Evaluate harmonic conjugates of analytic functions
 Discuss transformations of translation, magnification and rotation

3.3 Harmonic functions

If    ( x, y ) is a function of 2 variables, the laplace equation for    ( x, y ) is given as
 2  2 2 2
 2    0 where the laplacian operator in two dimensions is  2
 
x 2 y 2 x 2 y 2
A function satisfying the laplace equation in a given domain is said to be harmonic in the domain
or is called a harmonic function.

Theorem
If f ( z )  u ( x, y )  iv( x, y ) is analytic on D, then u and v are harmonic in D.
Proof
Since f is analytic in D, then u and v have continuous second partial derivatives in D
Prof. E. Mwenda Complex Analysis I 2021 6
  2u  2u  2v  2v
Thus  and 
yx yx yx yx

u v  2 u   u    v    v 
Since  ,         ..........(1)
x y x 2 x  x  x  y  y  x 

v u  2 u   u    v    2u  2 v
Also     2        i.e.  ...............(2)
x y y y  y  y  x  y 2 yx

Equating (1) and (2) we have

 2u  2u
 0
x 2 y 2
 2v  2v
Similarly 2  2  0 . (This is left as an exercise)
x y

Example 4

Show that f z   z 2  2iz is harmonic

Solution
f z   x  iy   2ix  iy   x 2  y 2  i 2 xy  i 2 x  2 y  x 2  y 2  2 y  i2 x  2 xy 
2

ux, y   x 2  y 2  2 y v  x, y   2 x  2 xy
u  2u u  2u
 2 x,  2,  2 y  2,  2
x x 2 y y 2
 2u  2u
  22  0
x 2 y 2
v  2v v  2v
 2  2 y,  0,  2 x, 0
x x 2 y y 2
 2v  2v
  0  0  0 f is harmonic
x 2 y 2

Example 5

Show that f z   2 y  ix is not differentiable everywhere in the complex plane.

Solution
u v u v
u  2 y, v  x  0,  0,  2, 1
x y y x

Prof. E. Mwenda Complex Analysis I 2021 7

  v u 
Since 1  2, then     then f is not analytic hence not differentiable
 x y 
Theorem
Suppose that u  x, y  is harmonic in a simply connected region D. Then there exists a harmonic
function v  x, y  such that f  x, y   u  x, y   i v  x, y  is holomorphic in D. The function
v  x, y  is called a harmonic conjugate of u  x, y  .

Example 6
Show that the function u  2 x  x3  3xy 2 is harmonic hence find its harmonic conjugate v  x, y  .
Solution

ux  2  3x 2  3 y 2 , u y  6 xy u xx  6 x, u yy  6 x
u xx  u yy  6 x  6 x  0 hence harmonic
vy  ux
v
 2  3x 2  3 y 2
y
 
v  x, y    2  3x 2  3 y 2 y  2 y  3x 2 y  y 3  f  x 
v
 6 xy  f ( x)
x
But vx  6 xy

Therefore f x   0 or f x   c

v  x, y   2 y  3x 2 y  y 3  c

Example 7
Test if the function u  e x  x Cos y  y Sin y  is harmonic hence find its harmonic conjugate
function.

Solution

u x  e x Cos y  e x  xCos y  y Sin y  , u y  e x xSin y  e x Sin y  ye x Cos y

u xx  2e x Cos y  e x xCos y  e x y Sin y , u yy  e x xCos y  2e x C os y  ye x Sin y
u xx  u yy  2e x Cos y  e x xCos y  e x y Sin y  e x xCos y  2e x C os y  ye x Sin y
u xx  u yy  0 hence harmonic
vx  u y

Prof. E. Mwenda Complex Analysis I 2021 8

 v
 e x Cos y  e x xCos y  e x y Sin y
y
 
v  x, y    e x xSin y  e x Sin y  ye x Cos y x
 e x xSin y  e x Sin y  e x Sin y  ye x Cos y  f  y 
v  x, y   e x xSin y  ye x Cos y  f  y 
v
 e x xCos y  e x Cos y  ye x Sin y  f ( y )
y
But vy  ux  e x Cos y  e x xCos y  e x y Sin y
Therefore f   y   0 or f  y   c
v  x, y   e x xSin y  ye x Cos y  c

Exercise 6
1) Test the analyticity of the following
f z   z
2

a.
b. f z   z
2

2) Test if the function u  4 x2  4 y 2  2 y is harmonic hence find a function v  x, y  such

that w  u  iv is analytic.

Chapter four: Basic transformations

Objectives
By the end of this chapter the reader is expected to do the following:

Prof. E. Mwenda Complex Analysis I 2021 9

 Describe the basic mappings of analytic functions namely translation, rotation, stretch,
inversion, linear transformation and bilinear transformation
 Apply each of these transformations

Some general transformations are considered in this chapter.

4.1 Translation
This is the transformation w = z + c which yields a translation in the direction of vector c (where
c  C ). If c  a  bi then the transformation w  z  c will be a translation of a units along the real
axis and b units along the imaginary axis.

Example 1

Find the image of the square OABC using the transformation f  z   z  2  3i where O(0,0),
A(1,0), B (1,1) C(0,1)

Solution
f ( z )  x  iy  2  3i  x  2  i ( y  3)
u  Re  f   x  2, v  Im  f   y  3
O(0,0)→O’(2,3) where u  0   0  2  2, v  0   0  3  3 therefore  u, v    2,3
A(1,0)→A’(3,3) where u 1  1  2  3, v  0   0  3  3 therefore  u, v    3,3
B(1,1)→B’(3,4) where u 1  1  2  3, v 1  1  3  4 therefore  u, v    3, 4 
C(0,1) →C’(2,4) where u  0   0  2  2, v 1  1  3  4 therefore  u, v    2, 4 

Example 2

Find the image of the triangle A(0,0) B(2,2i) c(0,2i) under the mapping w= z+3-2i.
Solution

f ( z )  x  iy  3  2i  x  3  i ( y  2)
u  Re  f   x  3, v  Im  z   y  2

Ais mapped to u  0   0  3  3, v  0   0  2  2 therefore A  3, 2 

B is mapped to u  2   2  3  5, v  2   2  2  0 therefore B   5, 0 
C is mapped to u  0   0  3  3, v  2   2  2  0 therefore C   3, 0 

The image in the uv- plane is A’ (3,-2i) B’ (5,0) c’(3,0)

Prof. E. Mwenda Complex Analysis I 2021 10

4.2 Stretch (magnification)
This is the transformation w  az where “a” is purely real. It is a stretch a units in the direction
of z if a  1 , and a contraction if a  1 or  1  a  1.

Example 4

Find the image of triangle ABC with A(0,0), B(2,2) and C(0,2) using

a) w  2z
1
b) w   z
4

Solution

a)
w  2  x  iy   2 x  i  2 y 
a2 a 2
w  2z  2 z
 0, 0    2  0  , 2  0     0, 0 
 2, 2    2  2  , 2  2     4, 4 
 0, 2    2  0  , 2  2     0, 4 
b)
1 1 1
w  x, y     x  iy    x  iy
4 4 4
w  0, 0    0, 0 
 1 1
w  2, 2     ,  
 2 2
 1
w  0, 2    0,  
 2
1 1
a a 
4 4
1 1
w  z  z
4 4

This is a contraction

Prof. E. Mwenda Complex Analysis I 2021 11

4.3 Rotation
i 0
This is the transformation w = az where a  e such that the magnitude of a is one i.e. a  1 Then
i0
the transformation w  e z yields a pure rotation through an angle 0 in an anticlockwise
direction if 0  0 , and a rotation in a clockwise direction if 0  0

Example 5

Find the image of the square OABC where O(0,0), A(1,0), B (1,1) C(0,1)
i
under the mapping w  e 3
z
Solution

 
i
e 3
z   x  iy  cos   i sin 
3 3
1 3 
  x  iy    i 
2 2 

Collecting the pure and imaginary parts yields

1 3 y 3 
w x y  i   x
2 2 2 2 

w
1
2
 i
 
x  3 y  y  3x
2

1 3 1 3
O  0,0   O'  0,0  B 1,1  B '   ,  
2 2 2 2 
1 3  3 1
A 1, 0   A'  ,  C  0,1  C '   , 
2 2   2 2

Lecture seven
Objectives
By the end of this lecture the learner is expected to do the following:

 Discuss the combined transformation of rotation magnification

 Discuss the transformation of inversion

4.4 Rotation magnification

This is the transformation w  a z where a  and a0

Prof. E. Mwenda Complex Analysis I 2021 12

This transformation combines both rotation and magnification or it can only be a magnification
depending on the value of the number a.
i 2
Case 1. Let the number “a” be a complex number written in polar form as a  r2 e ,

i1
Further let z  r1e then

w  az  r1ei1  r2ei2  r1r2ei1 2 

w  r1 r2 ei1 2   r1 r2  r1 r2

The magnitude of w is a times the magnitude z . This is a magnification/stretch of z a times.

Arg  w  1  2   Arg  z   Arg  a 
The angle . This is a rotation of z through an angle
Arg  a 
Example 6
Transform a triangle ABC using w  2iz where A(0,0), B(2,2) and C(0,2).

Solution

a  2i, a  2 arg  a  
2,
0
z A  0  0i, arg  z A   tan 1  0    0 (a  2i  0  2i )
2
2 
z B  2  2i, arg  z B   tan 1   
2 4
0 
zC  0  2i, arg  zC   tan 1   
2 2

 
Arg  wA   0
2 2

 
Arg  wB     3
4
2 4

Arg  wC    2   2  

Alternatively write

Prof. E. Mwenda Complex Analysis I 2021 13

 
i
w  e 3  rei
 
  i
w  re 3 

In polar form the object is written as

z0  0, 0   0

z1 1,1  2e 4
i


z2  0,1  e 2
i

z3 1, 0   1e0i  1

These are then transformed as follows


w  z0   0  e 3  0
i

     7
  i i
w  z1   2e  e
i i
4 3
 2e 3 4
 2e 12

     5
  i i
w  z2   e  e
i i
2 3
e 3 2
e 6

 
w  z3   1  e 3  e 3
i i

4.5 Inversion
1
This is the transformation w  ( where z  0)
z

Example 6

Show that under an inversion, a vertical straight line Re (z) = a  a  0  is mapped into a circle of
1  1 
radius about the point  ,0
2a  2a 

Solution

Let z = a + iy, then

1 1 a  iy
w 
a  iy a  iy a  iy
a y
 2 i 2
a y 2
a  y2

Prof. E. Mwenda Complex Analysis I 2021 14

 a y
u , v 2
a y
2 2
a  y2
a y
 a2  y2  
u v
av
i.e. av   yu  y 
u

a au 2
u 
a2 u 2  v2 
2 2
aa v 2
u
u u
1 or a 
a u 2  v2  u  v2
2

av v u v
y   2 2 2 2
u u u v u v

u v
a and y 
u  v2
2
u  v2
2

u
au 2  av 2  u  0, au 2  u  av 2 , u 2   v 2
a
2
u 1 1  1  1
Completing the square we have u 2   2  v 2  2 or  u    v 2  2
a 4a 4a  2a  4a

1 1  1 
This is a circle of radius  and centre  , 0 
 2a 
2
4a 2a

Remarks

a) A translation or a rotation – magnification will map circles to circles and straight lines to
straight lines.

b) An inversion may map a circle to a circle or straight line and will map a straight line to a
circle or straight line.

1
H/w find the image of Im(z) = c under the mapping w 
z

Exercise 7
1. Find the image of the triangle A(0,0), B(2,2) C(0,2) under the transformation w  z  3  2i
.

Prof. E. Mwenda Complex Analysis I 2021 15

 2.

Lecture eight
Objectives
By the end of this lecture the learner is expected to do the following:

 Discuss the linear transformation

 Discuss the bilinear transformation

4.6 Linear transformation

This is the transformation w =Az+B where A and B are complex constants. This is a
combination of the transformations of translation, rotation and stretch.

Example 7

Find the transformation W=AZ+B where A=2+i, B= 3-4i for the square OABC given above.

Solution

w  (2  i )( x  iy )  3  4i
 2 x  y  3  i ( x  2 y  4)
u  2 x  y  3, v  x  2y  4

O (0, 0) →0’ (3,-4)

A (1, 0) →A’ (5, -3)
B (1, 1) →B’ (4,-1)
C (0, 1) →C’ (2,-2)
The transformations can be summarized as follows:
 3
 A translation B   
 4 

 A stretch of scale factor A  22  12  5

1
 Rotation through an angle   ArgA  tan 1    26.570
 
2

4.7 Bilinear transformation

A bilinear transformation is also called a linear fractional transformation or a mobius
transformation.

Prof. E. Mwenda Complex Analysis I 2021 16

 az  b
w  ad  bc  0 and a, b, c, d, are complex
This is a transformation of the form az  d where
constants. (if ad  bc  0 then we will have w=k where k is a real constant.

NB Rearrangement gives wcz+wd-az-b=0 which is linear in both z and w thus the transformation
is called a bilinear transformation.

This transformation is a combination of translation, rotation, stretch and inversion.

Example 8

Show that the inverse of the mobius transformation is another mobius transformation.

Proof

az  b
w  az  b  wcz  dw
cz  d

az  wcz  dw  b

wd  b  wd  b
z 
a  wc wc  a
dz  b
 w1 ( z ) 
cz  a

This is also a mobius transformation. Therefore the inverse of a mobius transformation is still a
mobius transformation.

Example 9

Show that a bilinear transformation is conformal

a(cz  d )  c(az  b)
w  f ' ( z) 
(cz  d ) 2
ad  bc
 0
(cz  d ) 2

Since ad  bc  0 and from the theorem f(z) is thus conformal.

Nb.

 A translation w  z  b is a bilinear transformation with a = d = 1, c = 0.

 A rotation-magnification w  az is a bilinear transformation with b = c = 0, d = 1,

a a  0.

Prof. E. Mwenda Complex Analysis I 2021 17

Exercise

1) Show that w  z 2 maps

a. circles in z plane to circles in w plane

b. Straight lines parallel to real axis and imaginary axis in z plane to parabolas in w
plane.

2) Find the image of a rectangle a ≤ x ≤ b, c ≤ y ≤ d under the mapping w  e z

3) Find an image of a vertical line Re (z) = a using w  cos z .

4) Find an image of the strip  2  Re  z    2 and Im(z) >0 under the mapping w  sin z

1 1
5) Show that the mapping w   z   maps the circle z  r onto an ellipse with foci (1, 0)
2 z
and (-1, 0) in the w plane.

Theorem
There is one and only one bilinear transformation that maps 3 distinct
points Z1 Z 2 and Z 3 onto 3 distinct images w1 , w2 and w3 respectively. This transformation is

 w  w1   w2  w3   z  z1  z2  z3 
given by 
 w  w3  w2  w1   z  z3  z2  z1 
Proof

az1  b az  b
Let w1  and w2  2
cz1  d cz 2  d

w2  w1 
 cz2  d  az1  b    cz1  d  az2  b   ad  z1  z2   bc  z2  z1 
 cz1  d  cz2  d   cz1  d  cz2  d 
ad  bc z 2  z1 
  (i )
cz1  d cz 2  d 
ad  bc z  z 3 
w  w3   (ii)
cz  d cz3  d 

Prof. E. Mwenda Complex Analysis I 2021 18

 w2  w1  w  w3 

 ad  bc  z  z3  z2  z1  ............(iii )
 cz  d  cz3  d  cz2  d  cz1  d 

 w  w1  w2  w3 

 ad  bc  z2  z3  z  z1  .........(iv)
 cz2  d  cz3  d  cz  d  cz1  d 
Dividing equation (iv) by equation (iii) gives

 w  w1  w2  w3    z  z1  z2  z3 
 w  w3  w2  w1   z  z3  z2  z1 
Example 10

Find a linear fractional transformation that maps the following points on the z plane to the
corresponding points on the w plane.

z1  1, z2  i, z3  0 to w1  5  i, w2  1  i,
w3  i
Solution

w  w1 w2  w3   z  z1 z 2  z3 
w  w3 w2  w1  z  z3 z 2  z1 
1

 w  5  i 1  i  1   z  1 i  ,
 w  i 1  i  5  i  z  i  1
 w  5  i   i 1  z 
 w  i  4  2i   z 1  i 

w  5  i 2i 1  z  2  i 
 ,
wi z 1  i 
 w  i  5  2i  2  i    4i  2 1  z 
wi z 1  i 

Prof. E. Mwenda Complex Analysis I 2021 19

1
 5  2i   4i  2  4iz  2 z ,
w  i z 1  i 
5  2i  4i  2  4iz  2 z 
 1   
wi  z 1  i  

wi 
 z  iz  5  2i  
5 z  5iz  2iz  2 z
 z  5iz  4i  2  z  5iz  4i  2
3 z  7iz

2  z  5iz  4i

3z  7iz
w i
2  z  5iz  4i

Example 11

Find a linear transformation that maps

z1  3, z2  1  i and z3  2  i to
w1  i, w2  4 and w3  6  2i

Solution

( w  w1 )(w2  w3 ) ( z  z1 )( z 2 z 3 )

( w  w3 )(w2  w1 ) ( z  z 3 )( z 2  z1 )

( w  i )(4  6  2i ) ( z  1  i )(1  i  2  i )

( w  6  2i )(4  i ) ( z  2  i )(1  i  3)

(1)
( z  1  i )(1) 
( w  i )(2  2i ) (1)

( w  6  2i )(4  i ) ( z  2  i)( 2  i)
z 1 i

( z  2  i )(2  i )

(w  i) ( z  1  i )(4  i )

( w  6  2i ) ( z  2  i)(2  i)( 2  2i)
4 z  4  4i  zi  i  1

( z  2  i )(4  4i  2i  2)
z (4  i )  3  5i

z (2  6i )  4  12i  2i  6

Prof. E. Mwenda Complex Analysis I 2021 20

 wi w  i w  (6  2i )

w  (6  2i ) w  6  2i w  (6  2i )
w2  6 w  2 wi  iw  6i  2

w2  (6  2i ) 2
 w2  6 w  3iw  6i  2

(20  4i) z  (16i  68)

w
Complete and show that (6  5i ) z  (22  7i)

Theorem

Let z1, z2 and z3 be distinct complex numbers on the z plane and let w1 and w2 be distinct complex
numbers on the w plane. Then there exists a bilinear transformation which maps z 1, z2 and z3 to

w1, w2 and  respectively given by

 w  w1    z  z1  z2  z3 
 w2  w1   z  z3  z2  z1 
Example 12

Find a linear fractional transformation that maps the following points on the z plane to the
corresponding points on the w plane. z1  1, z2  1, z3  0 w1  i , w2  1 , w3  

Solution

 w  w1   z  z1  z2  z3 

 w2  w1   z  z3  z2  z1 
w  i  z  1  1  0 



1  i  z  0   1  1

w  i  z  1  1

1 i  2z

w  i  1  i 
 z  1  z  1  iz  i
2z 2z

z  1  iz  i 2iz  z  1  iz  i iz  z  1  i
wi  
2z 2z 2z

1  i  z  1  i
w
2z

Example 13

Prof. E. Mwenda Complex Analysis I 2021 21

 Find a mobius transformation that maps z1  i, z2  1, z3  2  i to w1  4i, w2  3  i and 
respectively.

Solution

w  4i z  i 1 2  i
 .
3  i  4i z  2  i 1  i

w  4i ( z  i )(1  i )
(3  5i )  (3  5i )
3  5i ( z  2  i )(1  i )
[ z (1  i )  i  1](3  5i )

z (1  i )  3  i
 z (3  5i  3i  5)  3i  5  3  5i

z (1  i )  3  i

 z (8  2i )  8i  2

z (1  i )  3  i

2 z (i  4)  2  8i
w  4i  
z (1  i )  3  i
4 zi (1  i )  12i  4  2 z  2  8i

z (1  i )  3  i

zi  4 z  12i  4  2 zi  8 z  2  8i
4
z (1  i )  3  i ( w2  w1 )
2 zi  12 z  4i  2

z  3  iz  i

Exercise 8
1. Construct a mobius transformation mapping the given point to the given images.
a) 1→1, 2→-i, 3→1+i
b) 1  i  1, 2i  3  i, 4  
c) 6+i→ 2- i, i→3i, 4→-i
3  8i  (1  4i ) z
w
4  7i  (2  3i ) z
 48  16i  (33  i ) z
w
5( z  4)
4  75i  (3  22i) z
w
21  4i  (2  3i) z

Prof. E. Mwenda Complex Analysis I 2021 22