STATISTICS 10
What is STATISTICS?
- It is a branch of mathematics that
deals with the scientific collection,
organization, presentation, analysis,
and interpretation of numerical data
in order to obtain useful and
meaningful information.
1. Collection of Data
2. Presentation of Data
3. Analysis of Data
4. Interpretation of
Data/Drawing
Conclusions/Making
Decisions from the Data
Branches of Statistics:
● Descriptive Statistics - A statistical
method concerned with the
collection, organization,
presentation and description of
sample data
● Inferential Statistics - concerned
with the analysis of a sample data
leading to prediction, inferences,
interpretation, decision or
conclusion about the entire
population
Population vs Sample
● Population is the totality of all the
elements or persons for which one
has an interest at a particular time.
It is denoted by N
● Sample is a subset of a population
It is denoted by n
Parameter vs Statistic
● Parameter is any information or
attribute taken from a population
● Statistic is any estimate of statistical
attributes taken from a sample
Data is a collection of observable
information or facts
Two Types of Data:
1. Quantitative Data
These are numerical information obtained
from counting or measuring that can be
manipulated by any fundamental operation.
2. Qualitative Data
These are descriptive attributes and
characterized by categorical responses
Variable
Observable characteristics or phenomena of
a person or object whereby the members of
the group or set may vary from one another
Discrete vs Continuous Variable
● Discrete Variable (counting)
○ A variable that can be
obtained by measuring
objects or attributes
● Continuous Variable (measuring)
○ A variable that can be
obtained by measuring
objects or attributes
○ Can assume infinite numbers
of values between any two
specific numbers.
○ Ex. Weight, Temperature,
Area
STATISTICS 10
Measurement Scales
Variables : Characteristics that can take or
different values for different members of a
group. Ex. height
Measurement : Assignment of numbers to
characteristics (variables) of objects,
persons, events.
Importance of Measurement Scales
● Research conclusions are only good
when the measurement are accurate
or which they are based
● The more precise, sensitive the
method of measurement, the better
the results
Levels of Measurement
Stevens (1946) classified variables into four
levels. These are referred to as level of
measurement or level of data.
1. Nominal
- Attributes are only named ; weakest
- Came from “nomen” - name
- Applies only to qualitative research
- Sometimes called the qualitative
type
- Differentiates between items or
subjects only on the basis of their
names or categories or qualities
- A nominal scale represents lower
level of measurement
- Such scales classifies persons or
objects in two or more categories
- Assignment of numbers to categories
has no mathematical meaning
- Ex. Gender, Religion, Continents,
Countries, Nationality, Language
2. Ordinal
- Ranking or ordering is involved
- Not only classifies subjects but also
ranks them in terms of the degree to
which they possess a characteristic
of interest. An ordinal scale indicates
relative position.
- Ordinal scale can determine whether
an object has more or less of a
characteristic than some other object
- The exact measurement is not
available like “Student A is taller
than Student B” but their actual
heights are not available
- It permits the researcher to rank or
order respondents or their responses
3. Interval
- Indicates order and also the distance
in the order
- Zero point in the interval is arbitrary
zero, it does not mean the complete
absence of anything.
- It allows comparison of the
differences of magnitude but do not
allow determinations of the actual
strength of the magnitude
4. Ratio Scale
- There is absolute zero point ; it
serves as reference point
- When the value is zero, the
characteristic is absent
- This is the highest level of
measurement and has properties of
other levels
- This scale has unique or fixed
beginning or true zero point
- Allows comparisons of the
differences of magnitude as well as
the determinations of the actual
strength of the magnitude
- Ex. heart beats per minute has a very
natural zero point. Zero means no
heart beat.