UNIT 1

STATES OF MATTER

Matter – Anything which has mass and occupies space.

There are three states of matter – solid, liquid and gas.
They have different properties due to the difference in the arrangement of
particles.
Characteristics of solid, liquid and gas

Properties Solid Liquid Gas

1. Arrangement Regular, tightly Irregular, less Irregular, very
of particles packed. closely packed. loosely packed.
2. Movement of Cannot move Move slowly, Moves faster,
particles from place to slip and slide random zig-zag
place, but vibrate over one motion
in their position another
3.Intermolecular No space, close
space (space together Little space More space
between the
molecules)
4. Force of
attraction Strong Moderate Very weak
between the
particles
Takes the shape Takes the shape of
5. Shape of the container the whole container
Fixed

6. Volume Fixed Takes the volume of

Fixed
the container
7. Compressibility Cannot compress Difficult to Easy to compress
compress
Flow easily and
8. Fluidity Cannot flow Can flow spread out the
available space
 Gas pressure
Q. What is gas pressure?
The particles in a gas are moving fast. They hit against each other as well as the
walls of the container. The force exerted when the particles hit the walls of the
container is called gas pressure.
Q. What happens to the pressure when gas is heated in a closed container?
When gas is heated in a closed container, its pressure increases because the
particles take in heat energy, move faster, hit the walls more often with more force.
Changing state

Q. Define sublimation. Give examples of substances which sublime.

The process of changing from solid to gas on heating or gas to solid on cooling is
called sublimation.
ex: Iodine, dry ice (solid CO2), ammonium chloride, naphthalene.
Q. What is the difference between boiling and evaporation?
Boiling and evaporation involve change from liquid to gas. But
- Boiling takes place at a fixed temperature (boiling point), while evaporation
takes place at any temperature.
- During boiling, gas form within the liquid and not just at the surface, while
evaporation takes place from the surface of the liquid.
Q. How can we condense a gas?
1. By cooling (by reducing the temperature)
2. By compressing (by increasing the pressure)
Melting point (M.P)
The temperature at which a solid change into liquid state.
M.P of ice is 0 0C.
Boiling point (B.P)
The temperature at which a liquid boils and changes into gaseous state.
B.P of water is 100 0C.
Freezing point (F.P)
The temperature at which a liquid change into solid state.
F.P of water is 0 0C.
The melting point is equal to its freezing point.
M.P of ice is 0 0C.
F.P of water is 0 0C.
• Melting and boiling are endothermic processes (takes in heat energy)
• Condensation and freezing are exothermic processes (gives out heat
energy)