3.

Based on solubility:
A suitable solvent is added, then the insoluble solid can be removed by
decantation, filtration etc

Solute: The solid that dissolves in a liquid

Solvent: The liquid in which the solute dissolves.
Solution: It is the mixture of solute and solvent.
Solute + Solvent → Solution
ex: Sugar + Water → Sugar solution

Sedimentation: The settling down of solid particles in a liquid.

Decantation: Pouring off the clear liquid after sedimentation.
Centrifugation: It is the technique that, by spinning the mixture at high speed
in a centrifuge, so that the solid settle down quickly and the liquid is decanted
off.

Filtration
The insoluble solid can be separated from a liquid by passing it through a filter
paper, which is kept in a funnel. The liquid which is collected after filtration is
called filtrate and the solid which remains on the filter paper is called residue.

Draw figure 2.11a [page: 28]

1
 Evaporation and Crystallisation
These methods are used to get the solute from a solution.
As the solution is heated, the solvent evaporates leaving behind the solute.
Evaporation gives only a powder, but crystallisation can result in proper crystals.
In evaporation, the solution is heated until all the solvent evaporates and we will
get the solute in the form of powder.

2
 In crystallisation, the solution is heated till the crystallisation point, that is,
when the solution is saturated or concentrated to form crystals. Then allow the
solution to cool. As it cools, crystals of the solute form. The crystals formed
can be filtered and then dried between the filter paper.

Draw figure 2.14 [Page.30]

Q. How will you know whether the crystallisation point is reached?

Ans: During heating, dip the glass rod from time to time. If crystals form
on the glass rod when cooled outside, that means, crystallisation point
is reached.

3
 Simple distillation
This method is used to obtain solvent from a solution.
It is the combination of two stages – (i) evaporation and (ii) condensation
ex: to get water from sea water.
In this method, the solution is heated in a flask. As it boils, the solvent vapour
rises into the condenser. The solute remains in the flask.
The condenser is cold, so the vapour condenses back into liquid. This
liquid is called distillate. It can be collected in a beaker.

Draw fig 2.15 [page.30]

4
 Fractional distillation
This method is used to separate miscible liquids, in which each liquid is
having different boiling points. When the mixture is heated, both liquids
(ex: ethanol and water) evaporates and enter in the fractionating column.
Glass beads in the fractionating column provide space for condensation.
The liquid with lower boiling point boils first and enter in the fractionating
column. Meanwhile, the vapour of the second liquid enter the fractionating
column and falls back into the flask because the temperature of the column
is below its boiling point.

Draw fig.2.16 a [page.30]

5
 Industrial application of fractional distillation
- To separate petroleum (crude oil) into various fractions like petrol,
diesel etc.
- To separate different gases from liquid air.

Separating Immiscible liquids

• The mixture of oil and water is poured into a separating funnel and
shaken well.
• The two liquids will form two separate layers such that the heavier liquid
(water) will form the lower layer and the lighter liquid (oil)
will form the upper layer.
• The lower layer is then collected in a beaker.
• Then the upper layer is collected in another beaker.

Draw fig.2.12 [pg.29]