Republic of the Philippines

Department of Education

TECHNOLOGY AND LIVELIHOOD EDUCATION 8

Technical Drafting
Fourth Quarter
Information Sheet

Week 1
MELC 1 – Prepare hand tools and equipment in Technical Drafting
DRAFTING MATERIALS AND TOOLS, ITS USES/FUNCTIONS
PICTURES/ MATERIALS, DESCRIPTION AND FUNCTION
ILLUSTRATION
Drawing paper
Various types of drawing papers are available for use, but
hard and soft surface drawing papers are highly
recommended to be the best. This type does not groove
easily when pressure is applied to the pencil. Oslo paper is
commonly used but bond paper is also recommended.

Masking tape
This is used for fastening the drawing paper on the drawing
table or drawing board because it does not damage the board
and it will not damage the paper if it is removed by
pulling it off.
Pencil sharpener
Pencils should be sharpened whenever they show sign of
dullness. Various types and designs are available in the store
for use.

Address: San Pedro, City of Sto. Tomas, Batangas

Telephone No. (043) 784-3623
Email Address: sanpedronhs09@yahoo.com

1
 Eraser
This is used to clean the dirt off the drawing. A soft eraser is
advantageous in removing smudges and pencil marks,
whereas, a harder eraser is useful for making changes and
correcting errors in the drawing.
Drawing pencil
This is one of the most important tools in drawing. It comes in
various grades. The grade of pencil to be used depends on
the quality of paper to be used. You have to take into
consideration also the type of line work required.
Hard
Range Hard pencils – are used where extreme accuracy is
required especially working on graphs, diagrams and
charts.
Medium pencils – are used for general purpose work in
Medium drawing.
Range

Soft pencils – are too soft to be used in mechanical drafting.

They are very useful for artwork of various kinds.
Soft Range
Triangular Scales
This is a tool generally used when reproducing a drawing in an
enlarged or reduced form to some regular proportion.
The architect’s scale is the most commonly used for general
drawing. Its main function is to reproduce the measurements
of an object in full size, reduced size, and enlarged size.

Erasing Shield
This tool is made up of metal with irregular holes. It is a useful
tool to protect the rest of the drawing when clearing up
smudges, unnecessary pencil lines and other erasures.

DRAWING INTRUMENTS
Drawing instruments are used for drawing and designing purposes.

2
 PICTURES/ILLUSTRATIONS MATERIALS AND TOOLS DESCRIPTION
T-Square
It is a drawing instrument used when making horizontal lines.
It is also used for guiding triangles when drawing vertical
lines. It is made of wood, plastic or the combination of both.
There are three (3) types of T- square, namely:
1. Fixed Head. The head is fastened to the blade. It is used
for ordinary work.
2. Movable Head or Adjustable Head. It has one fixed and
one adjustable head and used only for occasional
drawing.
3. Detachable Head or Removable Head. It is designed
for comfort when carrying the T-square.
Triangle
It is a three-sided ruler, which typically has two equal sides
meeting at a 90 degree angle and to a third side at 45, 30,
including 60 degree angles. It is usually made of plastic and
comes in different sizes. If in use, the base of the triangle
must rest on the blade of the T- square. Drawing a line
always starts from the point near the base going upward.
Commonly used triangles are:
a. 30 degrees X 60 degrees
b. 45 degrees X 45 degrees

Compass
This drawing instrument is used when drawing arcs and
circles. It is used in a similar way to a divider. It is composed
of one with the pen leg and the needle point leg being held
together with a handle. This drawing instrument can be used
for both penciling and inking.
Divider
This is a drawing instrument used when transferring
measurements, dividing lines and arcs into the desired number of
equal parts. It can easily transfer accurate measurements by
adjusting the divider points. Constant correct practice is necessary
before doing an actual work for a quick and easy control when use.

Protractor
It is a semi-circular instrument divided into 180 equal parts, each
of which is called a degree. It is used to determine gradations of
the degrees when measuring arcs, angles and circles. High quality
protractor is usually made of plastic.
References:
TLE-Technical Drafting Grade 7/8 Learners Information Sheet Week 1. (First Edition, 2020). Department of
Education Region IV-A CALABARZON SDO Batangas, pp. 1-3

3
LEARNING TASK 1 (Written Work)
Directions: Choose the drafting materials, tools, and equipment applicable to a
particular job. Write your answers on a separate sheet of paper or on the provided
answer sheet.
1. Michelle, a Grade 9 student of Technical Drafting has an assignment in
drawing balloons and window arc, what drafting tools would you advise
her in accomplishing her task.
A. Eraser B. Compass C. Erasing shield D. Triangle

2. To perform this task, what are the different drafting tools

are you going to use?
A. Compass, triangle, T-square C. Triangle, T-square
B. T-square, Protractor, Ruler D. Compass, Triangle, Protractor
3. Which of the following describes best about the masking tape?
A. It is coated with a weak adhesive and is mainly used to fix paper to drafting board
B. It is made of celluloid materials with straight edges along a wooden blade.
C. It is used to project lines or sketch drawings
D. used in measuring variety of units, and which can draw object
larger than or smaller
4. The following are uses of divider. Which of the following does not
belong to the group?
A. To divide curved or straight lines into the desired number of equal parts
B. To draw circles
C. To transfer dimensions from one part of the drawing to another part
D. To set-off given distances from the scale to the drawing
5. Which of the following is the primary use of the T-square?
A. Drawing vertical lines C. Drawing horizontal lines
B. Diagonal lines D. Scribing circular features
References:
TLE-Technical Drafting Grade 7/8 Learning Activity Sheet Week 1. (First Edition, 2020). Department of
Education Region IV-A CALABARZON SDO Batangas, p. 4

Week 2-3
MELC 2 – Maintain hand tools, drawing instruments, equipment, and paraphernalia
-Inspect hand tools, drawing instruments, equipment, and paraphernalia
received in technical drafting
-Prepare an inspection report of the hand tools, drawing instruments,
equipment, and paraphernalia received in technical drafting.

MAINTAIN HAND TOOLS, DRAWING TOOLS, EQUIPMENT AND

PARAPHERNALIA
Maintenance is the process of maintaining or preserving someone or
something, or the state of being maintained.

4
 Preventive maintenance (or preventative maintenance) is maintenance that
is regularly performed on a piece of equipment to lessen the likelihood of it failing. It
is performed while the equipment is still working so that it does not break down
unexpectedly.
Corrective maintenance is a maintenance task performed to identify, isolate,
and rectify a fault so that the failed equipment, machine, or system can be restored to
an operational condition within the tolerances or limits established for in-service
operations
All tools and equipment must be properly maintained so that workers are not
endangered.
The successful maintenance program is:
• well organized and scheduled,
• controls hazards,
• defines operational procedures, and
• trains key personnel.
Hand tools may require only basic maintenance. Power tools should be
maintained in good working order.

GENERAL REQUIREMENTS FOR TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT MAINTENANCE

INCLUDE;
• Obtaining a copy of the maintenance schedule recommended by the manufacturer
• Ensuring that maintenance is performed as required
• Ensuring that the person(s) performing the maintenance are competent
• (e.g. licensed mechanic)

• Retainingrecords of maintenance/service conducted Specifying who is responsible

for overseeing equipment maintenance and where the records are kept. Set up a
system for removal and tagging of damaged or defective tools and equipment.
THE GROWTH OF INTEREST IN MAINTENANCE
The factors contributing to the rapidly growing interest in maintenance are:
1. Technological Development
This trend leads to a more mechanized and automated Technological development
equipment, resulting in great productive potential which must be kept working. This
means that training facilities are becoming more complicated and required more
advanced maintenance.
2. Increasingly expensive raw materials
Finite raw materials, in combination with a growing population and increasing
assumption, inevitably result in higher raw material prices. Unavoidably, the costs of all

5
by- products must rise. It is therefore often more profitable to maintain existing
equipment than purchase new ones.
3. Greater complication
A complicated facility of piece of equipment includes many components, any or all
of which can constitute possible sources of trouble. Although the operational reliability
of each individual component may be very high, it is necessary to multiply reliability
factor of all components that are dependent on each other in a system in order to arrive
at the total system reliability.
4. Increased fixed costs
Capital costs constitute a considerable part of the total costs of training and must be
covered by the added value created. If training stops as a result of inadequate
maintenance, capital costs (depreciation) must still be paid, so that the standstill results
in a net loss. Still, the salaries and overhead expenses must be paid while training is
stopped.
5. Reduce delayed activities and eradicate uncompleted work
Many work processes depend on an uninterrupted flow of activities to produce
desired result. If an activity is delayed, the entire work stops. If all the facilities and
equipment are reliable working well, work delay can be reduced.
6. Environmental concern
The growing quantity of electronic wastes (monitors, laptops, cellular phones,
other electronic gadgets and its substances), the increasing use of chemicals such as
cleaning agents, paints, fuel and its derivatives, the by-products created from its use,
and its disposal, pose danger to the environment and all living things.
Mass awareness on waste management brings the relevance of conserving the
natural resources and the products (machines, tools) thru proper maintenance to
lengthen its useful.
PROPER CARE AND MAINTENANCE OF DRAWING TOOLS AND MATERIALS
DRAWING BOARD
1.Do not use the drawing board for any other purposes than for drawing
2.The surface of the drawing board must be in good condition. Do not use sharp
objects like knife to cut on it.
3.Always clean the drawing board before use.
4.Cover drawing board surface with paper or cardboard after use.
T-SQUARE
1.T-square should not be used as walking stick.
2. The blade must be straight at angle 900 to the stock.
3. Always clean the T-square before using it.
6
SET OF DRAWING INSTRUMENTS
1.They must not be used for other purposes other than their primary functions.
2.Do not use compass and divider to hold paper.
3.Do not use compass and divider to fight.
SET SQUARE. PROTRACTOR, FRENCH CURVE AND SCALE RULE/ METRIC RULE
1.Do not place heavy load on them to prevent breakage
2.Do not use sharp objects to cut on their edges.
3.Store them in a safe place.
DRAWING PENCIL
1.Drawing pencil should be kept in a pencil packet after use.
2.Pencil points must be pointed.
SAFETY PROCEDURE IN USING HAND TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT
The use of hand tools in accomplishing tasks and job orders greatly increase the
productivity and accuracy of a worker. Although hand tools provide convenience and
ease in completing any task, it may also cause injuries and infirmities if used incorrectly.
Safety procedures must always be a priority in any workplace so that the security of all
is assured.
A worker must always be aware of the task he must accomplish so that he would
know the hand tools that he needs. Choosing the correct tools for a specific task will
reduce the chance of inflicting bodily injuries. Selecting the wrong tool may damage the
tool itself and harm the user. Reading the operational procedures of a particular tool is
greatly advised.
Different types of tools can be utilized differently. Listed below are some of the
ways to utilize these tools but also maintain safety in using them:
Procedures in Cleaning, Tightening and Simple Repair for Hand tools,
Equipment and Paraphernalia
1. Cleaning the tools after use is highly recommended.
2. All tools and equipment must be placed in a clean and dry place.
3. The work area must always be kept neat and tidy.
4. Lubricants must also be applied after tightening to reduce the friction.
5. Before cleaning any tool, be sure to wear the proper personal protective
equipment (PPE). Gloves, masks and goggles are usually worn when cleaning tools
since most cleaning agents and solutions are harmful to the human body.
6. Only use cleaning agents as prescribed by the tool or equipment’s
manufacturer. Follow the cleaning procedures as well to make sure that no damage will
be inflicted on the tools.
Work space must also be observed properly. The possibility of harm and
injuries is greatly increased by an unsafe workplace. One must always be aware of the
hazards that are present in the work area. The space available in the workplace also
7
influences the efficiency and accuracy of using a hand tool. Working in a tight space
may require to use a different set of tools that would fit in the limited area.
Correct posture must be practiced when using hand tools. Awkward postures
make more demands on your body. In some cases, the placement of the work piece
will affect your shoulder, elbow, wrist, hand, or back posture. Whenever possible,
choose an ergonomic tool that requires the least continuous force and can be used
without awkward postures. The right tool will help you to minimize pain and fatigue by
keeping your neck, shoulders, and back relaxed and your arms at your sides.
Use the proper personal protective equipment or PPE necessary to protect
you from exposure to potential hazards. PPEs are specialized gear used to protect
the worker from falling objects, loud noises, sharp edges, dust and particles, and
hazardous chemicals. Wearing a PPE while working will greatly decrease the chances
of injuries and discomforts.
REMEMBER: Occupational safety and health procedures are not the sole task of
the management. Everyone in the workplace must be vigilant and smart so that
accidents and unwanted damages will be avoided.

DIFFERENT TYPES OF FORMS

1. PURCHASE REQUISITION
A document generated by user department or storeroom personnel to notify the
purchasing department items it needs to order, their quantity, and the timeframe. It may
also contain the authorization to proceed with the purchase procedures. This is also
called purchase request or requisition.

REQUISITION SLIP FORM

Name:
Project:
Location:
Classification:
Purpose:
NO. QUANTITY UNIT DESCRIPTION UNIT COST TOTAL COST

_
REQUISITIONER TEACHER HEAD PRINCIPAL

2. SAMPLE DELIVERY RECEIPT FORM

Delivery receipt shows proof or receipt of goods or services; the receiver
acknowledges receiving a consignment of goods from supplier. The buyer signs it before
8
it is returned to the seller.

Name of Supplying Company:

Delivery Receipt:

Supplier’s Address:

Date:

No. QUANTITY DESCRIPTION UNIT PRICE TOTAL PRICE

I hereby acknowledge receipt of the following in perfect condition as per the set of conditions of our supply contract from the firm of (Name of
supplying company).

Order No.:

Quantity Description Remarks

Invoice No.: Date actually received:

3. JOB ORDER OR WORK ORDER FORM

A written instruction to perform a work according to specified requirements, within
specified timeframe and cost estimated.
Job Order or Work Order form Purpose
• To offer an explanation of the problem, repair or installation

• To schedule resources and tools needed for maintenance

• To provide technicians with detailed instruction on the work to be performed
• To document the labor, materials and resources used to complete the work
• To track all maintenance and repair work that has been performed on each asset

4. BORROWER’S FORM
A form used to request for tools and equipment needed for a particular job. It
indicates the department that the borrower is connected, the date, the job that is to
be done, who is the person to approve the request, when it was returned and if it was
9
in good condition.
EQUIPMENT BORROWERS FORM
(Accomplish in duplicate)
REQUEST NO: (do not fill up this item) Date: MR/MS
(Please encircle)
SURNAME GIVEN NAME MIDDLE

ADDRESS: CONTACT NO. E-MAIL ADDRESS

Please check:
□ Student Student’s ID No. Subject:
□ Dept. Faculty Employee ID No.
□ Dept. REPS/Staff Department
□ Others Pls. Specify Office Address: PURPOSE:

INTENDED PERIOD OF USE: to LOCATION:

CHECKLIST OF REQUESTED ITEMS

*if more than i8 items, provide another attachment

**Do not fill this part: to be counter signed by authorized staff upon receipt and return
RECOMMENDING APPROVAL (for DGE student):
Adviser/Subject Teacher/Faculty-in-Charge

Borrower’s Name in Printed and Signature

This is to certify that:
Date:
(Fill this portion only during the time of borrowing) 1. I have read, understood, and agreed to the “Terms of Use for
Equipment.
Noted by:
2. I received the above listed equipment(s) completely and
in good order/ condition
Subject Teacher/Adviser
APPROVED: 3. I swear to use the above listed equipment(S)
with due

Property Custodian 4. In case of damage or loss, I shall be responsible for

repair or replacement:

(Borrower’s
Principal Name over printed name)

To be accomplished upon return of equipment

Date returned:
All items in good condition? YES NO, (if no, please attach damage report)
Any missing items? YES NO., (please describe: Received by:

5.INVENTORY FORM
The Inventory form contains information about items (name, number, sales and
purchase information, and cost of goods sold account information) that any business
purchases for sale, tracks in inventory, and displays on a balance sheet.

10
 ____________ ________ ____________________ _________
Requisitioner Teacher Department Head Principal

PROCEDURES IN ACCOMPLISHING FORMS

A. Requisition Procedure
1. List down the materials and tools needed as per job requirement.
2. Check for the availability of the needed materials and tools in the stockroom.
3. Accomplish a requisition form
4. Let the shop teacher check the requisition form
5. Submit the requisition form to the materials
6. Unavailable requested materials and tools should be substituted without
sacrificing the cost and quality of work
7. The materials officer will prepare the requested materials for issuance to the
students.
B. Preparing a Job Order
Making a job order and successfully filling it are two different things. Here are
a few pointers on how a job order has to be like.
• Good job title – Perhaps the most important part and the first thing seen is
the job title. Use specific titles like Facilities Manager.
• Great job description – Create brief but compelling descriptions about the
job and help the candidates picture themselves in the position.
• Applicant qualifications – Provide mandatory minimum requirements.
• Compensation and benefits – Always state the obvious, what is in it for
the applicant.
C. How to Write a Work Order Letter

11
Writing a work order letter is a simple process, but you need to make sure you include
enough information to let your maintenance team know exactly what they need to do.
Here, we’ll go over how to write a work order letter
D. How to Make a Requisition Slip Form
Follow the steps below to create a general type of requisition slip form:
1. Prepare the sheet to be used for the form.
2. Make the header.
3. Incorporate an area for the details of the requestor.
4. Create a table for the requisition details.
5. Place a signature block.
E. Borrower’s slip.
Procedures
• Fill out a Service Equipment Request Form (SERF)
• Has it noted by either of the following?
Teacher of the student
Faculty for classroom use
Department/Unit Heads
• Submit the accomplished form to the in charge of the borrowed tools and equipment’s
Note: 3 days lead time is required. The request is still subject to approval

CUSTODIANSHIP
A government official is mandated to exercise diligence in the custodianship of any
government property.
PROCEDURES IN RECEIVING AND STORING TOOLS AND MATERIALS
The Receiving Department has the function to unload and unpack incoming materials;
check quantities received against the shippers packing list; identify goods received with
descriptions on the purchase order; prepare a receiving report; notify the purchasing
department of descriptions discovered; arrange for inspection when necessary; notify
the purchasing department of any damage in transit; and rout accepted materials to the
appropriate manufacturer’s location.

The form also provides a space for the inspection department to note either the
complete approval of the shipment or the quantity rejected and the reason for the
rejection, in inspection does not take place immediately after receipt of the materials, the
receiving report is distributed as follows: The receiving department keeps one copy and
sends another copy to the purchasing department as notice of the arrival of the materials.

All other copies go to the inspection department and are distributed when inspection
is completed. After inspection, one copy of the receiving report, with the inspection result
is sent to the accounting department, where it is matched with the purchase order and
the vendors invoice and the paid. Other copies go to various departments such as
materials and production planning. One copy accompanies the materials, so that the
storekeeper knows the quantity and the kind of materials received

12
INVENTORY
Inventory is an idle stock of physical goods that contain economic value, and are held
in various forms by an organization in its custody awaiting packing, processing,
transformation, use or sale in a future point of time

INVENTORY FORM
The Inventory form contains information about items (name, number, sales and
purchase information, and cost of goods sold account information) that any business
purchases for sale, tracks in inventory, and displays on a balance sheet.

Inspection
Inspection is the process of examining and testing the procured supplies, materials,
equipment and services including raw materials and components to determine their
conformity with the contract requirements including all applicable drawings,
specifications and purchase description.
Inspection objectives and purpose
1. To distinguish good products from bad product
2. To determine if the process is changing
3. To determine if the process is approaching the specification limits.
4. To rate quality of product
5. To rate accuracy of inspectors
6. To measure the precision of measuring instrument
7. To secure products- design information
8. To measure process capability

Procedures in preparing an inspection report to the property custodian

1. Upon receipt of the Request for Inspection, see to it that all required documents are
attached like the original copies of the perfected Purchased Order/ Contract, Delivery
Receipts/ Sales Invoice, and other.
2. Check the documents submitted as to completeness and authenticity prior to
inspection.
3. Take note of any cases of alteration erasures or other modification in the perfected
Purchase Order / Contract.
4. Take note of the receipt of the Property/ Supply Unit, the place and the date of delivery.
5. If there’s a required sample mentioned in perfected PO/Contract, ask for the approved
sample for purposes of comparison/verification.
6. After all the documents have been evaluated, proceed to the delivery site specified in
the perfected PO/ Contract and conduct inspection and testing procedure if necessary.
7. Conduct physical inspection of the items delivered. Count the items delivered and
check with the required quantity.
8. Determine whether it is brand new, reconditioned or rebuilt.
9. Take note for the obvious damage or defect in the equipment.
13
10 Prepare the inspection report immediately after inspection for the submission to the
supply officer
References:
TLE-Technical Drafting Grade 7/8 Learners Information Sheet Week 2. (First Edition, 2020). Department of
Education Region IV-A CALABARZON SDO Batangas, pages 1-5
TLE-Technical Drafting Grade 7/8 Learners Information Sheet Week 3. (First Edition, 2020). Department of
Education Region IV-A CALABARZON SDO Batangas, pages 1-9
http://ndcdela-on.blogspot.com/2017/01/safety-procedures-in-using-hand-tools.html
https://school.quipper.com/en-PH/index.html
https://www.examples.com/business/job-order.html
file:///C:/Users/DEPED/Documents/Modules/TLE8_SLM_Q1M3.pdf

LEARNING TASK 1 (Written Work)

Direction: True or False: Write Covid if the statement is true, then 19 if it is false.
Write your answers on a separate sheet of paper or on the provided answer sheet.
_____1. Before starting any drawing, be sure to keep the hands clean and free
from dirt.
_____2. Maintain the cleanliness of the working area, especially the comfort
room.
_____3. Avoid dropping your tools and equipment.
_____4. Wipe off the surface and edges of triangles and T-squares before and
After using them.
_____5. Sharpen and store your pencils properly after use.
_____6. Find and create an organizer where you can hang your measuring tools.
_____7. Always lend or borrow drafting tools and materials if possible.
_____8. Rulers should be sharpened whenever they show sign of dullness.
_____9. Use the edge of T-square and triangles to cut paper along its working
edges.
_____10. After using the tools, instruments, and equipment, clean them first before
keeping in the safe place.
References:
TLE-Technical Drafting Grade 7/8 Learner’s Packet Week 2, 2021; Department of Education Region IV-A
CALABARZON SDO Laguna San Pedro Relocation Center NHS by Ruben M. Magdangan, p. 3

14
LEARNING TASK 2 (Performance Task)
Direction: Identify at least five (5) Technical drafting tools at home and
evaluate their conditions. Use the evaluation form sample below as your guide in your
activity. Write your answers on a separate sheet of paper or on the provided answer
sheet.
Name: Date:
Year & Section:
Department:
Purpose:
No. Tools/Materials Quantity Remarks (Please check)
No. Missing
Serviceable Not serviceable

Checked by: ______________ Noted by: _______________

References:
TLE-Technical Drafting Grade 7/8 Learner’s Packet Week 3, 2021; Department of Education Region IV-A
CALABARZON SDO Laguna San Pedro Relocation Center NHS by Ruben M. Magdangan, p. 4

Week 4
MELC 3 – Select measuring instruments
- Carry out mensuration and calculation
DIFFERENT MEASURING TOOLS/INSTRUMENT AND THEIR APPLICATION
An understanding of measurement is essential for all parts of manufacturing and
production technology. Measurements must be uniform so that people have common
understanding and application in the production and use of manufactured objects.

T-Square is used as guide in drawing horizontal lines and in

measuring up to 48” straight line.

Triangles are used for drawing vertical and oblique lines.

The most used triangles are the 45O and the 30Ox 60O.

15
 Ruler is the most popular type of measuring tool. It is usually
6 or 12 inches’ in length. It is needed for measuring sizes and
distances.

Triangular Scale is used in general drawing. Its main

purpose is to reproduce the dimension in full size or to reduce
or enlarge them on a drawing. Scales help a drafter keeps
the proportions accurate.

Protractor is used for measuring and setting of angles

other than those obtainable with the triangles.

Tape measure is used to measure length. They are used to

measure many of the distances that are too long for a ruler
to measure easily and they are flexible, not rigid.

Tape or tape ruler is a concave, spring-steel blade ranging

from 1/4" to 1" wide and 6 to about 300 feet in length, coiled
inside a carrying case. Metric tape ruler comes in comparable
widths and lengths up to 10 meters. It provides an easy
means for accurately measuring curved surfaces.

Divider is like a compass in construction. As the name

implies, divider is used for dividing distances into equal parts
by the trial-and-error method.

Selecting the Right Instrument for the Job

One of the essential parts of this module that you need to learn is selecting the right
instrument to be used to accomplish the given task/job.

16
• Ruler can be defined as a tool or device used to measure length and draw straight
lines. A ruler can be used to measure lengths in both metric and customary units.
Here, the ruler is marked in centimeters (cm) along the top and in inches along the
bottom.

The marks or intervals on a ruler are called hash marks

Measuring Objects using a Ruler:

To measure the length of an object, place the zero-hash mark of the ruler exactly along
one end of the object. Align the object you are measuring along the edge of the ruler.
Note the hashmark on the ruler along which the other side of the object ends.
Here, the shoelace is 17.6cms long in metric units of length, and 7 inches long in
customary units of length.

Reading a Ruler:
Reading Centimeters and
Millimeters: A centimeter is
smaller than an inch. The
long hash marks under
which numbers are written
on the ruler denote
centimeters.
A millimeter is even smaller
than a centimeter. The
smaller hash marks
between each centimeter
represents millimeters. 10-
millimeter hash marks make
1 centimeter.

17
Reading Inches: An inch is bigger
than a centimeter. The big long
hash marks above which numbers
are written on the opposite side of
the centimeter ruler denote inches.

• Protractor helps you measure

angles (in degrees):

Protractors usually have two sets of

numbers going in opposite directions.

• Triangular scale - A triangular scale is a ruler that has a 3-lobed cross-section

with 6 different types of scales on the edges (2 on each face) used for measuring
and preparing scale drawings such as blueprints and maps. It is also called an
architect’s scale. Some types have a bamboo core and are coated with other
material on the surface. Others are made of synthetic resin or aluminum. But they
are usually 15cm or 30cm long. They should not be confused with set squares
(triangular squares) which have a different shape and function altogether.

Triangular
• Tape or tape ruler - A tape measure is a portable measurement device used to quantify
the size of an object or the distance between objects. The tape is marked along the tape
edge in inches and fractional inches, typically in quarter-, eight-, sixteenth-inch
increments
How to Read a Tape Measure
1. Find/read the markings. On a standard tape
measure, the biggest marking is the inch mark
(which generally has the biggest number, if it
has them).

2. As the increments decrease, so does the length of the mark. For example, ½"
has a bigger mark than ¼" which has a bigger mark than ⅛", and so on.
18
3. Read 1 inch. The space from the largest mark to another is 1 inch.
4. Read one-half inch. Same principle as reading
one inch, only this time the space between the
second-biggest mark and the biggest is read.
You can think of a half-inch mark as half way
between a full inch.
5. The remaining markings follow a similar pattern.
¼" is half of ½". ⅛" is half of ¼". Most tape
measure markings go as small as 1⁄16;". This
tape divides

A normal school ruler is 12 inches while a typical tape measure is 25 ft. So, if your room is 10 ft
wide, you have to use the tape measure However, in case of using the school ruler that number
rises to 10 times. You might think that the point is: “it is definitely faster and more convenient to
use the tape measure and that is why we should choose the tape measure over the school
ruler.
Alternative Measuring Instrument
How to Measure When You Don’t Have a Tape Measure or Ruler
Easy measuring devices with variable measurements:
- Your hand
- Your pinkie finger
- Your stride
- Your foot
- Your height
How to Measure When You Don’t Have a Protractor
The easiest way to measure an angle is to use a protractor. However, if you don't
have a protractor handy, you can determine the size of an angle using the basic
geometric principles of triangles. You'll need a scientific calculator to solve the equations.
Most smartphones are equipped with them, but you can also download a free app or
access a free calculator online. The calculations you need to make depend on whether
you're measuring an acute (less than 90 degrees), obtuse (more than 90 degrees but
less than 180), or reflex angle (more than 180 degrees but less than 360)
Acute angle
1. Draw a vertical line connecting the 2 rays of the
angle. To determine the number of degrees in an acute
angle, connect the 2 rays to form a triangle. Line up the
short end of your ruler with the bottom ray, then draw a
vertical line intersecting the other ray using the long side
of your ruler.
https://rb.gy/m8gopa

19
2. Measure the length of the adjacent side to find the run.
Place the end of your ruler at the vertex of the angle. Measure
the length of the adjacent side from the vertex to the point
where it intersects with the opposite side.
This amount is the run value in your slope equation, where
slope = rise/run. If you measured 7, your equation at this point
would be "slope = rise/7."
3. Measure the length of the opposite side to find the rise.
Set the short end of your ruler flush against the adjacent side
of the triangle. Measure the length of the vertical line from the
point where it meets the adjacent side to the point where it
meets the upper ray of the angle (the hypotenuse of your
triangle).
• This amount is the rise value in your slope equation. If
you measured 5, you would fill in your equation so that
"slope = 5/7."
4. Divide rise by run to find the slope of the angle. The slope
is the steepness of the diagonal line, or hypotenuse, of your
triangle. Once you know this number, you can calculate the
degrees of your acute angle.
To continue the example, the equation "slope = 5/7" would
yield "slope = 0.71428571."

CARRY OUT MENSURATION AND CALCULATION

TRADE MATHEMATICS / MEASUREMENT
Measuring accurately is a skill that should be developed. Inaccurate measurement
would mean waste of time, effort and materials. The development of the skill in
measuring starts with the ability to read measurement
An orthographic or pictorial view of an object cannot be used as a working guide in
the construction of an object without complete and accurate dimensions indicated in
the drawing.
Two Systems of Measurement
There are two systems of measurement: the English system which originated in
England and the Metric system or Systems International (S.I) which originated in
France.
The basic unit in the Systems International measurement is called the meter. The
meter is divided into 100 centimeters. Each centimeter is divided into 10 millimeters.
They are abbreviated as follows:
Millimeters - mm
Centimeters - cm
Decimeters - dm
Meter - m
20
 In the English system, the inch is divided into 16 graduations and the smallest
graduation is read 1/16.

To read measurement exceeding 1 inch say 2” and for smaller graduations, it is read
and written as: 2” 4/16 or 2 ¼.
1 foot + 2 inches + 3 smaller graduations, it is read and written as: 14” 3/16
In the Systems International measurement, the meter is divided into 10 millimeters
as shown below:

Metric System Measurement (linear equivalent)

10 millimeters (mm.) = 1 centimeter (cm.)
10 centimeters (cm.) = 1 decimeter (dm.)
10 decimeter (dm.) = 1 meter (m.)
10 meters (m.) = 1 decameter (Dm.)
10 decameter (Dm.) = 1 hectometer (Hm.)
10 hectometer (Hm.) = 1 kilometer (Km.)

English System of Measurement (linear equivalent)

12 inches (in.) = 1 foot (ft.)
3 feet (ft.) = 1 yard (yd.)

Metric Conversion Table

1 millimeter = 0.03937 inches (in.)
1 centimeter = 0.3937 inches (in.)
1 meter = 39.37 inches (in.)

English Conversion Table

1 inch (in.) = .0254 mm. = 2.54 cm. = .0254 (m.)
1 foot (ft.) = 304.8 mm. = 30.48 cm = .3048 (m.)
1 yard (yd.) = 914.4 mm = 91.4 cm = .9144 (m.)
21
 Conversion Formulas
Length in inches x 0.0254 = length in meters
Length in inches x 2.54 = length in centimeters
Length in feet ÷ 3.28 = length in meters
Length in meters x 39.37 = length in inches
Length in inches ÷ 39.37 = length in meters
Length in feet x 0.305 = length in meters
Length in feet x 30.5 = length in centimeters
CONVERSION OF FRACTION AND DECIMAL
Changing Fractions to Decimals
Any rational number can be changed from fractional form to decimal form. This is done
by simply dividing the numerator by the denominator.
Illustrative Examples:

Conversion of Decimals to Fractions

A decimal is changed to a fraction by using 10 or any power of 10 as denominator
of the given decimal. Then change to lowest term when possible.

Illustrative Examples

22
References:
TLE-Technical Drafting Grade 7/8 Learners Information Sheet Week 4. (First Edition, 2020). Department of
Education Region IV-A CALABARZON SDO Batangas, pp. 1-8

LEARNING TASK 1 (Written Work)

A. Directions: Multiple Choice. Write the letter of the correct answer on a separate sheet
of paper or on the provided answer sheet.
1. A measuring tool used to layout an angle.
a. Compass b. Divider c. Protractor d. Tape ruler

2. The most popular type of measuring tools, usually 6 or 12 inches in length.

a. Tape ruler b. Triangle c. Ruler d. Scale

3. Its main purpose is to reproduce, reduce or enlarge the dimension of size on a

drawing.
a. Tape ruler b. Triangle c. Ruler d. Scale

4. It is used for drawing vertical and oblique lines.

a. Ruler b. Scale c. Triangle d. T- Square

5. It provides an easy means for accurately measuring curved surfaces.

a. Compass b. Divider c. Protractor d. Tape Measure

23
6. These are used for the purpose of measuring dimensions.
a. Cutting Tools b. Measuring Tools c. Lining Tools d. Testing Tools

7. This is used as guide in drawing horizontal lines.

a. Ruler b. Scale c. Triangle d. T- Square

8. This instrument is used to draw circles, arcs, radii, and parts of many symbols.
a. Compass b. Divider c. Protractor d. Tape ruler

9. It is a concave, spring-steel blade ranging from 1/4" to 1" wide and 6 to about 300 feet
in length
a. Meter stick b. Tape Ruler c. Triangle d. Ruler

10. It helps a drafter keep the proportions accurate.

a. Ruler b. Scale c. Triangle d. T- Square

B. Directions: Convert the following. Write your answers on a separate sheet of paper or
on the provided answer sheet.
A. Convert fractions into decimals.
1.) ¼ to decimal _____________
2.) ¾ to decimal _____________
3.) 7/16 to decimal _____________
B. Convert decimals into fractions.
4.) 0.35 _____________
5.) 0.24 _____________
References:
TLE-Technical Drafting Grade 7/8 Learning Activity Sheet Week 4. (First Edition, 2020). Department of
Education Region IV-A CALABARZON SDO Batangas, p. 3

LEARNING TASK 2 (Performance Task)

Directions: Copy the table below and create a simple chart of at least 5 Measuring
Instruments. Use bond paper for this activity.
Drawing Tool Picture/Drawing of Function Alternative Tool
Measuring Tool

24
Scoring Rubrics
Criteria 4 3 2 1
Content Have written Have written all Have written 2- Have written
correct 4 correct 3 correct only 1 correct
functions of all functions of functions of function of tool/
tools/ tools/equipment. tools/ equipment.
equipment. equipment.
Completeness All drawings Completed 4 Completed 2-3 Completed
are completed drawings of drawings of only 1 drawing
as required. tool/equipment. tool/ of tool/
equipment. equipment.
Accuracy All drawings Only 4 drawings Only 2-3 Only 1 drawing
are accurate. are accurate. drawings are is accurate.
accurate.
Neatness Drawings are Drawings are Only few Neither neat
exceptionally neat and good. drawings are nor good at all.
neat and good. neat and good.

References:
TLE-Technical Drafting Grade 7/8 Learning Activity Sheet Week 4. (First Edition, 2020). Department of
Education Region IV-A CALABARZON SDO Batangas, p. 7-8

Week 5-6
MELC 4 – Analyze signs, symbols, and data
- Interpret technical drawings and plans

Line is one of the basic elements of art along with color, form, texture, value, volume
and perspective. In Basic Math, you can create a line just by connecting two points. Line
signifies many meanings and translations. Take a look at your palm. Every line signifies
meaning of your life. We see or portray lines in the objects of nature. They are either
visible or imaginative. We use them to draw the forms of object or to track direction of
movements. They give mental suggestions whether we are conscious of it or not.
There are two types of lines. Straight and Curved Lines.

KINDS OF STRAIGHT LINES

1.Vertical Line. Give the quality of dignity, royalty and jubilance.

Strokes are drawn downward

2.Horizontal Line. Give the idea of stability, stagnancy and tranquility

25
 Strokes are drawn from left to right for right-handed
and from right to left for left-handed individuals

3.Diagonal Line. Suggest action, progress and ascension.

Inclined strokes (diagonal) are drawn downward

4.Broken Lines. Suggest conflict, violence, speed and struggle

TYPES OF CURVED LINES

1.Restrained Curve. One with a subtle bend as the shape of a woman’s body.

2.Simple Curve. Has more pronounced bend than the restrained curve.

3. Full Curve. More forceful than the first two and follows movements of the letter “c”.

4. Compound Curve. Changes the bend towards the opposite direction which follows
the graceful movements of letter “S”.

II. ALPHABET OF LINES

Alphabet of lines are set of conventional line symbols, which have different weights,
thickness, forms and uses. Each drawing comprises of different lines. These lines
represent either a surface, a hidden surface, or a center of a hole. To make the lines
easier to read, each line are drawn with different line weights. Usually, medium soft
pencils (F or H) are used for thick lines, while slightly hard pencils (2H) are used for
thinner lines.
26
27
28
I. ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTION
This is a projection with all the views arranged at right angles to each other. It
completely describes the given object in size and in design. It is generally used as basis
for all working drawings.
We have previously started that in order to construct an object, or project, it has to be
planned and drawn accurately. This can be done in multiple views where the drawing
shows the top, front and side views of the object in a certain angle.
In this kind of drawing, an object is drawn according to how to we see it, such that,
viewed in front, we can see the width and height; on the top, length and the depth or
width; on the side, its height, width and thickness. If the three views of an object could
be drawn, we would get the exact information needed to form or construct an object.
The following figures will show on how an orthographic projection is drawn.

1. Let us presume that a block is

inside a glass case.
2. The view of an object are projected
against the casing of the glass box.
3. If we shall open the casing on the
top and the sides, we will then have
the three views of the block.

In an orthographic drawing therefore, we must try to remember that:

1. The top view (TV) shows only the shape of the object.
2. The front view (FV) shows the other forms by ways of hidden lines.
29
3. We must show only the most important views; two views may be sufficient, and at
most, three, but seldom more than three.
4. The front view is drawn on the LOWER LEFT PORTION of the drawing; the TOP
VIEW is directly aligned on top of the front view.
5. The HEIGHT and WIDTH of the object must be seen on the front view; the WIDTH
and LENGTH on the top view; and the HEIGHT, WIDTH and THICKNESS on the side
view.
6. The whole drawing or projection must be on the left and the assembly drawing
(isometric or oblique drawing of the object) must be on the right.
7. A space of from 12 – 25 mm (3/4” – 1”) must be given for each view

WAYS IN PRESENTING ORTHOGRAPHIC DRAWING

1. GLASS BOX APPROACH
• Place the object in a glass box
• Freeze the view from each direction (each of the six sides of the box) and unfold the
box

30
31
2.45 X 45 TRIANGLE METHOD
Draw the overall dimensions of the front view of the object
Measure 15 cm from the top corner of the front view, then do the same thing as the
first method.
Complete the necessary details in front and top view
Create construction lines (light lines) sideways (regardless of the dimensions)
Position the tip of the 45 x 45 triangle at the upper right of the front view.
Project the intersections to create the right side view of the object.
Input all dimensions.

3. COMPASS METHOD
Draw the overall dimensions of the front view of the object
32
 Measure 15 cm from the top corner of the front view, then do the same thing as the
first method.
Complete the necessary details in front and top view
Create construction lines (light lines) sideways (regardless of the dimensions)
Position the needle tip of the compass at the upper right of the front view. Position
also the pencil tip at the right corner of the top view.
Twist the pencil tip of the compass downwards.
Project the intersections to create the right-side view of the object.
Input all dimensions.

Reference:
TLE-Technical Drafting Grade 7/8 Learners Information Sheet Week 5. (First Edition, 2020). Department of
Education Region IV-A CALABARZON SDO Batangas, pp. 1-3
TLE-Technical Drafting Grade 7/8 Learners Information Sheet Week 6. (First Edition, 2020). Department of
Education Region IV-A CALABARZON SDO Batangas, pp. 1-5

LEARNING TASK 1 (Written Work)

DIRECTIONS: Match the correct alphabet of line illustrated on column B. Write your
answers on a separate sheet of paper or on the provided answer sheet.
A B
1. Section Line a.

2. Visible Line b.

3. Hidden Line c.

4. Long-break Line d.

5. Cutting-plane Line e.

33
6. Short-break Line f.

7. Center Line g.

8. Leader Line h.

9. Extension Line i.

10. Dimension Line j.

References:
TLE-Technical Drafting Grade 7/8 Learning Activity Sheet Week 5. (First Edition, 2020). Department of
Education Region IV-A CALABARZON SDO Batangas, p. 5

LEARNING TASK 2 (Performance Task)

Directions: Using any coloring material, color the views of the object in the Drawing
template provided to you. Analyze the different views carefully to make it visible. Use red
for top view, blue for front, green for right side view. Use bond paper for this activity.
SAMPLE:

34
References:
TLE-Technical Drafting Grade 7/8 Learning Activity Sheet Week 6. (First Edition, 2020). Department of
Education Region IV-A CALABARZON SDO Batangas, p. 4-5

Week 7-8
MELC 5 - Identify hazards and risk
- Evaluate and control hazards and risks
- Maintain Occupational Health and Safety

Hazards in the Workplace

There are many things that affect the health of a person, such as his environment,
his lifestyle, etc. Work is an important determinant of health. It can influence health in
a positive or in a negative way. A place that is safe, healthy and work-conducive entails
more productivity. In fact, with a healthy workplace you will be doing more work with
less effort.
Hazard is a term used to describe something that has the potential to cause harm.
Risk on the other hand, is a measure of the possibility of a specific harmful effect in given
circumstances. It is very important to know the difference between a hazard and a risk.

Types of workplace hazards include:

•Safety hazards - Inadequate and insufficient machine guards, unsafe workplace
conditions, unsafe work practices.
•Biological hazards - Caused by organisms such as viruses, bacteria, fungi and
parasites.
•Chemical hazards - Solid, liquid, vapor or gaseous chemicals, dust, fume or mist.
•Ergonomic hazards - Anatomical, physiological, and psychological demands on the
worker, such as repetitive and forceful movements, vibration, extreme temperatures, and
awkward postures arising from improper work methods and improperly designed
workstations, tools, and equipment.
•Physical hazards - Noise, vibration, energy, weather, electricity, radiation and pressure.

35
•Psychological hazards - Those that are basically causing stress to a worker. This kind
of hazard troubles an individual very much to an extent that his general well-being is
affected.

What are examples of a hazard?

Workplace hazards can come from a wide range of sources. General examples include
any substance, material, process, practice, etc that has the ability to cause harm or
adverse health effect to a person under certain conditions.

As shown in Table 1, workplace hazards also include practices or conditions that

release uncontrolled energy like:
• an object that could fall from a height (potential or gravitational energy),
• a run-away chemical reaction (chemical energy),
• the release of compressed gas or steam (pressure; high temperature),
• entanglement of hair or clothing in rotating equipment (kinetic energy), or
• contact with electrodes of a battery or capacitor (electrical energy).

36
 TYPE OF HAZARDS IN THE WORKPLACE

References:
TLE-Technical Drafting Grade 7/8 Learners Information Sheet Week 7-8. (First Edition, 2020). Department of
Education Region IV-A CALABARZON SDO Batangas, pp. 1-3

LEARNING TASK 1 (Written Work)

Directions: Read each item carefully and write your answers on a separate sheet of
paper or on the provided answer sheet.
1. It is a term used to describe something that has the potential to cause harm
a. Risk b. Circumstances c. Hazard d. Danger
2. Term used measure of the possibility of a specific harmful effect in given
circumstances.
a. Risk b. Circumstances c. Hazard d. Danger
3. Some examples of this type of hazard are solid, liquid, vapor or gaseous substances,
dust, fume or mist.
a. Physical b. Chemical c. Biological d. Psychological
4. It is a hazard Caused by organisms such as viruses, bacteria, fungi and parasites.
a. Physical b. Chemical c. Biological d. Psychological
37
5. This kind of hazard troubles an individual very much to an extent that his general well-
being is affected.
References:
TLE-Technical Drafting Grade 7/8 Learning Activity Sheet Week 7-8. (First Edition, 2020). Department of
Education Region IV-A CALABARZON SDO Batangas, p. 8-9

LEARNING TASK 2 (Written Work)

Direction: From the different types of workplace hazards, select the correct answer from
the given choices. Write your answers on a separate sheet of paper or on the provided
answer sheet.

CHOICES

Safety hazards Biological hazards

Physical hazards Psychological hazards
Chemical hazards Ergonomic hazards

_________________ 1. 2
__________________ .

________________ 3.
4
__________________ .

5
______________________ .

References:
TLE-Technical Drafting Grade 7/8 Learner’s Packet Week 7, 2021; Department of Education Region IV-A
CALABARZON SDO Laguna San Pedro Relocation Center NHS by Ruben M. Magdangan, p. 3

38
LEARNING TASK 3 (Performance Task)
Tools and Materials
• Drawing paper/Bond paper
• Pencil
• Any coloring medium
Direction:
1. Design a poster showing the proper use of PPE including the drawing tools and
instruments used in the shop. You are free to choose any available coloring medium.
The poster should be informative and should clearly show the main message.
Your poster/ could focus on:
• Hazard identification and risk assessment in general.
• The responsibility of your teacher and you as a student.
2. Your work will be graded based on the Evaluation Sheet given.

References:
K to 12 Basic Education Curriculum Technology and Livelihood Education Learning Module
MECHANICAL DRAFTING (EXPLORATORY COURS) pp. 163-164

39