Mole Objective

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1
Some Basic Concepts
of Chemistry
PHYSICAL QUANTITIES AND SI UNITS :
Physical Definition SI Unit
The 11th general conference of weights and measures in 1960 Quantity
recommended the use of international system of units. volume length cube m3
Abbreviated as SI Units (after the French expression La System area length square m2
International de units). The SI system has seven basic units of speed distance travelled ms– 1
physical quantities as follows : per unit time
Physical quantity Abbreviation Name of unit Symbol acceleration speed changed ms– 2
per unit time
time t second s
density mass per unit volume kg m–3
mass m kilogram kg
pressure force per unit area kgm–1s–2 or Nm–2
length l metre m (pressure = Pa)
temperature T kelvin K force mass times acceleration kgms–2
of object (Newton N)
electric current I ampere A
energy force times distance kgm2s–2
light intensity Iv candela Cd
travelled (Joule J)
amount of substance n mole mol frequency cycles per second s–1 (hertz = Hz)
DERIVED UNITS : power energy per second kgm2s–3 or Js–1

(Watt = W)
The units obtained by combination of basic units are
electric charge ampere times second As (coloumb = C)
known as derived units e.g. velocity is expressed as distance/
time. Hence unit is m/s or ms–1. Some common derived units are electric potential energy per unit JA –1 s –1 or kgm 2 s – 3
difference charge A–1 (volt = V)
SOME NON SI UNITS IN COMMON USE :
Quantity Unit Symbol SI definition SI Name
Length angstrom Å 10–10 m 0.1 nanometers (nm)
Volume litre L 10–3 m3 1 decimeter (dm3)
Energy calorie cal kg m2s–2 4.184 Joule (J)
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2 Chemistry
Mass atomic mass unit amu 1.66057 × 10–27 kg
pound lb 0.453502 kg
Force dyne dyn 10–5 N
pound force lbf 4.44822 N
Pressure bar bar 105 Nm–2 (or Pa)
atmosphere atm 101325 Nm–2 (or Pa)
Torr torr 101325 / 760 Nm–2 (or Pa)
mm of Hg mmHg 13.5951 × 980.665 × 10–2 Nm–2
STANDARD PREFIXES FOR EXPRESSING THE DECIMAL FRACTIONS OR MULTIPLES OF FUNDAMENTAL

UNITS :
Fraction Prefix Symbol Multiple Prefix Symbol
10 –1 deci d 10 1 Deka da
10 –2 centi c 10 2 Hecta h
10 –3 milli m 10 3 kilo k
10 –6 micro m 10 6 Mega M
10 –9 nano n 10 9 Giga G
10 –12 pico p 10 12 Tera T
10 –15 femto f 10 15 Peta P
10 –18 atto a 10 18 Exa E
SOME CONVERSION FACTORS : 6. Force : 1 N = 105 dyne = 0.22481 lbf

1. Mass : 1 kg = 10 3g = 2.2046 lb; 1 mg (milligram) = 10 –3g; 7. Power : 1 Watt = 107 ergs–1 = 1.341 × 10–3 hP
1 mg (micro gram) = 10–6g 1 W = 1 J sec–1 = 1 VA
1 1 hP = 745.7 Watt
1 amu = mass of isotope of C12 8. Temperature :
12
K = °C + 273.15
1 amu = 1.6605 × 10–24 g = 1.6605 × 10–27 kg
2. Length : 1Å = 10–8 cm = 10–10 m; 5
°C = ´ (°F - 32)
1 pm = 10–10 cm = 10–12 m= 10–2Å 9
1 nm = 10–7 cm = 10–9 m = 10 Å
9
1 nm = 103 pm °F = ´ °C + 32
5
3. Volume : 1 litre = 1000 cm 3 = 1000 ml = 1 dm 3 = 10 –3 m 3
= 0.22 gal Dimensional analysis factor label method or unit factor method.
1 m3 = 106 cm3 = 35.3146 ft3 It is conversion of units from one system to other.
4. Pressure : 1 atm = 760 torr = 760 mm Hg = 76 cm Hg Example : Conversion of L (litre) into m3 (metre). Find unit factor
= 1.013 × 105 Pa relating L and m3
= 1.01325 bars = 101325 Nm–2 = 14.7 lb m–2 (psi) 1L = 1000 cm3
= 76.0 × 13.595 × 980.66 = 1.01325 × 106 dyne cm–2
5. Work & Energy : 1L
=1 ...(i)
1J = 107 erg = 0.7373 ft lbf 1000 cm 3
1 cal = 4.184 J = 4.184 × 107 erg 1m = 100 cm or 1m3 = (100 cm)3
1 eV = 1.602 × 10–12 erg = 1.602 × 10–19 J
1 eV/molecule or atom = 96.4853 kJmol –1 1 m3
= 23.06 kcal mol–1
=1 ...(ii)
106 cm3
1 J = 1 kg m2 sec–2 = 1 V × 1C = 1VA sec
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Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry 3

From (i) and (ii) which are unit factors (i) Significance of zero : If zero is used to locate the decimal
point it is not considered as significant figure. Thus in 0.0072
1L 1 m3 there are only two significant figures whereas in 70.40, there
3 =
1000 cm 106 cm3 are four significant figures since zero is after 4. Again in
0.0070 there are two significant figures, since zero after 7 is
\ 1L = 10–3m3 and
significant for it has a meaning when written in exponentials.
1m3 = 103 L
If we compare 7.0 × 10–3 and 7 × 10–3 , the first term has
PRECISION AND ACCURACY uncertainty of one in seventy and second has uncertainty
Precision : It is the closeness of various measurements for the of one in seven. The exponential term does not add to
same quantity. number of significant figures.
Accuracy : It is the agreement of a particular value to the true (ii) Addition and substraction of quantities : In this case the
value.
uncertainty in the result is equal to the sum of the
Example : Let the true weight of a substance be 3.00g. The
uncertainties of the individual quantities.
measurement reported by three students are as follows
(iii) Multiplication and division : In this case the uncertainty in
Student Measurements/g Average/g the result is equal to the sum of the percentage of individual
1 2 uncertainties.
A 2.95 2.93 2.94
Examples :
B 3.01 2.99 3
C 2.94 3.05 2.99 (a) How many significant figures are there in following digits.
(i) 0.0426 (ii) 526
Case of student : It is precision but no accuracy since measurements (iii) 4.50 × 103 (iv) 0.00269 (v) 2.725 × 104
one close but not accurate.
Sol. (i) 0.0426 g has 3 significant figures.
Case of student : Measurements are close (precision) and accurate
(Accuracy) (ii) 526 ml has 3 significant figures.
(iii) 4.50 × 103 kg has 3 significant figures.
Case of C student : Measurement are not close (no precision) and
not accurate (no accuracy) (iv) 0.00269 has 3 significant figures.
Stoichiometry : It is calculation of masses or volumes of reactants (v) 2.725 × 104 has 4 significant figures.
and products involved in a chemically balanced reaction. Consider (b) Write the following in exponential notation.
the formation of ammonia. (i) 2365
N2 (g) + 3H2 (g) 2NH3(g) (ii) 60000 g (three significant figures)
All are gases indicated by letter (g) and coefficients 3 for H2 and (iii) 72400 g (four significant figures)
2 for NH3 are called stoichiometric coefficients. The formation of (iv) 0.0030 g
ammonia can be interpreted in many ways. Sol. (i) 2.365 × 103 or 23.65 × 102 or 0.2365 × 104
• One mole of N2(g) reacts with three moles of H2(g) to give
(ii) 6.00 × 104
two moles of NH3(g).
• 28g of N2(g) reacts with 6g at H2(g) to give 34g of NH3(g). (iii) 7.240 × 104
• 22.4L of N2(g) reacts with 67.2L of H2(g) to give 44.8L of (iv) 3.0 × 10–3
NH3(g) (iv) Rounding off : The following rules are observed.
Scientific Notation : The representation of large numbers in the (a) If the digit after the last digit to be retained is
form of N × 10n is known as scientific notation or exponential less than 5, the last digit is retained as such
notation. N can have value 1 to 10 and n is exponent having e.g. 1.752 = 1.75 (2 is less than 5).
positive or negative value.
(b) If the digit after the last digit to be retained is more than
Example (i) 0.000000028 can be written an 2.8 × 10–8
5, the digit to be retained is increased by 1
(ii) 4200000000 can be written as 4.2 × 109
e.g. 1.756 = 1.76 (6 is more than 5).
SIGNIFICANT FIGURES : (c) If the digit after the last digit to be retained is equal to
The weight 7.52 gm of a substance indicates that it is reliable to the 5, the last digit is retained as such if it is even and
nearest hundredth of a gram and may be expressed as 7.52 ± 0.01. It increased by 1 if odd.
means slightest variation may occur at the second place of decimal or * *
we can say that uncertainty is ± 0.01 g. e.g. 1.7 5 5 = 1.76 (* odd) & 1.7 6 5 = 1.76 (* even)
Now consider the weight 6.4234 g. It may correctly be expressed (v) Calculations involving addition and substraction : In case
as 6.4234 ± 0.001 g. of addition and substraction the final result should be reported
In the first case the weight contains three significant figures and to the same number of decimal places as the number with the
in the second case weight contains five significant figures. minimum number of decimal places e.g.
JEEMAIN.GURU
4 Chemistry
(a) 34.72 (has two decimal places) SEPARATION OF MIXTURES :
8.1 (has one decimal place) Mixtures can be separated into constituents by following methods:
------------ (i) Filtration can separate those mixtures whose one component
42.82 is soluble in a particular solvent and other is not.
------------ (ii) Distillation can be used to separate constituents of mixtures
Ans. = 42.82 but it should have only one decimal place so having different boiling points.
answer is 42.8. (iii) Extraction dissolves one out of several components of
(b) 59.273 mixture.
– 24.92 (iv) Crystallisation is a process of separating solids having
------------ different solubilities in a particular solvent.
34.353 (v) Sublimation separates volatile solids which sublime on
------------ heating from non-volatile solids.
Ans. = 34.35 (upto two decimal places) (vi) Chromatography is the technique of separating constituents
(vi) Calculations involving multiplication and division : In this of a mixture which utilises the property of difference of
case the final result should be reported having same number adsorption on a particular adsorbent.
of significant digits as that of the number having least (vii) Gravity separation separates constituents having different
significant digits. densities.
Example : 9.24 × 3.6 = 33.264 Rounded off to 33. (viii) Magnetic separation can separate magnetic components
3.6 is the number with least significant figures (two), hence from non magnetic ones.
final result is limited to two significant digits. Result is 33.
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL CHANGES :
5.235 A change which does not affect chemical composition and
In case of division = 0.3996 . Rounded off to 0.400.
13.1 molecular structure is a physical change and the one that involves
13.1 is the number with least (three) significant figures hence alteration of chemical composition and molecular structure is a
the result will be 0.400. chemical change.
MATTER : (i) Chemical Combination is reaction between two or more
Anything which occupies space, possesses mass and can be felt elements or compounds to form a single substance.
is called matter. H2 + I2 2HI
CLASSIFICATION OF MATTER :
(ii) Displacement means replacement of one element of compound
MATTER by another.
Physical Chemical
(iii) Decomposition involves splitting of a compound to form
Classification Classification
two or more substances.
SOLIDS LIQUIDS GASES CaCO 3 ¾

¾® CaO + CO 2
(iv) Combustion is a complete and fast oxidation of a substance.
PURE SUBSTANCES MIXTURES
C 2 H 4 + 3O 2 ¾
¾® 2CO 2 + 2H 2 O
ELEMENTS COMPOUNDS
(v) Neutralisation is the reaction between acid and base to form
HOMOGENEOUS HETEROGENEOUS a salt.
MIXTURES MIXTURES
ELEMENT : HCl + NaOH ¾

¾® NaCl + H 2 O
Pure substance consisting of one type of particles in the form of (vi) Polymerisation is the combination of molecules of same or
atoms eg. Cu, Na, Fe or molecules eg. H2, O2 etc. different substances to form a single molecule called polymer.
COMPOUND :
nCH 2 = CH 2 ¾
¾® -( CH 2 - CH 2 -) n
Pure substance consisting of molecules formed by the combination
of atoms of different elements eg. CO2, H2O etc. (vii) Photochemical changes occur in presence of visible or
MIXTURES : ultraviolet light.
Mixtures are substances made of two or more elements or (viii) Double decomposition or metathesis is the exchange of
compounds in any proportion. They may be homogeneous or oppositely charged ion on mixing two salt solutions.
heterogeneous. (ix) Hydrolysis involves reaction of salts with water to form acidic
or basic solutions.
JEEMAIN.GURU

LAWS OF CHEMICAL COMBINATIONS : (i) Deducing atomicity of elementary gases
(i) Law of conservation of mass : This law was given by French (ii) Deriving relationship between molecular mass and vapour
chemist A. Lavoisier (1774) which states that "during any density
physical or chemical change, the total mass of products is (iii) Deriving formula of substances
equal to the total mass of reactants". It is also called law of (iv) Determining molecular wt. of a gas
indistinctibility. It does not hold good for nuclear reaction. (v) Deducing the gram molecular volume.
(ii) Law of definite proportions : This law was given by Proust
(1799) and states that "a chemical compound always ATOM :
contains some elements combined together in same Atom is the smallest particle of element which might not be able to
proportion by mass". For example different samples of pure exist independently.
CO2 always have carbon and oxygen in 3 : 8 ratio by mass. MOLECULE :
(iii) Law of multiple proportions : This law was given by John Molecule is the smallest particle of the substance which can
Dalton (1803) and states that "when two elements combine exist independently. It can be subdivided as
to form two or more compounds, the different mass of one of (i) Homoatomic molecules are molecules of same element and
the elements and the fixed mass of the one with which it
can be further divided as monoatomic, diatomic and
combines always form a whole number ratio". This law
polyatomic molecules depending upon number of atoms. eg:
explains the concept of formation of more than one compound
He, O2, P4 etc.
by two elements.
(ii) Heteroatomic molecules are molecules of compound. They
(iv) Law of reciprocal proportions : This was given by Richter
can be diatomic and polyatomic. eg: H2O, PCl5, H2SO4, NO
(1792) and states that "when two elements combine
etc.
separately with a fixed mass of third, the ratio of masses in
which they do so is same or whole number multiple of the ATOMIC MASS UNIT (A.M.U.) :
ratio in which they combine with each other." This law is
1
also called law of equivalent proportions and is helpful in It is the unit of representing atomic masses. 1 a.m.u. = th the
12
determining equivalent weights.
(v) Gay Lussac's law of combining volumes : This law states mass of C-12.
that when gases react with each other, their volumes bear a MOLE :
simple whole no. ratio to one another and to volume of It is a unit which represents 6.023 × 1023 particles. The number
products (if gases) and similar conditions of pressure and
6.023 × 1023 is called Avogadro's number and is represented by N0
temperature.
or NA. Avogadro's number of gas molecules occupy a volume of
(vi) Dalton's atomic theory :
22400 cm3 at N.T.P. Number of molecules in 1 cm3 of gas at NTP is
Proposed by John Dalton in 1808. Main points are :
Loschmidt N0. With value 2.688 × 1019.
(a) Matter is made up, by indivisible particles called atoms
(b) Atoms of same elements are identical in physical and ATOMIC MASS :
chemical properties. "It is the number of times the atom of the element is heavier than
(c) Atoms of different substances are different in every H atom" was the first proposed definition. Later on oxygen was
respect preferred as standard. In 1961 C-12 was chosen as standard and
(d) Atoms always combine in whole numbers to form thus "the number of times the atom of an element is heavier than
compounds 12th part of C-12 is called atomic mass of the element.
(e) Atoms of resultant compounds possess similar
properties Mass of an atom of the element
Atomic mass =
DRAWBACKS OF DALTON'S THEORY : 1
´ mass of C - 12 atom
12
(i) Does not explain structure of atom.
(ii) Fails to explain binding forces between atoms in compounds. AVERAGE ATOMIC MASS :
(iii) Does not explain Gay Lussac's law. It is the mass of each isotope determined separately and then
(iv) Does not differentiate between atom and molecule. combined in ratio of their occurrence. Suppose a and b are two
AVOGADRO'S LAW : isotopes of an element with their occurence ratio p : q then
It states that "equal volumes of all gases, under similar conditions
p´ a + q ´b
of temperature and pressure contain equal number of molecules". Average atomic mass =
p+q
Applications are
JEEMAIN.GURU
6 Chemistry
DETERMINATION OF ATOMIC MASS : (ii) Victor meyer method : This method can determine the
(i) Dulong and petit's rule : It is based on experimental facts. molecular mass as
"At ordinary temperature, product of atomic mass and W
specific heat for solid elements is approximately 6.4 and this Molecular mass = × 22400
V
product is known as atomic heat of the element".
where W is the mass of liquid in gm. occupying a volume V
Atomic mass × specific heat = 6.4 ml at STP.
The law is valid for solid elements except Be, B, Si (iii) Vapour density method : Vapour density is the ratio of
and C. volume of a gas to the mass of same volume of hydrogen
Correct At. mass = Eq. mass × valency under identical conditions.
Cp Mass of V litre of gas
(ii) Specific heat method : This method is for gases. = , V.D. =
Cv Mass of V litre of hydrogen
where C p = specific heat at constant pressure and
Cv = specific heat at constant volume. the ratio g is a constant 1 Weight of volatile substance
or V.D. = ´ 22400
= 1.66 for monoatomic, 1.40 for diatomic, 1.33 for triatomic 2 Volume at STP
gas
Thus molecular mass = 2 × V.D.
and atomic mass of gaseous element
(iv) Colligative properties method : This method can be helpful
Mol. mass Mol. mass in determining molecular mass as
= = .
atomicity g
Kb ´ w ´1000
(iii) Chloride formation method : This method converts the elevation in boiling point ( DTb ) =
W ´ mol. mass
element (whose mass is to be determined) into volatile
chloride whose vapour density is found by Victor Mayer Where DTb is elevation in b.p., Kb is molal elevation constant
method. w is wt. of solute W is wt. of solvent
Molecular mass = 2 × V.D.
Kf ´ w ´1000
(iv) Vapour density method is suitable for elements having volatile Depression in freezing point ( DTf ) =
chlorides. W ´ mol. mass
Atomic mass = Eq. mass of metal × valency. GRAM MOLECULAR MASS OR MOLAR MASS :
(v) Mitscherlich's law of isomorphism : It states that That amount of substance whose mass in grams is equal to its
isomorphous substances have similar chemical constitution. molecular mass or the equivalently molecular mass of a substance
Isomorphous substances form crystals of same shape and expressed in grams is called gram molecular mass. Gram molecular
valencies of elements forming isomorphous salts are also
mass is also called one gram molecule. thus
same. eg: ZnSO4. 7H2O, MgSO4.7H2O and FeSO4.7H2O are
isomorphous. Wt. of substance (gms.)
No. of gm molecules =
GRAM ATOMIC MASS (GAM) GMM of substance
Is the mass of an atom expressed in gms. EQUIVALENT MASS :
Mass of element in grams It is the number of parts by weight of the substance that combines
No. of Gm-atoms of element =
GAM of element or displaces, directly or indirectly, 1.008 parts by mass of hydrogen
or 8 parts by mass of oxygen or 35.5 parts by mass of chlorine.
MOLECULAR MASS :
It can be calculated as
It is the average relative mass of the molecule as compared with
mass of C-12 atom. Atomic mass
(i) Equivalent mass for elements = Valency
Molecular mass = Average relative mass of one molecule
1
´ Mass of C - 12 atom Molecular mass
12 (ii) Equivalent mass for acids =
Basicity of acids
CALCULATION OF MOLECULAR MASS :
(i) Graham's law of diffusion : It states that rate of diffusion of Molecular mass
(iii) Equivalent mass for bases =
two gases is inversely proportional to the square root of Acidity of base
ratio of their molecular weights.
(iv) Equivalent mass for salts
r1 M2
= Formula mass
r2 M1 = ( Valency of cation ) ( No. of cations)
JEEMAIN.GURU

(v) Equivalent mass for oxidising agents (iv) Electrolytic method : It states that the quantity of substance
Formula mass that reacts at electrode when 1 Faraday of electricity is passed
= is equal to its GEM.
No. of electrons gained per molecule
GEM = Electrochemical equivalent × 96500
(vi) Equivalent mass for reducing agents
and ratio of weights deposited by equal amount of electricity
Formula mass is in ratio of their equivalent masses.
No. of electrons lost per molecule (v) Oxide method :
(vii) Equivalent weight of radicals
Weight of metal
Equivalent mass of metal = ´ 8.0
Formula mass of radical Weight of oxygen
= No. of units of charge
Weight of metal in gram
FORMULA MASS : = ´ 5.6 litre
It is obtained by adding atomic masses of various atoms present Vol. of O2 in litre
in the formula and this term replaces molecular mass in ionic (vi) Double decomposition :
compounds.
ACIDITY : AB + CD ¾
¾® AD ¯ + CB
It is the number of OH– ions that can be displaced from one
molecule of a substance. Weight of compound AB
BASICITY : Weight of AD
It is the number of H+ ions that can be displaced from one molecule
of a substance. Eqv. mass of A + Eqv. mass of B
=
GRAM EQUIVALENT MASS (GEM) : Eqv. mass of A + Eqv. mass of D
It is the mass of a substance expressed in grams or equivalently
the quantity of substance whose mass in grams is equal to its Wt. of salt Eqv. mass of salt
Þ =
equivalent mass is called one gram equivalent or gram equivalent Wt. of ppt. Eqv. mass of salt in ppt.
mass.
(vii) Neutralisation method for acids and bases :
Mass in gm
No. of gm equivalents = . Equivalent mass of acid (base)
GEM
METHODS OF DETERMINING EQUIVALENT Wt. of acid (base)
=
MASSES : Vol. of acid (base) in one litre required for neutralization
(i) Hydrogen displacement method : It is for metals which can ´ Normality of acid (base)
displace H2 from acids.
Equivalent mass of metal (viii) Silver salt is method commonly used for organic acids.
Weight of metal 108 ´ Mass of silver salt
= ´ 1.008 Eqv. mass of acid = - 107
Weight of displaced hydrogen Mass of Ag metal
Weight of metal in gram Mol. mass of acid = Eqv. mass of acid × Basicity
= ´11.2 litre
Vol. of H 2 in litre (ix) Platinichloride method for bases :
(ii) Metal displacement method : It utilises the fact that one Eqv. mass of base
GEM of a more electropositive metal displaces one GEM of a
195 ´ Mass of platinum salt
W1 E1 = - 205
less electropositive metal from its salt. = Mass of pt. metal ´ 2
W2 E 2
Mol. mass of base = Eqv. mass of base × Acidity
(iii) Conversion method : When one compound of a metal is
converted to another compound of similar metal then (x) Chloride method :
Weight of first compound Weight of metal

Eqv. mass of metal = ´ 35.5
Weight of second compound Weight of chlorine
E + Eqv. mass of first radical
= Weight of metal in gram
E + Eqv. mass of second radical = ´11.2 litre
Vol. of Cl 2 in litre
where E is the eqv. mass of the metal.
JEEMAIN.GURU
8 Chemistry
(xi) Volatile chloride method PARTS PER MILLION (ppm) :
Valency of metal It is the mass of solute present in one million parts by mass of
solution.
2 ´ VD of chloride 2 ´ VD
= = Mass of solute
Eq. mass of metal chloride E + 35.5 ppm = ´ 10 6
Mass of solution
2 ´ VD of chloride NORMALITY :
ÞE= - 35.5 It is the number of gram equivalents of a solute present in one litre
Valency
of solution.
CHEMICAL EQUATION : Gram equivalent s of solute
Normality =
It is the equation representing chemical change in terms of formula Volume of solution in litre
of reactants and products
(i) An equation which has not been equalised in terms of number Mass of solute in gms.
=
of atoms of reactants and products is called a skeleton GEM of solute ´ volume of solution in litre
equation. Normality depends on temperature. Also if strength is given in
(ii) An equation having equal number of atoms of various kinds normalities, N1 of A & N2 of B
on both sides is a balanced equation. Then N1V1 = N2V2.
MOLARITY :
EMPIRICAL FORMULA : It is the number of moles of solute present in one litre of solution.
It is the simplest formula of a compound giving simplest whole
number ratio of atoms present in one molecule. e.g. CH is empirical Moles of solute
M=
formula of benzene. Volume of solution (L)
MOLECULAR FORMULA : Weight of solute
=
It is the actual formula of a compound showing the total number GMM of solute ´ Volume of solution (L)
of atoms of constituent elements e.g. C6H6 is molecular formula of
benzene. Þ Moles = M ´ V(in litre) and millimoles = M × V(in ml).
Molecular formula = n × empirical formula, where n is simple whole Molarity and mass percentage have the relation M
number.
mass percentage ´ 10 ´ d
= , where d = density
SOLUTION : GMM of solute
It is a homogenous mixture of two or more substances. The If a solution of molarity M1 and volume V1 adds up with a solvent
component of solution having larger proportion is solvent and to a final volume V2, then molarity M2 is given by
others are solute.
M1V1
MOLE FRACTION : M2 =
V2
It is the ratio of moles of a constituent to the total number of moles
in a solution. If two different solutions (M1, V1) and (M2, V2) are mixed then
Let A be solute & B is solvent then mole fraction of solute (xA) molarity of resulting solution is
M1V1 + M 2 V2
nA M=
= , where n is the number of moles. V1 + V2
nA + nB
Also, Molarity × GMM of solute = Normality × GEM of solute
Mole fraction of solution x A + x B = 1 MOLALITY :
It is the number of moles of solute in 1 kg of solvent.
MASS PERCENTAGE :
It is the number of parts by mass of solute per hundred parts by Moles of solute
Molality (m) =
mass of solution. If WA is mass of solute and WB the mass of Weight of solvent (Kg)
solvent, then
Weight of solute ´ 1000
=
WA Mol. wt. of solute ´ Wt. of solvent
Mass percentage of A = ´100 .
WA + WB Molality is independent of temperature.
FORMALITY (F) :
VOLUME PERCENTAGE : It is the number of gram formula mass of ionic solute dissolved in
It is the number of parts by volume of solute per hundred parts by 1 litre of solution.
volume of solution. If VA is volume of solute and VB is the volume
of solvent then Mass of solute (gm)
Formality =
Volume of solution (litre)´ GFM of solute
VA
Volume percentage of A = ´100 LIMITING REAGENT :
VA + VB It is the reactant which is completely consumed during the reaction.
JEEMAIN.GURU
1. Calculate the weight of Iron which will be converted into its Sol. Since terpentine oil absorbs O3, the volume of O3 absorbed
oxide by the action of 18 g of steam. by terpentine oil is 10 ml.
Sol. The required equation is 3Fe + 4H2O ¾¾ ® Fe3O4 + 4H2 Volume of O2 = 100 – 10 = 90 ml
From gas equation (m)
3 × 56 g 4 × 18 g
3´ 56 WRT
g 18 g PV =
4 M
\ Weight of Fe converted into oxide = 42 g. Mol. wt of ozonised oxygen
2. The vapour density of a mixture containing NO2 and N2O4 is WRT 1.5 ´ 0.0821´ 273
38.3 at 27°C. Calculate the moles of NO2 in 100 g mixture. = = = 33.62
PV 1´1
Sol. Molecular weight of mixture = 2 × 38.3 = 76.6
Let weight of NO2 present in mixture be x g Mol. ratio of O2 and O3 90 : 10.
M. wt. of ozonised oxygen
x 100 - x 100
then + = \ x = 20.10 g
46 92 76.6 90 ´ 32 + 10 ´ a
= = 33.62 Þ a = 48.2 .
100
20.10
Hence moles of NO2 in mixture = = 0.43 Mol. wt. of ozone = 48.2.
46
5. How many millilitre of 0.5M H2SO4 are needed to dissolve
3. A mixture of 20 ml of CO, CH4 and N2 was burnt in excess of
0.5 g of copper (II) carbonate.
O2, resulting in reduction of 13 ml of volume. The residual
gas was then treated with KOH solution to show a Sol. Millimoles of H2SO4 = Millimoles of CuCO3
contraction of 14 ml in Volume. Calculate volume of CO, CH4 0.5 ´ 1000
and N2 in mixture. All measurements are made at constant T and P. 0.5 ´ V = or V = 8.097 ml.
123.5
Sol. Let a, b and c be the volume of CO, CH4 and N2 in mixture.
1 6. The formula weight of an acid is 82.0. 100 cm3 of a solution of
(I) CO+ O 2 ¾
¾® CO 2 this acid containing 39.0 g of the acid per litre were completely
2
a a a neutralised by 95.0 cm 3 of aqueous NaOH containing 40.0 g
2 of NaOH per litre. What is the basicity of the acid?
(II) CH 4 + 2O 2 ¾
¾® CO 2 + 2H 2 O 40 ´ 1000
Sol. Normality of NaOH = =1
b 2b b 40 ´ 1000
(III) N 2 + O 2 ¾
¾® No Reaction 39 ´ 1000 39n
Normality of acid = =
Since reduction in volume is 13. This is volume of O2 used 82
then we have ´ 1000 82
n
a n = Basicity of acid
+ 2b = 13 (I)
2 N1V1 = N2V2
Volume of CO2 formed is volume absorbed by KOH
a + b = 14 (II) 39n ´ 100
= 1´ 95 n = 1.99 = 2 Basicity is 2 .
\ c = 20 – 14 = 6 ml 82
Solving I & II we get a = 10 ml, b = 4 ml.
\ CO = 10 ml, CH4 = 4 ml and N2 = 6 ml 7. For the reaction N2O5 (g) 2NO2 (g) + 0.5 O2 (g).
Calculate the mole fraction of N2O5 (g) decomposed at a
4. The weight of one litre sample of ozonised oxygen at NTP
was found to be 1.5 g. When 100 ml of this mixture at NTP constant volume and temperature if the initial pressure is 600
were treated with terpentine oil the volume was reduced to mm Hg and the pressure at any time is 960 mm Hg. Assume
90 ml. Hence calculate the molecular weight of Ozone. ideal gas behaviour.
JEEMAIN.GURU
10 Chemistry
1 10. A mixture in which the mole ratio of H2 and O2 is 2 : 1 is used

Sol. N2O5 2NO2 + O2 to prepare water by the reaction ;
2
Initial pressure 600 0 0 2 H 2 ( g ) + O 2 (g ) ¾
¾® 2 H 2 O (g )
p The total pressure in the container is 0.8 atm at 20°C before
Final pressure 600 – p 2p
2 the reaction. Determine the final pressure at 120°C after
p µ n reaction assuming 80% yield of water.
At constant T and V. Sol. 2H 2 + O 2 ¾
¾® 2 H 2 O
p Initial mole 2a a 0 Total : = 3a
= Total moles = 600 – p + 2p + = 960 ; \ p = 240
2
2a ´ 80
Moles of water formed = = 1.6a
240 100
\ mole fraction of N2O5 decomposed = = 0.4 .
600 Final moles= 0.4 a 2a 1.6a Total = 2.2 a
8. 1.20 g sample of Na2CO3 and K2CO3 was dissolved in water Now PV = nRT
to form 100 ml of a solution. 20 ml of this solution required 40 0.8 ´ V 3a ´ 0.0821´ 293
ml of 0.1 N HCl for complete neutralisation. Calculate the = or P = 0.787 atm.
P´V 2.2a ´ 0.821 ´ 393
weight of Na2CO3 in mixture. If another 20 ml of this solution
is treated with excess of BaCl 2. What will be the weight of 11. 1.00g of copper was dissolved in nitric acid and on ignition
precipitate? gave 1.25g of cupric oxide. 1.00g of cuprous oxide when
Sol. Let weight of Na2CO3 in the sample be a g then weight of
ignited in a current of hydrogen gave 0.888g of copper. Show
K2CO3 in the sample (1.20 – a)g.
that these results illustrate the law of multiple proportion.
gev of Na2CO3 + gev of K2CO3 = gev of HCl
Sol. Weight of cupric oxide = 1.25g
a (1.20 - a ) 40 ´ 0.1 ´ 5 Weight of copper = 1.00g
\ + =
53 69 1000 Weight of oxygen reacting with 1g of copper
On solving a = 0.59629 = (1.25 - 1.00) = 0.25g
\ weight of Na2CO3 = 0.59629 g Weight of Cuprous oxide = 1.00g
Addition of BaCl2 will form precipitate of BaCO3 Weight of Copper = 0.888g
Meq of BaCO3 = (Meq of Na2CO3 + Meq. of K2CO3) in 20 ml
Weight of oxygen reacting with 0.888g of Copper
= Meq of HCl in 20 ml = 40 × 0.1 = 4
= (1.00 – 0.888)
W Weight of oxygen reacting with 1.00g of Copper
\ ´ 1000 = 4 \ Wt . of BaCO 3 = 0.394 g
98.5 = 0.112g
9. A mixture of ethane (C2H6) and ethene C2H4 occupies 40 litre 1.112
= 0.127g
at 1.00 atm and at 400 K. The mixture reacts completely with 0.888
130 g of O2 to produce CO2 and H2O. Assuming ideal gas
Ratio of oxygen reacting with fixed amount of copper in
behaviour, calculate the mole fraction of C 2H4 and C2H6 in
two oxides 0.25 : .0127 = 2:1
the mixture.
Sol. Moles of C2H6 and C2H4 in the mixture It shows the law of multiple proportion.
PV = nRT 12. Show that the following figures illustrate the law of
1 × 40 = n × 0.0821 × 400 Reciprocal proportion :
n = 1.2195 Methane Carbon dioxide Water
Let a be the moles of ethane, then moles of ethene
C = 75% C = 42.86% H = 11.11%
(1.2195 – a)
H = 25% O = 57.14% O = 88.89%
7
Again C 2 H 6 + O 2 ¾ ¾® 2CO 2 + 3H 2 O Sol. In methane 75g carbon combines with 25g of H2
2
57.14
C 2 H 4 + 3O 2 ¾
¾® 2CO 2 + 2H 2 O In CO2 75g of carbon combines with ´ 75g = 100g
moles of O 2 required for complete combustion 42.86
of O2.
7 130
a + (1.2195 - a ) ´ 3 = Ratio of H2 and O2 reacting with fixed amount of carbon=
2 32
1:4
On solving a = 0.08.
In water the ratio of hydrogen and oxygen
0.808 = 11.11:88.89
= Mole fraction of ethane = = 0.66
1.2195 = 1:8 = 1:2×4
Mole fraction of C2H4 = 0.34. It show the law of Reciprocal Proportion.
JEEMAIN.GURU

13. Three oxides of a metal contain respectively 92.85%, 90.63% 16. 0.50g of Ag in nitric acid gave on addition of hydrochloric
and 86.51% of the metal. Examine if these figure are in acid, 0.665g of silver chloride. Find the equivalent weight
agreement with the law of multiple proportion. of silver.
Sol. Sol. Equivalent Wt. of Silver
I II III 0.50
wt of silver
Metal 92.85 90.63 86.51 = ´ 35.46 = ´ 35.46 = 107.99
wt of chlorine 0.165
Oxygen 7.15 9.37 13.49
(wt of chlorine = 0.665 – 0.50 = 0.165)
Ratio of oxygen reacting with 1 part of metal
7.15 9.37 13.49 17. 1g of KCl solution gives 1.925g of AgCl when heated
: :
92.85 90.63 86.51 with excess of AgNO3 solution. Taking equivalent wt of
0.077 : 0.103 : 0.156 Ag as 108 and that of Cl as 35.5 calculate the equivalent
2 :3 :4 wt of potassium
It shows the law of multiple proportion. wt of KCl eq. wt . of K + eq. wt . of Cl
Sol. =
wt of AgCl eq. wt. of Ag + eq. wt . of Cl
14. A chloride of phosphorous contains 22.57% of
phosphorous, Phosphine contains 8.82% hydrogen and 1 Eq. wt of K + 35.5
=
hydrogen chloride gas contains 97.23% chlorine. Prove 1.925 108 + 35.5
that these data illustrate the law of equivalent proportion \ Eq. wt. of K = 39.05
Sol. (i) In ph osphorous chloride, phosphorous is
= 22.57% 18. 0.622g of a nitrate of heavy metal on heating to constant
weight gave 0.466g of its oxide. Calculate the equivalent
So chlorine is (100 – 22.57) = 77.43%
weight of the metal from the above data
Ratio between masses of phosphrous and chlorine
22.57:77.43 = 1:3.43 wt of metal nitrate Eq. wt. of metal nitrate
Sol. =
(ii) In phosphine, hydrogen is = 8.82% wt of metal oxide Eq. wt. of metal oxide
So phosphorous is (100 – 8.82) = 91.18%
0.662 E + 62
Ratio between masses of phosphorous and hydrogen =
0.466 E+8
91.18 : 8.82 = 1 : 0.096 \ E = 120.4
In compounds (i) and (ii) the ratio between masses of
hydrogen and chlorine = 0.096:3.43=1.35.7 19. 0.4426g of a metallic chloride was dissolved in water and
solution made up to 100 ml., 50 ml of this solution required
(iii) In hydrogen chloride gas, chlorine is = 97.23%
1.02g of AgNO3 to precipitate the chloride completely. The
So hydrogen is (100 – 97.23) = 2.77%
specific heat of the metal was 0.057. Calculate the
therefore H : Cl = 2.77 : 97.23= 1 : 35.5
equivalent weight, atomic weight and valency of metal.
The ratio is the same, hence it illustrates the law of
Sol. Let the equivalent wt of metal be E, then
equivalent proportion.
weight of metal chloride Eq. wt. of metal chloride
15. Hydrogen sulphide contains 5.88% of hydrogen Water =
weight of silver nitrate Eq. wt. of silver nitrate
contains 11.11% of hydrogen and sulphur dioxide contains
50% of sulphur. Show that these figures illustrate the law
0.4426 E + 35.5
of reciprocal proportion =
1.02 170
Sol. Find the same amount of hydrogen which combines with
\ E = 38.26
sulphur in H2S and oxygen in H2O
According to Dulong Petit’s rule : Atomic wt × Sp. heat =
5.88g hydrogen combines with 94.12g sulphur in H2S
6.4
88.89
5.88g of hydrogen combines with ´ 5.88g oxygen 6. 4
11.11 \ Atomic wt = = 112.3
in H2O. 0.057
The ratio of S and O combining with fixed amount of H is Atomic wt. 112.3
valency = = =3
2:1. In SO2 the S:O is 1:1 Eq. wt. 38.26
Hence exact atomic wt. = 38.26×3 = 114.78
It illustrates the law of Reciprocal proportion.
JEEMAIN.GURU
12 Chemistry
20. One g of the chloride of an element was found to contain 22. 0.2988g of the silver salt of a dibasic acid on ignition gave
0.835 g of chlorine. It’s vapour density is 85. Find the 0.1944g of Silver. Find the equivalent weight of acid.
molecular formula of chloride. Sol. Equivalent weight of the acid
Sol. Weight of element = (1 – 0.835) = 0.165g æ wt. of silver salt ´ 108 ö
=ç - 107 ÷
è wt. of silver ø
Eq. wt. of element = 0.165 ´ 35.5 = 7.014
0.835
æ 0.2988 ´ 108 ö
=ç - 107 ÷ = 59
Let x be the valency of element è 0 .1944 ø
Atomic wt. of element = 7.014 x 23. 0.298g platinichloride salt of the mono acid base yielded
The Molecular formula of chloride MCl x 0.0975g of platinum. Find the equivalent weight of mono
\ Molecular weight of chloride acid base
= 7.014.x + x.35.3 = V.D ´ 2 Sol. Equivalent weight of the base
or, (42.541)x = 2 × 85 1 æ wt of Pt.salt ´195 ö
= ç - 410÷
\ x= 4 2è wt of Pt. ø
Hence Molecular formula of chloride = MCl 4
1 æ 0.298 ´ 195 ö
21. Copper sulphide and Metal sulphide are isomorphous. In = ç - 410 ÷ = 93
2 è 0.0975 ø
the first compound sulphur is 20.14% and in the second
compound 12.94%. If the atomic weight of Copper is 63.57. 24. 1.0g of metal on treatment with dilute mineral acid gave
Find the atomic weight of Metal 1242 ml of hydrogen at NTP. Calculate the equivalent
weight, atomic weight and valency of the metal, if its
Sol. Find the fixed (same) amount of sulphur reacting with
specific heat is 0.238
copper and Metal separately.
In the first-compound 1g sulphur combines with wt. of metal
Sol. Equivalent weight of metal = ´ 1.008
wt. of hydrogen
(100 - 20.14)
= 3.96 g Copper 1 ml of hydrogen at NTP = 0.00009g
20.14
1
In the second compound 1g sulphur combines with \ Eq. wt of metal = ´ 1.008 = 9 g
0.00009 ´ 1242
By Dulong Petit’s law
(100 - 12.94)
= 6.72 g Metal Atomic mass×sp. heat = 6.4
12.94
6.4
Atomic wt. of Metal wt of Metal Atomic mass = = 26.86
= 0.238
Atomic wt. of Cu wt of Copper 26.86
valency = =3
6.72 9
Atomic wt. of Metal = ´ 63.57 = 107.87
3.96 \ Exact atomic mass = 9×3 = 27
JEEMAIN.GURU
Very Short/ Short Answer Questions Long Answer Questions

1. A colourless liquid used in rocket engines, whose empirical 12. (i) Concentrated aqueous sulphuric acid is
formula is NO2, has a molar mass of 92. What is its molecular 98% H 2 SO 4 by mass and has a density of
formula? 1.84 g mL–1. What volume of the concentrated acid is
2. Reaction, 2Br – (aq) + Cl2 (aq) ! 2Cl – (aq) + Br 2(aq), required to make 5.0L of 0.50 M H2SO4 solution?
is used for commercial preparation of bromine from its salts. (Mol. weight of sulphuric acid = 98)
Suppose we have 50.0 ml of a 0.060M solution of NaBr. (ii) You are given a solution of 14.8M NH3. How many
What volume of a 0.050 M solution of Cl2 is needed to react milliliters of this solution do you require to give 100 ml
completely with Br – ? of 1MNH3? How much of water will you add?
3. 45.4L of dinitrogen reacted with 22.7 L of dioxygen and 45.4 13. (i) Copper oxide was prepared by the following methods:
L of nitrous oxide was formed. The reaction is given below: (a) In one case, 1.75 g of the metal were dissolved in
2N2(g) + O2(g) " " ! 2N2O(g) nitric acid and igniting the residual copper nitrate
Which law is being obeyed in this experiment? Write the yielded 2.19 g of copper oxide.
statement of the law. (b) In the second case, 1.14 g of metal dissolved in
4. Describe the difference between the mass of a mole of nitric acid were precipitated as copper hydroxide
oxygen atoms (O) and the mass of a mole of oxygen by adding caustic alkali solution. The precipitated
molecules (O2). copper hydroxide after washing, drying and
5. Alkaline solution of KMnO4 reacts as follows: heating yielded 1.43g of copper oxide.
2KMnO4 + 2KOH ! 2K2MnO4 + H2O + [O] (c) In the third case, 1.45 g of copper when strongly
Calculate the equivalent weight of KMnO4 in basic medium. heated in a current of air yielded 1.83 g of copper
6. Dinitrogen combines with dihydrogen to form ammonia oxide.
according to the following reaction. Show that the given data illustrate the law of
2NH 3 (g)
N 2 (g) + 3H 2 (g) constant composition.
What is the ratio of their volumes under similar conditions (ii) Elements A and B form two different compounds. In
of temperature and pressure? first case 0.52 grams of A combines with 0.72 grams of
7. Zinc and hydrochloric acid react according to the equation B and in second case 0.15 grams of A combines with
Zn(s) + 2HCl (aq) ! ZnCl2(aq) + H2(g) 0.65 grams of B. Show that these data illustrate the Law
If 0.30 mole of Zn are added to hydrochloric acid containing of multiple proportion.
0.52 mole of HCl. Which of the two reactant is limiting reagent 14. (i) Calculate the volume at STP occupied by (a) 14 g of
and how many moles of H2 are produced? nitrogen, (b) 1.5 moles of carbon dioxide and (c) 10 21
8. A glass of juice contains 9 gm of glucose (C6H12O6). How molecules of oxygen.
many atoms of each element (C, H and O) are there in the juice. (ii) Ammonia contains 82.35% of nitrogen and 17.65% of
9. Two bulbs B1 and B2 of equal capacity contain 10g oxygen hydrogen. Water contains 88.90% of oxygen and
(O2) and ozone (O3) respectively. Which bulb will have 11.10% of hydrogen. Nitrogen trioxide contains 63.15%
greater number of O-atoms and which will have greater of oxygen and 36.85% of nitrogen. Show that these
number of molecules? data illustrate the law of reciprocal proportions.
10. 4 g of copper chloride on analysis was founded to contain Multiple Choice Questions
1.890 g of copper (Cu) and 2.110 g of chlorine (Cl). What is
15. Two students performed the same experiment separately
the empirical formula of copper chloride? [Atomic mass of
and each one of them recorded two readings of mass which
Cu = 63.5 u, Cl = 35.5 u]
are given below. Correct reading of mass is 3.0 g. On the
11. Calculate the moles of NaOH required to neutralize the basis of given data, mark the correct option out of the
solution produced by dissolving 1.1 g P4O6 in water. Use following statements.
the following reactions: Students Readings
P4O6 + 6H2O ! 4H3PO3 (i) (ii)
2NaOH + H3PO3 ! Na2HPO3 + 2H2O A 3.01 2.99
(Atomic mass/g mol–1 ; P = 31, O = 16) B 3.05 2.95
JEEMAIN.GURU
14 Chemistry
(a) Results of both the students are neither accurate nor 20. One mole of a gas occupies a volume of 22.4 L. This is
precise. derived from
(b) Results of student A are both precise and accurate. (a) Berzelius’ hypothesis
(c) Results of student B are neither precise nor accurate. (b) Gay-Lussac’s law
(d) Results of student B are both precise and accurate. (c) Avogadro’s law
(d) Dalton’s law
16. A measured temperature on Fahrenheit scale
is 200 °F. What will this reading be on Celsius scale ? 21. Two containers P and Q of equal volume (1 litre each) contain
6 g of O2 and SO2 respectively at 300 K and 1 atmosphere,
(a) 40° C (b) 94° C
then
(c) 93.3 °C (d) 30° C (a) number of molecules in P is less than that in Q
17. Which of the following is an example of a heterogeneous (b) number of molecules in P and Q is same
substance? (c) number of molecules in Q is less than that in P
(a) Bottled water (b) Table salt (d) Either (a) or (b)
(c) Pieces of copper (d) Candle 22. In a chemical reaction
18. Which of the following statements about a compound is K 2 Cr 2 O 7 + xH 2 SO 4 + ySO 2
incorrect ?
¾¾® K 2SO 4 + zCr2 (SO 4 ) 3 + H 2 O
(a) A molecule of a compound has atoms of different elements.
(b) A compound cannot be separated into its constituent the values of x, y, z are
(a) 4, 1, 4 (b) 1, 3, 1
elements by physical methods of separation.
(c) 3, 2, 3 (d) 2, 1, 2
(c) A compound retains the physical properties of its
constituent elements. 23. 25.4 g of I 2 and 14.2 g of Cl 2 are made to react completely
(d) The ratio of atoms of different elements in a compound to yield a mixture of ICl and ICl3 . Calculate moles of ICl
is fixed.
and ICl3 formed
19. In compound A, 1.00g of nitrogen unites with 0.57g of
(a) 0.1, 0.1 (b) 0.2, 0.2
oxygen. In compound B, 2.00g of nitrogen combines with
(c) 0.1, 0.2 (d) 0.2, 0.1
2.24g of oxygen. In compound C, 3.00g of nitrogen combines
24. The Statue of Liberty is made of 2.0 × 105 lbs of copper
with 5.11g of oxygen. These results obey the following law sheets bolted to a framework. (1lb = 454 g). How many atoms
(a) law of constant proportion of copper are on the statue?
(b) law of multiple proportion (Atomic weight: Cu = 63.5).
(c) law of reciprocal proportion (a) 2.1 × 1027 (b) 8.6 × 1029
(c) 4.3 × 10 26 (d) 8.6 × 1026
(d) Dalton’s law of partial pressure
1. In the final answer of the expression How would the weight of the sample be reported?
(a) 3.93 g (b) 3g
(29.2 - 20.2)(1.79 ´ 10 )
(c) 3.9 g (d) 3.929 g
1.37 5. Dimension of pressure are same as that of
the number of significant figures is (a) Energy (b) Force
(a) 1 (b) 3 (c) 2 (d) 4 (c) Force per unit volume (d) Energy per unit volume
2. Given the numbers : 161 cm, 0.161 cm, 0.0161 cm. The number 6. The prefix 1018 is
of significant figures for the three numbers are (a) giga (b) kilo
(a) 3, 4 and 5 respectively (b) 3, 3 and 4 respectively (c) exa (d) nano
(c) 3, 3 and 3 respectively (d) 3, 4 and 4 respectively 7. Which of the following halogen can be purified by
3. One fermi is sublimation?
(a) 10–15 cm (b) 10–13 cm (a) I2 (b) Cl2
–10
(c) 10 cm (d) 10–12 cm (c) Br2 (d) F2
4. A sample was weighted using two different balances. The 8. A mixture of sand and iodine can be separated by
results were (a) crystallisation (b) distillation
(i) 3.929 g (ii) 4.0 g (c) sublimation (d) fractionation
JEEMAIN.GURU

9. Among the following pairs of compounds, the one that (b) 0.44 g of CO2
illustrates the law of multiple proportions is (c) 22.4 L of CO2 at STP
(a) NH3 and NCl3 (b) H2S and SO2 (d) None of these
(c) CS2 and FeSO4 (d) CuO and Cu2O 22. Number of g of oxygen in 32.2 g Na2SO4.10 H2O is
10. Irrespective of the source, pure sample, of water always yields (a) 20.8 (b) 2.24 (c) 22.4 (d) 2.08
88.89% mass of oxygen and 11.11% mass of hydrogen. This is 23. The specific heat of a metal is 0.16, its approximate atomic
explained by the law of weight would be
(a) conservation of mass (b) multiple proportions (a) 32 (b) 16 (c) 64 (d) 40
(c) constant composition (d) constant volume 24. The weight of a molecule of the compound C 60H122 is
11. If NA is Avogadro's number then number of valence electrons (a) 1.09 × 10–21 g (b) 1.4 × 10–21 g
(c) 5.025 × 10 g 23 (d) 16.023 × 1023 g
in 4.2 g of nitride ions (N3–) is
(a) 4.2 NA (b) 2.4 NA 25. The number of water molecules present in a drop of water
(c) 1.6 NA (d) 3.2 NA (volume 0.0018 ml) density = 18 ml–1at room temperature is
12. Two containers P and Q of equal volume (1 litre each) contain (a) 1.084 × 1018 (b) 6.023 × 1019
(c) 4.84 × 10 17 (d) 6.023 × 1023
6 g of O2 and SO2 respectively at 300 K and 1 atmosphere.
then 26. The percentage of Se in peroxidase anhydrous enzyme is
(a) Number of molecules in P is less than that in Q 0.5% by weight (atomic weight = 78.4). Then minimum
(b) Number of molecules in P and Q is same molecular weight of peroxidase anhydrous enzyme is
(c) Number of molecules in Q is less than that in P (a) 1.568 × 103 (b) 1.568 × 104
(c) 15.68 (d) 3.136 × 104
(d) Either (a) or (b)
27. Equivalent weight of crystalline oxalic acid is
13. The number of moles of oxygen in one litre of air containing
21% oxygen by volume, under standard conditions are (a) 90 (b) 53 (c) 63 (d) 45
28. 3 g of an oxide of a metal is converted to chloride completely
(a) 0.0093 mole (b) 0.21 mole
and it yielded 5 g of chloride. The equivalent weight of the
(c) 2.10 mole (d) 0.186 mole metal is
14. The vapour density of a gas is 11.2. The volume occupied (a) 3.325 (b) 33.25 (c) 12 (d) 20
by 11.2 g of the gas at NTP will be
29. The simplest formula of a compound containing 50% of
(a) 22.4 L (b) 11.2 L element X (atomic mass 10) and 50% of element Y (atomic
(c) 1 L (d) 44.8 L mass 20) is
15. The amount of zinc required to produce 224 ml of H2 at STP on (a) XY (b) XY3 (c) X2Y (d) X2Y3
treatment with dil. H2SO4 will be 30. The hydrogen phosphate of certain metal has formula
(a) 6.5 g (b) 0.65 g MHPO4. The formula of metal chloride would be
(c) 65 g (d) 0.065 g (a) MCl (b) M2Cl2 (c) MCl2 (d) MCl3
16. The volume occupied by 4.4 g of CO2 at STP is 31. A compound contains atoms of three elements as A, B and
(a) 22.4 L (b) 0.224 L C. If the oxidation number of A is +2, B is +5 and that of C is
(c) 2.24 L (d) 0.1 L –2, the possible formula of the compound is
17. Assuming fully decomposed, the volume of CO2 released at (a) A3(B4C)2 (b) A3(BC4)2
STP on heating 9.85 g of BaCO3 (Atomic mass, Ba = 137) will (d) ABC2 (d) A2(BC3)2
be 32. If 0.44 g of a colourless oxide of nitrogen occupies 224 ml at
(a) 1.12 L (b) 2.24 L 1520 mm Hg and 273°C, then the compound is
(c) 4.06 L (d) 0.84 L (a) NO2 (b) N2O
18. 10 dm3 of N2 gas and 10 dm3 of gas X at the same temperature (c) NO4 (d) N2O2
contain the same number of molecules, the gas X is 33. The mass of a molecule of water is
(a) CO2 (b) CO (c) H2 (d) NO (a) 3 × 10–25 kg (b) 3 × 10–26 kg
19. 7.5 grams of a gas occupy 5.6 litres of volume at STP. The (c) 1.5 × 10–26 kg (d) 2.5 × 10–26 kg
gas is 34. Number of moles of KMnO4 required to oxidize one mole of
(a) N2O (b) NO (c) CO (d) CO2 Fe(C2O4) in acidic medium is
(a) 0.167 (b) 0.6 (c) 0.2 (d) 0.4
20. 1 amu is equal to
35. 100 cm3 of 0.1 N HCl is mixed with 100 cm 3 of 0.2 N NaOH
1 1 solution. The resulting solution is
(a) of O-16 (b) of C-12
14 12 (a) 0.1 N and the solution is basic
(c) 1 g of H2 (d) 1.66 × 10–23 kg (b) 0.1 N and the solution is acidic
21. Which of the following contains maximum number of atoms? (c) 0.05 N and the solution is basic
(a) 6.023 × 1021 molecules of CO2 (d) 0.05 N and the solution is acidic
JEEMAIN.GURU
16 Chemistry
36. For preparing 0.1 N solution of a compound from its impure 46. The volume of water to be added to 100 cm3 of 0.5 N H2SO4 to
sample of which the percentage purity is known, the weight get deci normal concentration is
of the substance required will be (a) 400 cm3 (b) 450 cm3
(a) less than the theoretical weight (c) 500 cm 3 (d) 100 cm3
(b) more than the theoretical weight 47. 250 ml of a sodium carbonate solution contains 2.65 grams
(c) same as the theoretical weight of Na2CO3. If 10 ml of this solution is diluted to one litre,
what is the concentration of the resultant solution?
(d) none of these
(mol. wt. of Na2CO3 = 106)
37. 10 g CaCO3 gives on strong heating CO2. It gives quicklime
(a) 0.1 M (b) 0.01 M
(in grams)
(c) 0.001 M (d) 10–4 M
(a) 5g (b) 4.4 g (c) 5.6 g (d) 4 g
48. 3.92 g of ferrous ammonium sulphate crystals are dissolved in
38. Haemoglobin contains 0.33% of iron by weight. The 100 ml of water. 20 ml of this solution requires 18 ml of potassium
molecular weight of haemoglobin is approximately 67200. permaganate during titration for complete oxidation. The weight
The number of iron atoms (at. wt. of Fe = 56) present in one of KMnO4 present in one litre of the solution of
molecule of haemoglobin is (a) 3.476 g (b) 12.38 g
(a) 6 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) 4 (c) 1.238 g (d) 34.76 g
39. The number of molecules in 16 g of methane is 49. 30 g of Magnesium and 30 g of oxygen are reacted, then the
residual mixture contains
16
(a) 3.0 × 1023 (b) ´ 10 23 (a) 50 g of Magnesium oxide and 10 g of oxygen
6.02
(b) 40 g of Magnesium oxide and 20 g of oxygen
16 (c) 45 g of Magnesium oxide and 15 g of oxygen
(c) 6.02 × 1023 (d) ´ 10 23 (d) 60 g of Magnesium oxide only
3.0
50. In order to prepare one litre normal solution of KMnO4, how
40. 50 ml 10 N H2SO4, 25 ml 12 N HCl and 40 ml 5 N HNO3 were
many grams of KMnO4 are required if the solution is to be
mixed together and the volume of the mixture was made 1000 ml
used in acid medium for oxidation?
by adding water. The normality of the resultant solution will be
(a) 158 g (b) 62.0 g
(a) 2 N (b) 1 N (c) 3 N (d) 4 N
(c) 31.6 g (d) 790 g
41. A molal solution is one that contains 1 mole of a solute in 51. In a chemical reaction
(a) one litre of the solvent K 2 Cr 2 O 7 + xH 2 SO 4 + ySO 2
(b) 1000 g of the solvent
(c) one litre of the solution ¾
¾® K 2SO 4 + zCr2 (SO 4 ) 3 + H 2 O
(d) 22.4 litres of the solution the values of x, y, z are
42. A 100 ml solution of 0.1 N HCl was titrated with 0.2 N NaOH (a) 4, 1, 4 (b) 1, 3, 1
solution. The titration was discontinued after adding 30 ml (c) 3, 2, 3 (d) 2, 1, 2
of NaOH solution. The remaining titration was completed 52. The maximum amount of BaSO4 precipitated on mixing equal
by adding 0.25 N KOH solution. The volume of KOH required volumes of BaCl2 (0.5 M) with H2SO4 (1 M) will correspond to
for completing the titration is (a) 1.0 M (b) 0.5 M
(a) 16 ml (b) 32 ml (c) 1.5 M (d) 2.0 M
(c) 35 ml (d) 70 ml 53. In the reaction
43. An aqueous solution of 6.3 g of oxalic acid dihydrate is ® 4NO(g) + 6H 2 O(l ) ,when 1 mole
4NH 3 (g) + 5O 2 (g) ¾¾
made up to 250 ml. The volume of 0.1 N NaOH required to of ammonia and 1 mole of O2 are made to react to completion
completely neutralise 10 ml of this solution is (a) 1.0 mole of H2O is produced
(a) 20 ml (b) 40 ml (b) 1.0 mole of NO will be produced
(c) 10 ml (d) 4 ml (c) all the ammonia will be consumed
44. The percentage of nitrogen in urea is about (d) all the oxygen will be consumed
(a) 85 (b) 46 (c) 18 (d) 28 54. The set of numerical coefficients that balances the equation
45. How much of NaOH is required to neutralise 1500 cm3 of 0.1 ¾® K 2 Cr2 O 7 + KCl + H 2 O is
K 2 CrO 4 + HCl ¾
N HCl? (Na = 23) (a) 2, 2, 1, 2, 1 (b) 2, 2, 1, 1, 1
(a) 60 g (b) 4 g (c) 6 g (d) 40 g (c) 2, 1, 1, 2, 1 (d) 1, 1, 2, 2, 1
JEEMAIN.GURU
1. The mass of carbon anode consumed (giving only 12. With increase of temperature, which of these changes?
carbondioxide) in the production of 270 kg of aluminium (a) molality [AIEEE 2002]
metal from bauxite by the Hall process is (Atomic mass: (b) weight fraction of solute
Al = 27) [CBSE-PMT 2005] (c) fraction of solute present in water
(a) 270 kg (b) 540 kg (c) 90 kg (d) 180 kg (d) mole fraction.
2. The number of moles of KMnO 4 reduced by one mole of 13. Number of atoms in 558.5 gram Fe (at. wt. of Fe = 55.85
KI in alkaline medium is: [CBSE-PMT 2005] g mol–1) is [AIEEE 2002]
(a) one (b) two (c) five (d) one fifth (a) twice that in 60 g carbon (b) 6.023 ´ 1022
3. Volume occupied by one molecule of water (c) half that in 8 g He (d) 558.5 ´ 6.023 ´ 1023
(density = 1 g cm–3) is : [CBSE-PMT 2008] 14. One mole of magnesium nitride on the reaction with an
(a) 9.0 × 10–23 cm3 (b) 6.023 × 10– 23 cm3 excess of water gives : [AIEEE 2004]
(a) two moles of ammonia (b) one mole of nitric acid
(c) 3.0 × 10–23 cm3 (d) 5.5 × 10– 23 cm3
- (c) one mole of ammonia (d) two moles of nitric acid
4. Number of moles of MnO4 required to oxidize one mole of
15. If we consider that 1/6, in place of 1/12, mass of carbon atom
ferrous oxalate completely in acidic medium will be : is taken to be the relative atomic mass unit, the mass of one
[CBSE-PMT 2008] mole of the substance will [AIEEE 2005]
(a) 0.6 moles (b) 0.4 moles (a) be a function of the molecular mass of the substance
(c) 7.5 moles (d) 0.2 moles (b) remain unchanged
5. An organic compound contains carbon, hydrogen and (c) increase two fold
oxygen. Its elemental analysis gave C, 38.71% and H, 9.67%. (d) decrease twice
The empirical formula of the compound would be : 16. How many moles of magnesium phosphate, Mg3(PO4)2 will
[CBSE-PMT 2008] contain 0.25 mole of oxygen atoms? [AIEEE 2006]
(a) 1.25 × 10 –2 (b) 2.5 × 10 –2
(a) CH3O (b) CH2O (c) CHO (d) CH4O
6. How many moles of lead (II) chloride will be formed from a (c) 0.02 (d) 3.125 × 10–2
reaction between 6.5 g of PbO and 3.2 g of HCl ? 17. The density (in g mL–1) of a 3.60 M sulphuric acid solution
[CBSE-PMT 2008] that is 29% H2SO4 (molar mass = 98 g mol –1) by mass will
(a) 0.044 (b) 0.333 (c) 0.011 (d) 0.029 be [AIEEE 2007]
7. 10 g of hydrogen and 64 g of oxygen were filled in a steel (a) 1.45 (b) 1.64
vessel and exploded. Amount of water produced in this (c) 1.88 (d) 1.22
reaction will be: [CBSE-PMT 2009] 18. In the reaction, [AIEEE 2007]
(a) 3 mol (b) 4 mol (c) 1 mol (d) 2 mol 2Al( s ) 6HCl( aq ) ! 2Al3 (aq) + 6Cl" (aq) + 3H2 ( g)
8. The number of atoms in 0.1 mol of a triatomic gas is :(NA = (a) 11.2 L H2(g) at STP is produced for every mole HCl(aq)
6.02 ×1023 mol–1) [CBSE-PMT 2010] consumed
(a) 6.026 × 1022 (b) 1.806 × 1023 (b) 6 L HCl(aq) is consumed for every 3 L H2(g) produced
(c) 3.600 × 1023 (d) 1.800 × 1022 (c) 33.6 L H2(g) is produced regardless of temperature and
9. Which has the maximum number of molecules among the pressure for every mole Al that reacts
following ? [CBSE-PMT 2011 M] (d) 67.2 H2(g) at STP is produced for every mole Al that
reacts.
(a) 44 g CO2 (b) 48 g O3
19. The molality of a urea solution in which 0.0100 g of urea,
(c) 8 g H2 (d) 64 g SO2
[(NH2)2CO] is added to 0.3000 dm3 of water at STP is :
10. How many grams of concentrated nitric acid solution should
[AIEEE 2011 RS]
be used to prepare 250 mL of 2.0M HNO3 ? The concentrated
acid is 70% HNO3 [NEET 2013] (a) 5.55 # 10 "4 m (b) 33.3 m
(a) 90.0 g conc. HNO3 (b) 70.0 g conc. HNO3 (c) 3.33 × 10–2 m (d) 0.555 m
(c) 54.0 g conc. HNO3 (d) 45.0 g conc. HNO3 20. A gaseous hydrocarbon gives upon combustion 0.72 g of
20
11. 6.02 × 10 molecules of urea are present in 100 mL of its water and 3.08 g. of CO2. The empirical formula of the
solution. The concentration of solution is : [NEET 2013] hydrocarbon is : [JEE Main 2013]
(a) C2H4 (b) C3H4 (c) C6H5 (d) C7H8
(a) 0.01 M (b) 0.001 M (c) 0.1 M (d) 0.02 M
JEEMAIN.GURU
18 Chemistry
21. Experimentally it was found that a metal oxide has formula 22. Consider a titration of potassium dichromate solution with
M0.98O. Metal M, present as M2+ and M3+ in its oxide. acidified Mohr's salt solution using diphenylamine as
Fraction of the metal which exists as M3+ would be : indicator. The number of moles of Mohr's salt required per
[JEE Main 2013] mole of dichromate is [IIT-JEE 2007]
(a) 7.01% (b) 4.08% (c) 6.05% (d) 5.08% (a) 3 (b) 4 (c) 5 (d) 6
1. The correctly reported answer of addition of 29.4406, 3.2 12. A compound made up of two elements A and B is found to
and 2.25 will have significant figures contain 25% A (atomic mass = 12.5) and 75% B (atomic mass
(a) 3 (b) 4 (c) 2 (d) 5 = 37.5). The simplest formula of the compound is
2. On dividing 0.25 by 22.1176 the actual answer is 0.011303. (a) AB (b) AB2 (c) AB3 (d) A3B
The correctly reported answer will be 13. On analysis a certain compound was found to contain iodine
and oxygen in the ratio of 254 gm of iodine (atomic mass
(a) 0.011 (b) 0.01 (c) 0.0113 (d) 0.013
127) and 80 gm oxygen (at mass = 16). What is the formula of
3. In which of the following number all zeros are significant? the compound.
(a) 0.0005 (b) 0.0500 (c) 50.000 (d) 0.0050 (a) IO (b) I2O (c) I5O3 (d) I2O5
4. If law of conservation of mass was to hold true, then 20.8 14. Two oxides of a metal contain 50% and 40% metal (M)
gm of BaCl2 on reaction with 9.8 gm of H2SO4 will produce respectively. If the formula of first oxide is MO2 the formula
7.3 gm of HCl and BaSO4 equal to : of second oxide will be
(a) 11.65 gm (b) 23.3 gm (a) MO2 (b) MO3 (c) M2O (d) M2O5
(c) 25.5 gm (d) 30.6 gm 15. The ratio of the molar amounts of H2S needed to precipitate
5. One of the following combination which illustrates the law the metal ions form 20 ml each of 1 M Ca(NO3)2 and 0.5M
of reciprocal proportions ? CuSO4 is
(a) N2O3, N2O4, N2O5 (b) NaCl, NaBr, NaI (a) 1 : 1 (b) 2 : 1 (c) 1 : 2 (d) indefinite
(c) CS2, CO2, SO2 (d) PH3, P2O3, P2O5 16. 12 gm of Mg (atomic mass 24) will react completely with
hydrochloric acid to give
6. If isotopic distribution of C-12 and C-14 is 98% and 2%
(a) One mol of H2
respectively then the no. of C-14 atoms in 12gm of carbon is
(b) 1/2 mol of H2
(a) 1.032 × 1022 (b) 3.0 × 1022
(c) 2/3 mol of O2
(c) 5.88 ×1023 (d) 6.02 × 1023
(d) both 1/2 mol of H2 and 1/2 mol of O2
7. Which of the following contains maximum number of atom
17. The total number of protons in 10 gm of calcium carbonate
(a) 2.0 mole of S8 (b) 6.0 mole of S is (No = 6.023 × 1023)
(c) 5.5 mole of SO2 (d) 44.8 litre of CO2 of S.T.P. (a) 1.5057 × 1024 (b) 2.0478 × 1024
8. A sample of AlF3 contains 3.0 × 1024 F– ions. The number of (c) 3.0115 × 1024 (d) 14.0956 × 1024
formula unit of this sample are 18. 2.76 gm of silver carbonate (at mass of Ag 108) on being
(a) 9 × 1024 (b) 3 × 1024 heated strongly yield a residue weighing
(c) 0.75 × 10 24 (d) 1.0 × 1024 (a) 2.16 gm (b) 2.48 gm
9. What mass of calcium chloride in grams would be enough (c) 2.32 gm (d) 2.64 gm
to produce 14.35 gm of AgCl ? 19. If 0.5 mol of BaCl2 is mixed with 0.2 mol of Na3PO4 then maximum
(a) 5.55 gm (b) 8.295 gm (c) 16.5 gm (d) 11.19 gm number of moles of Ba 3 (PO 4 ) 2 that can be formed is
10. If potassium chlorate is 80% pure, then 48 gm of oxygen (a) 0.7 (b) 0.5 (c) 0.3 (d) 0.1
would be produced from (atomic mass of K =39) 20. 1.12 ml of a gas is produced at S.T.P. by the action of 4.12 mg
(a) 153.12 gm of KClO3 (b) 122.5 gm of KClO3 of alcohol ROH with methyl magnesium Iodide. The
(c) 245 gm of KClO3 (d) 98 gm of KClO3 molecular mass of alcohol is
11. If 224 ml of a triatomic gas has a mass of 1 gm at 273K and 1 (a) 16.0 (b) 41.2 (c) 82.4 (d) 156.0
atmospheric pressure then the mass of one atom is 21. An unsaturated hydrocarbon weighing 1.68 gm has volume
(a) 8.30 × 10–23 gm (b) 2.08 × 10–23 gm of 488 ml at S.T.P. If it contains 14% of hydrogen, then the
(c) 5.53 × 10–23 gm (d) 6.24 × 10–23 gm family to which the hydrocarbon belongs is
(a) alkane (b) alkene (c) alkyl (d) benzene
JEEMAIN.GURU

22. The number of molecules in 8.96 litre of a gas at 0ºC and 1 32. A gas mixture of 3 litres of propane (C 3H 8 ) and butane
atm. pressure is approximately
(C 4 H10 ) on complete combustion at 25° C produced 10
(a) 6.023 × 1023 (b) 12.04 × 1023
(c) 18.06 × 1023 (d) 24.08 × 1022 litre CO 2 . Find out the composition of gas mixture (Propane
20
23. If 3.01 × 10 molecules are removed from 98 mg of H2SO4, : Butane)
then the number of moles of H2SO4 left are (a) 2 : 1 (b) 1 : 2 (c) 1.5 : 1.5 (d) 0.5 : 2.5
(a) 0.1 × 10–3 (b) 0.5 × 10–3 33. On subjecting 10 ml mixture of N 2 and CO to repeated electro
(c) 1.66 × 10–3 (d) 9.95 × 10–2 spark, 7 ml of O 2 was required for combustion. What was
24. 25.4 g of I 2 and 14.2 g of Cl 2 are made to react completely the mole percent of CO in the mixture? (All volumes were
measured under identical conditions)
to yield a mixture of ICl and ICl3 . Calculate moles of ICl (a) 60 (b) 40 (c) 6 (d) 4
and ICl3 formed 34. How many of 0.1N HCl are required to react completely with
1 g mixture of Na 2CO 3 and NaHCO 3 containing equimolar
(a) 0.1, 0.1 (b) 0.2, 0.2 (c) 0.1, 0.2 (d)0.2, 0.1
amounts of two ?
25. 2 g of a mixture of CO and CO 2 on reaction with excess (a) 157.7 ml (b) 15.77 ml
I 2 O 5 produced 2.54 g of I 2 . What be the mass % of CO 2 (c) 147.7 ml (d) 14.77 ml
in the original mixture ? 35. 1 mole of mixture of CO and CO 2 requires exactly 28 g KOH
(a) 35 (b) 70 (c) 30 (d) 60 in solution for complete conversion of all the CO 2 into
26. The hydrated salt Na 2 CO 3. xH 2 O undergoes 63% loss in K 2 CO 3 . How much amount more of KOH will be required
mass on heating and becomes anhydrous. The value of x is for conversion into K 2 CO 3 . If one mole of mixture is
(a) 10 (b) 7 (c) 5 (d) 3
completely oxidized to CO 2
27. Gastric juice contains 3.0 g of HCl per litre. If a person
(a) 112 g (b) 84 g (c) 56 g (d) 28 g
produces 2.5 litre of gastric juice per day. How many antacid
36. 10 g CaCO3 were dissolved in 250 ml of M HCl or the
tablets each containing 400 mg of Al(OH )3 are needed to
solution was boiled. What volume of 2M KOH would be
neutralize all the HCl produced in one day ? required to equivalence point after boiling ? Assume no
(a) 18 (b) 14 (c) 20 (d) 17 change in volume during boiling.
28. Sulfuryl chloride (SO 2Cl 2 ) reacts with water to give a (a) 50 ml (b) 25 ml (c) 75 ml (d) 60 ml
37. 2.24 ml of a gas ‘X’is produced at STP by the action of 4.6
mixture of H 2SO 4 and HCl. How many moles of baryta mg of alcohol (ROH) with methyl magnesium iodide the
would be required to neutralize the solution formed by adding molecular mass of alcohol and the gas ‘X’ are respectively.
4 mol of SO 2Cl 2 to excess of water ? (a) 0.46,CH 4 (b) 4.6,C2 H6
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4 (c) 46, CH 4 (d) 46, C 2 H 4

29. A chloride of a metal (M) contain 65.5% of chlorine. 100 ml 38. 1.575 g of oxalic acid (COOH) 2 . xH 2O are dissolved in
of vapour of the chloride of metal at STP weights 0.72 g. The water and the volume made upto 250 ml. On titration 16.68
molecular formula of the metal chloride is ml of this solution requires 25 ml of N/15 NaOH solution for
(a) MCl 4 (b) MCl3 (c) MCl 2 (d) MCl complete neutralization calculate x.
(a) 3 (b) 2 (c) 4 (d) 5
30. 7.36 g of a mixture of KCl and KI was dissolved in H 2 O to 39. Suppose two elements X and Y combine to form two
prepare 1 litre solution. 25 ml of this required 8.45 ml of 0.2 N compounds XY2 and X 3Y2 when 0.1 mol of former weighs
AgNO 3 , what are % of KI in mixture ? 10 g while 0.05 mol of the latter weights 9 g. The atomic
masses of X and Y are respectively
(a) 57.28 (b) 47.28 (c) 5.72 (d) 49.12
(a) 60 & 40 (b) 30 & 40
31. When burnt in air, 14.0 g mixture of carbon and sulphur
(c) 40 & 30 (d) 40 & 60
gives a mixture of CO 2 and SO 2 in the volume ratio of 2 :
40. The vapour density of a mixture containing NO 2 and
1, volume being measured at the same conditions of
N 2 O 4 is 27.6. Mole fraction of NO 2 in the mixture is
temperature and pressure moles of carbon in the mixture is
(a) 0.8 (b) 0.6
(a) 0.75 (b) 0.5 (c) 0.40 (d) 0.25
(c) 0.4 (d) 0.2
JEEMAIN.GURU
20 Chemistry
EXERCISE 1 7. (a) Iodine undergoes sublimation (volatile solid). Others do

1. The molecular formula is N2O4 not sublime.
8. (c) By sublimation since I2 sublimes.
2. V1 (Volume of chlorine solution)
9. (d) In CuO and Cu2O the O : Cu is 1 : 1 and 1 : 2. This is law
= 3.00 × 10 –2L
of multiple proportion.
5. Equivalent weight = 158 g 10. (c) The H : O ratio in water is fixed, irrespective of its source.
6. The ratio of their volumes is 1 : 3 : 2. Hence it is law of constant composition.
7. HCl is the limiting reagent. Moles of H2 produced = 0.26 11. (b) Moles of nitride ion
mol. 4.2
= = 0.3 mol = 0.3 N A nitride ions.
8. 36.12×1022 ‘H’ atoms and number of 'O' atoms will be similar 14
to 'C' atoms as per the molecular formula of glucose. Valence electrons = 8 × 0.3 N A = 2.4 N A
9. Both contain the same number of atoms but bulb B1 contains (5 + 3 due to charge). One N3– ion contains 8 valence
more number of molecules. electrons.
10. Empirical Formula = CuCl2.
6 6
11. 0.04 moles of NaOH. 12. (c) Mol. of O2 = & mol. of SO2 = . The number of
32 64
0.50 5 molecules of SO2 will be less than that of O2.
12. (i) V1 = = 0.136L 13. (a) 21% of 1 litre is 0.21 litre.
18.4
22.4 litres = 1 mole at STP
(ii) V1 = 6.76 ml,
0.21
Volume of water added = 93.24ml ! 0.21 litre = = 0.0093 mol
22.4
14. (i) (a) 14 g of N2 occupy = 11.2 litres at STP
14. (b) V.D. = 11.2 ! M. Wt = 22.4 g
(b) 1.5 moles of CO2 occupy = 33.6 litres at STP It corresponds to 22.4 litres at STP
(c) 1021 molecules of O2 occupy ! 11.2 g = 11.2 L
= 37.2 cm3 at STP 15. (b) Zn + H 2SO 4 "" # ZnSO 4 + H 2

15. (b) 16. (c) 17. (d) 18. (c) 19. (b)
65 g Zn gives 1 mole of H2 = 22400 ml of H2
20. (c) 21. (c) 22. (b) 23. (a) 24. (b) 224 ml of H2 will be obtained from 0.65 g Zn.
EXERCISE 2 16. (c) 1 Mol CO2 = 44 g = 22.4 litre at N.T.P.
! 4.4 g CO = 2.24 L at NTP.
1. (c) Solution gives 1.1 × 106, hence significant figures are 2. 2
The exponential term does not add to significant figures. 17. (a) BaCO 3 "" # BaO + CO 2
2. (c) Each has three significant figures. When zero is used to
locate the decimal point it is not considered as singnificant 192 g of BaCO3 1 gives mol of CO2 = 22.4 L
figure. 9.85 g of BaCO3 will give 0.05 mol of CO2 which is equal
3. (b) One fermi is 10–13 cm. to 1.12 litre.
4. (a) Out of two 3.929 g is more accurate and will be reported 18. (b) The number of molecules of N2 and X are same. Hence
as 3.93 after rounding off. they must have the same molecular weights.
Energy ! X is CO.
5. (d) which can be shown
volume 7.5
Pressure 19. (b) PV = nRT ! 5.6 × 1 = 0.0821 273
M. Wt.
= Force =
Work (energy/di stance)
=
Energy M. Wt = 30.12 Hence gas is NO.
area Area Volume
6. (c) Exa = 1018 (see text.) 1
20. (b) 1 amu = of the mass of C-12.
12
JEEMAIN.GURU

21. (c) 22.4 L of CO2 at STP = 1 mole = 6.023 × 1023 molecules. 34. (b) The required equation is
Hence number of atoms 3 × 6.023 × 1023.
22. (c) M. Wt of Na2SO4.10 H2O is 322 g which contains 224 g 2KMnO 4 + 3H 2SO 4 ¾
¾®
oxygen. \ 32.2 g will contain 22.4 g oxygen. K 2SO 4 + 2MnSO 4 + 3H 2O + 5 [O]
6.4 nascent oxygen
23. (d) = Apx. Atomic mass
Specific heat
2Fe(C2 O 4 ) + 3H 2SO 4 + 3 [ O ] ¾¾
®
6.4 Fe 2 (SO 4 )3 + 2CO 2 + 3H 2O
\ Apx. At.wt = = 40
0.16 O required for 1 mol. of Fe(C2O4) is 1.5, 5O are obtained
24. (b) M. Wt of C60H122 = 842g from 2 moles of KMnO4
842 2
\ Wt of one molecule = 23
= 1.4 ´10 - 21 g \ 1.5 [O] will be obtained from = ´ 1.5 = 0.6 moles of
6.023 ´10 5
KMnO4.
25. (b) 0.0018 ml = 0.0018 g = 0.0001 mole of water = 10-4 mole
35. (b) Normality = N1V1 - N 2 V2 = 0.2 ´ 100 - 0.1´100
\ Number of water molecules = 6.023 ´ 10 23 ´ 10 -4 V1 + V2 100 + 100
= 6.023 × 1019
26. (b) 0.5% by weight means. If Mol. wt. is 100 then mass of Si 10
= = 0.05 N NaOH
is 0.5. If at least one atom of Se is present in the molecule 200
then 36. (b) More than theoretical weight since impurity will not
100 contribute.
M. Wt = ´ 78.4 = 1.568 ´ 10 4
0.5 37. (c) CaCO3 CaO + CO2
27. (c) Eq. Wt of crystalline oxalic acid (COOH)2. 2H2O 100 g 56 g
10 g CaCo3 will give 5.6 gCaO
M.Wt . 126
= = = 63
2 2 0.33
38. (d) Weight of Iron in 67200 = ´ 67200 = 221.76
100
Wt. of metal oxide 221.76

28. (b) Number of atoms of Iron = = 3.96 º 4
Wt. of metal chloride 56
39. (c) 16 g CH4 is 1 mol. Hence number of molecules
Eq. wt of metal + Eq. wt of oxygen
= = Avogadro number = 6.023 × 1023.
Eq. wt of metal + Eq. wt of chlorine
N1V1 + N 2 V2 + N 3 V3
40. (b) N =
3 E+8 Total volume
= \ E = 33.25
5 E + 35.5
50 ´ 10 + 25 ´ 12 + 40 ´ 5
29. (c) 50% x atomic mass 10, 50% y atomic mass 20. Relative = = 1N
1000
50 41. (b) Molal solution contains 1 mole of solute in 1000 g solvent.
number of atoms of X = 50 = 5 and that Y = = 2. 5
10 20 42. (a) N1V1 = N2V2 + N3V3
Simple Ratio 2 : 1. Formula X2Y 0.1 × 100 = 0.20 × 30 + 0.25 V3 \ V3 = 16 ml.
30. (c) Formula of metal phosphate is M++H+PO4– – – . 6.3 ´ 1000
Valency of metal + 2. Hence metal chloride is MCl 2. 43. (b) Normality of oxalic acid = = 0. 4 N
63 ´ 250
31. (b) Sum of oxidation states must be equal to zero which is
N1V1 = N2V2 10 × 0.4 = V × 0.1 = 40 ml.
given by A3(BC4)2 = A3B2C8 (+ 6 + 10 – 16 = 0)
44. (b) NH2CONH2 M. Wt of urea=60.
32. (b) PV = nRT
224 ´ 1520 0.44 % N in urea = 28 ´ 100 = 46
= ´ 0.0821´ 546 60
1000 ´ 760 M
45. (c) For neutralisation gev of acid = gev of base
\ M = 44 approx. Hence gas = N2O
0.1´ 1500
33. (b) Mass of one molecule of Water gev. of HCl = = 0.15 º gev. of NaOH
1000
18
= 23
= 3 ´10 - 23 g = 3 ´10 - 26 Kg 1 gev. of NaOH = 40 g
6.023 ´10 \ 0.15 gev. of NaOH = 40 × 0.15 = 6 g.
JEEMAIN.GURU
22 Chemistry
46. (a) N1V1 = N2V2
270 ´ 10 3
\ 100 × 0.5 = 0.1 × V2 No. of gram equivalent of Al = = 30 × 103
\ V2 = 500 water to be is added 400 ml. 100 ml is already 9
present. Hence,
No. of gram equivalent of C = 30 × 10 3
Wt ´ 1000 2.65 ´ 1000 Again,
47. (c) Molarity = = = 0.1 M
MW ´ V 106 ´ 250 No. of gram equivalent of C
M1V1 = M2V2 mass in gram mass
\ 10 × 0.1 = 1000 × M2 = 0.001 M = Þ 30 × 103 =
gram equivalent weight 3
48. (a) Normality of ferrous Amm. sulphate
Þ mass = 90 × 10 g = 90 kg
3
= 3.92 ´ 1000 = 0.1 (Eq. wt of FAS is 392) +7 - +6

392 ´ 100 2. (a) KMnO4 ¾OH
¾
¾® K 2 MnO 4
N1V1 = N2V2 Change in oxidation number of Mn in basic medium is 1.
20 × 0.1 = 18 × N2 N2 = 0.111 Hence mole of KI is equal to mole of KMnO 4.
1 gev. of KMnO4 = 31.6g Mass
0.111 gev. of KMnO4 = 31.6 × 0.111 = 3.5 g. 3. (c) Density =
Volume
49. (a) 2Mg + O 2 ¾¾
® 2MgO 1gram
1 gram cm–3 =
2 × 24 2×16 2 × 40 cm 3
48 g 32 g 80 g Mass 1gram
given30 g 30 g Volume = = = 1cm 3
Density 1gram cm -3
Actually
\ Volume occupied by 1 gram water = 1 cm3
Reacting 30 g 20 g 50g (formed)
or Volume occupied by
O2 left (30 – 20) = 10 g MgO formed 50 g.
50. (c) Eq. wt of KMnO4 in acid medium is 31.6 g. Hence this 6.023 ´ 1023
molecules of water = 1 cm3
much amount must be dissolved in 1 litre to prepare 18
normal solution. 1
[\ 1g water = moles of water]
18
51. (b) K 2Cr2 O 7 + H 2SO 4 + 3SO 2 ¾
¾® Thus volume occupied by 1 molecule of water
1 1 3
1 ´ 18
= cm 3 = 3.0×10–23 cm3.
K 2SO 4 + Cr2 (SO 4 )3 + H 2 O 6.023 ´ 10 23
i.e. the correct answer is option (c).
52. (b) BaCl 2 + H 2SO 4 ¾
¾® BaSO 4 + 2HCl 4. (a)
1 Mole 1 Mole 1 Mole 2KMnO4 + 3H2SO4 K2SO4 + 2MnSO4 + 3H2O + 5(O)] × 3
COO
0.5 Mole 0.5 Mole 0.5 Mole 2 Fe + 3(O) Fe2O3 + 2CO2 ]×5
COO
53. (d) 4 NH 3 (g ) + 5O 2 (g ) ¾
¾® 4 NO(g ) + 6H 2 O (l) 6KMnO4 + 9H2SO4 +10 COO
Fe 3K2SO4 + 6MnSO4 + 9H2O
(6 moles) COO
4 moles 5 moles 4 moles 6 moles + 5Fe2O3 + 10CO2
(10 moles)
given 1 Mole 1 Mole
From above equation 6 moles MnO4– required to oxidise
Reacting 0.8 1 ® 0.8 1.2 10 moles of oxalate.
(formed) Thus number of moles of MnO4– required to oxidise one
All, O2 consumed being limiting. 6
mole of oxalate = = 0.6 moles
10
54. (a) 2K 2 CrO 4 + 2HCl ¾¾® K 2 Cr2 O 7 + 2KCl + H 2 O
2 2 1 2 1
5. (a) Element Percentage Atomic Atomic Simple
weight ratio ratio
EXERCISE 3 C 38.71 12 38.71 3.23
= 3.23 =1
1. (c) 2Al 2O3 � 3C �� Al � 3CO 2 12 3.23
Gram equivalent of Al2O3 � gm equivalent of C H 9.67 1 9.67 9.67
= 9.67 =3
1 3.23
27
Now equivalent weight of Al = =9 O 100 - 16 51.62 3.23
3 (38.71 + 9.67) = 3.23 =1
16 3.23
= 51.62
12 0 +4
Equivalent weight of C = = 3 (C CO 2 ) Thus empirical formula is CH3O.
4
JEEMAIN.GURU

6. (d) Writing the equation for the reaction, we get
14. (a) Mg 3 N 2 + 6H 2 O 3Mg(OH ) 2 + 2 NH 3
PbO + 2HCl ¾¾ ® PbCl2 + H2O
207 + 16 2 × 36.5 207 + 71 15. (d) Relative atomic mass
= 223 g = 73g = 278g
6.5 Mass of one atom of the element
No. of moles of PbO = = 0.029 = th
223 1/12 part of the mass of one atom of Carbon - 12
3.2
No. of moles of HCl = = 0.0877 Mass of one atom of the element
36.5 ´ 12
or
Thus PbO is the limiting reactant 1 mole of PbO produce mass of one atom of the C - 12
1 mole PbCl2.
Now if we use 1/6 in place of 1/12 the formula becomes
0.029 mole PbO produces 0.029 mole PbCl2.
1 Mass of one atom of the element
7. (b) H2 + O ! H2 O ´6
2 2 Mass of one atom of C - 12
10g 64g
16. (d) 1 Mole of Mg3(PO4)2 contains 8 mole of oxygen atoms
æ 10 ö æ 64 ö
ç =5 mol ÷ ç = 2 mol ÷ \ 8 mole of oxygen atoms º 1 mole of Mg3(PO4)2
è2 ø è 32 ø
In this reaction oxygen is the limiting agent. Hence 1 -2
amount of H2O produced depends on the amount of O2 0.25 mole of oxygen atom º ´ 0.25 = 3.125 ´ 10
8
taken
Q 0.5 mole of O2 gives H2O = 1 mol 17. (d) Since molarity of solution is 3.60 M. It means 3.6 moles
\ 2 mole of O2 gives H2O = 4 mol of H2SO4 is present in its 1 litre solution.
8. (b) The number of atoms in 0.1 mole of a triatomic gas Mass of 3.6 moles of H2SO4
= 0.1 × 3 × 6.023 × 1023. = Moles × Molecular mass = 3.6 × 98 g = 352.8 g
= 1.806 × 1023 \ 1000 ml solution has 352.8 g of H2SO4
9. (c) No. of molecules 29% H2SO4 by mass means 29 g of H2SO4 is present in
44 100 g of solution
Moles of CO2 = =1 NA \ 352.8 g of H2SO4 is present in
44
100
48 = ´ 352.8 g of solution = 1216 g of solution
Moles of O3 = =1 NA 29
48
Mass 1216
8 Density = = = 1.216 g/ml = 1.22 g/ml
Moles of H2 = = 4 4NA Volume 1000
2
18. (a) 2Al(s) + 6HCl(aq) ® 2Al3+(aq) + 6Cl– (aq) + 3H2(g)
64
Moles of SO2 = =1 NA Q 6 moles of HCl produces = 3 moles of H2
64 = 3 × 22.4 L of H2 at S.T.P
wt " 1000 3 ´ 22.4
10. (d) Molarity (M) = \ 1 mole of HCl produces = L of H2 at S.T.P
.P
mol. wt. " vol (ml) 6
= 11.2 L of H2 at STP
wt. 1000 19. (a) Molality = Moles of solute / Mass of solvent in kg
2= ×
63 250 0.01/ 60 0.01
Molality = = ;
63 0.3 60 " 0.3
wt. = gm
2 d = 1 g/ml
100
wt. of 70% acid = ´ 31.5 = 45 gm = 5.55 " 10#4 m
70 20. (d) Q 18 gm, H2O contains = 2 gm H
6.02 ´ 10 20 ´ 1000 6.02 ´ 1021
11. (a) M = = 2
100 ´ 6.02 ´ 10 23 6.02 ´ 1023 \ 0.72 gm H2O contains = " 0.72 gm = 0.08 gm H
18
= 0.01 M Q 44 gm CO2 contains = 12 gm C
12. (c) Volume increases with rise in temperature. Thus, some
water molecule may be evaporated at high temp. \ 3.08 gm CO2 contains = 12 " 3.08 = 0.84 gm C
44
558.5
13. (a) Fe (no. of moles) = = 10 moles 0.84 0.08
55.85 \C: H= :
12 1
C (no. of moles) = 60/12 = 5 moles. = 0.07 : 0.08 = 7 : 8
\ Empirical formula = C7H8
JEEMAIN.GURU
24 Chemistry
21. (b) For one mole of the oxide 9. (a) The desired equation is
Moles of M = 0.98
CaCl 2 + 2AgNO3 ® 2AgCl + Ca(NO3 ) 2
Moles of O2– = 1 111g 143.5´2g
Let moles of M3+ = x
\ Moles of M2+ = 0.98– x \ 14.35 g of AgCl will be obtained from
on balancing charge 111 ´ 14.35
= 5.55gm
(0.98 – x) × 2 + 3x – 2 = 0 143.5 ´ 2
x = 0.04
heat
10. (a) 2KClO3 ¾¾¾
0.04 ® 2KCl + 3O 2
\ % of M3+ = �100 � 4.08% 2´122.5g 3´32g
0.98 245 96
22. (d) The following reaction occurs:
48 gm of oxygen will be produced from 122.5 g of KClO3
6Fe 2 $ + Cr2 O 27 # + 14H + ! 6Fe 3+ + 2Cr 3+ + 7H2O
\ Amount of 80% KClO3 needed
From the above equation, we find that Mohr's salt
(FeSO4.(NH4)2SO4.6H2O) and dichromate reacts in 6 : 1 100
= ´ 122.5 = 153.12gm
molar ratio. 80
EXERCISE 4 11. (c) The conditions given are standard conditions
1. (a) Sum of the figures 29.4406, 3.2 and 2.25 is 34.8906. The 224 ml has mass = 1g ;
sum should be reported to the first place of decimal as 3.2 22400 ml will have mass = 100g. This is mol. wt of gas
has only one decimal place. After rounding off the sum is 6.023 × 1023 molecules have 3 × 6.023 × 1023 atoms since
34.9. Hence number of significant figures is three. gas is triatomic
2. (a) 0.25/22.1176 = 0.011303. The least precise term has two \ weight of one atom
significnat figures, hence the result is 0.011.
100
3. (c) If zero is used to locate the decimal point it is considered = = 5.5 ´ 10 - 23 g
a significant figure. In 50.000 all zero are significant. 3 ´ 6.023 ´ 10 23
4. (b) The desired equation is 12. (a) Proceed as follows :
Element % At. wt. RNA Simplest ratio
BaCl 2 + H 2SO 4 ® BaSO 4 + 2HCl
208g 98g 233g 73g
7.3g 25
20.8g 9.8g 23.3g A 25 12.5 =2 1
12.5
5. (c) In law of reciprocal proportions, the two elements
combining with the third element, must combine with each 75
B 75 37.5 =2 1
other in the same ratio or multiple of that Ratio of S and O 37.5
when combine with C is 2 : 1. Ratio of S and O is SO2 is 1 : 1
\ The simplest formula of compound is AB
2 ´ 12
6. (a) 2% of 12 gm of carbon is = = 0.24g which is 254
100 13. (d) Moles of Iodine present = =2
127
C-14
\ The number of atoms in it 80
Moles of oxygen = =5
16
0.24 ´ 6.02 ´10 23
= = 1.03 ´10 22 atoms \ The molecular formula is = I2O5
14
7. (c) Number of atoms in 2.0 mole of S8 14. (b) Let the atomic weight of metal be M then
M = 50% 50/M = 1
= 2 ´ N A ´ 8 = 16 N A
O = 50% 50/16 = 2
number of atoms in 6.0 mole of S = 6 × NA = 16.5 NA
The formula is = MO2
Number of atoms in in 5.5 mole of SO2
= 5.5 × NA × 3 = 16.5 NA 16 1
Number of atoms in 44.8 litre at STP of \ = . Thus atomic weight of metal = 32
M 2
CO2 = 2 × NA × 3 = 6 NA
8. (d) An, AlF3 the number of F is 3 for one AlF3 molecule For second oxide
3F– º 1 formula unit of AlF3 M = 40% 40/32 = 1.25 1
O = 60% 60/16 = 3.75 3
1
3.0 × 1024 F– º ´ 3.0 ´ 10 24 AlF3 units \ Formula is MO3
3
JEEMAIN.GURU

23. (b) Moles of H2SO4 in 98 mg of H2SO4
20 ´ 1
15. (b) Moles of Ca++ to be precipitated = = 0.02 1
1000 = ´ 0.098 = 0.001
98
20 ´ 0.5 Moles of H2SO4 removes
Moles of Cu++ to be precipitated = = 0.01
1000
3.01 ´ 10 20
Hence molar amount of H2S will be in the ratio 2 : 1 = = 0.5 ´ 10 -3 = 0.0005
6.02 ´ 10 23
æ Molarity ´ volume in ml ö Moles of H2SO4 left = 0.001 – 0.0005 = 0.5 × 10–3
ç Remember Moles = ÷
è 1000 ø
24. (a) I 2 + 2Cl 2 ¾
¾® ICl + ICl3
16. (b) Mg + 2 HCl ® MgCl 2 + H 2 25.4 14.2
1 mole 1 mole 0 0 moles in the beginning
1 1 1 254 71
mole mole (12g of Mg = mol )
2 2 2 0.1 0.2 0 0
0 0 0.1 0.1 moles after reaction
10 25. (c) 5CO + I 2 O 5 ® 5CO 2 + I 2
17. (c) 10g of CaCO3 is = 0.1 mole
100
25.4
Number of protons in 1 mole of CaCO3 = (At. No. of Ca + Moles of I 2 O 5 =
254
At. No. of C + 3 At. No. of O) = 20 + 6 + 24 = 50 moles.
= 0.01 º 0.05 moles of CO
Protons in 0.1 mole of CaCO3 = 0.1 × 50 × 6.02 × 1023
Weight of CO = 0.05 × 28 = 1.4 g;
= 3.01 × 1024
18. (a) Decomposition of Ag2CO3 gives silver Weight of CO 2 = 2 – 1.4 = 0.6 g
0.6
2Ag 2CO3 ® 4Ag + 2CO2 + O 2 Hence % of CO 2 = × 100 = 30%
2´276g 4´108g 2
2.76g 2.16g
26. (a) Na 2 CO 3. xH 2 O . Its weight = 106 + 18 x .
19. (a) The chemical equation is
Weight of anhydrous Na 2CO 3 = 106
3BaCl 2 + 2 Na 3PO 4 ® Ba 3 (PO 4 ) 2 + 6NaCl 18 x ´ 100
3Mole 2 mol 1mol % loss in weight = = 63
0.3mol 0.2 mol 0.1mol 106 + 18x
Hence Ba3(PO4)2 obtained is 0.1 mole \ x = 10
20. (c) Let the alcohol be ROH and x its molecular weight 3
27. (b) geq of HCl = ´ 2.5 = 0.20548 = geq of Al(OH )3
ROH + CH 3 MgI ® CH 4 + ROMgI 36.5
xg 16 g 0.20548 ´ 78
Weight of Al(OH)3 = = 5.342 g = 5342 mg
3
4.12 16 4.12
g of alcohol will produce ´ g of methane
1000 x 1000 5342
\ No of tablets = = 13.35 = 14
400
16 ´ 1.12
Methane actually obtained is = g 28. (b) SO 2Cl 2 + 2H 2O ® H 2SO 4 + 2HCl
22400
H 2SO 4 + Ba (OH) 2 ® BaSO 4 + 2H 2 O
16 ´ 4.12 16 ´1.12
equal = = \ x = 82.4 2HCl + Ba (OH) 2 ® BaCl 2 + 2H 2O
x ´ 1000 22400
Total moles of Ba (OH) 2 required = 2
21. (b) Element % At. wt. RNA Simplest Ratio
29. (b) Molecular weight of metal chloride
C 86 12 86/12=7.16 1
H 14 1 14/1 = 142 0.72 ´ 22400
= = 161.28 g
\ Empirical formula µ CH2 corresponds to general 100
formula CnH2n of alkene Weight of chlorine in metal chloride
22. (d) At S.T.P. 22.4 litre of gas contains 6.023 × 1023 molecules 65.5 ´ 161.28
\ molecules in 8.96 litre of gas = = 105.64 g
100
6.023 ´10 23 ´ 8.96 105.64
= = 24.08 ´10 22 Mole atoms of chlorine = =3
22.4 35.5
Hence metal chloride is MCl3
JEEMAIN.GURU
26 Chemistry
30. (a) K I + KCl; (geq of mixture = geq of AgNO 3 ) 1

35. (b) CO + O 2 ® CO 2 ;
xg (7.36 – x) g 2
æ x 7.36 - x ö 8.45 ´ 0.2 ´ 40 CO 2 + 2KOH ® K 2 CO 3 + H 2O

ç + ÷ =
è 166 74.5 ø 1000 28
Moles of KOH = = 0.50
\ on solving x = 4.216x 56
\ % of KI = 57.28% It corresponds to 0.25 mol of CO 2
31. (b) Let weight of C be xg, then S will be (14 – x) g
Hence mol of CO = 1 – 0.25 = 0.75 º mole of CO 2 formed
x / 12 2 Mol of KOH requred = 2 × 0.75 = 1.5 = 1.5 × 56 = 84 g
=
(14 - x) / 32 1
10
36. (b) Meq. of CaCO3 = × 1000 = 200
6 50
\ x = 6 g ; Moles of C = = 0.5 Meq. of HCl = 250 × 1 = 250
12
Meq. of HCl left in the solution = 250 – 200 = 50
32. (a) C3H 8 + 5O 2 ® 3CO 2 + 4H 2O \ Meq. of KOH requred V × 2 = 50
a 3a \ V = 25 ml
13 37. (c) ROH + CH 3 MgI ® CH 4 + ROMgI
C 4 H10 + O 2 ® 4CO 2 + 5H 2 O
2 1 mol of ROH º 1 mol of CH 4 º 22400 at STP
(3 – a) 4 (3 – a) 0.0046
But 3a + 4 (3 – a) = 10 Hence molecular wt of ROH = × 22400
2.224
\ a = 2 (Propane ) and 3 – 2 = 1 (Butane )
= 46 g
33. (a) N 2 + O 2 ® 2 NO
1
a a 2a 38. (b) Meq of oxalic acid in 16.68 ml = Meq of NaOH = 25 ×
15
1
CO + O2 ® CO 2 1 250
2 Meq of oxalic acid in 250 ml = 25 × × = 24.98
15 16.68
(10 - a )
(10 – a) (10 – a) 1.575
2 × 1000 = 24.98
(90 + 18x ) / 2
(10 - a ) \ x= 2
a+ =7
2
10
\ a= 4 39. (c) Molecular weight of XY2 = = 100
0 .1
volume of CO = 6 ml
9
6 ´ 100 molecular weight of X 3Y2 = = 180
Mole % of CO = = 60 0.05
10
Let a and b be the atomic masses of X and Y respectively.
34. (a) Na 2CO 3 NaHCO 3 Then a + 2b = 100
x (1 – x) 3a + 2b = 180
\ a = 40 and b = 30
x 1- x
= given (moles are equal ) 40. (a) V.D max = X NO2 (V.D) NO2 + X N 2O 4 (V.D) N 2O 4
106 84
27.6 = X × 23 + (1 – X) × 46
x = 0.557
\ X NO2 = 0.8
0.557 0.443 V ´ 0.1
+ =
53 84 1000
V = 157.7 ml
JEEMAIN.GURU

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DERIVED UNITS : power energy per second kgm2s–3 or Js–1

SOME NON SI UNITS IN COMMON USE :

Quantity Unit Symbol SI definition SI Name

Length angstrom Å 10–10 m 0.1 nanometers (nm)

Volume litre L 10–3 m3 1 decimeter (dm3)

Energy calorie cal kg m2s–2 4.184 Joule (J)

Mass atomic mass unit amu 1.66057 × 10–27 kg

Force dyne dyn 10–5 N

pound force lbf 4.44822 N

Pressure bar bar 105 Nm–2 (or Pa)

atmosphere atm 101325 Nm–2 (or Pa)

Torr torr 101325 / 760 Nm–2 (or Pa)

mm of Hg mmHg 13.5951 × 980.665 × 10–2 Nm–2

STANDARD PREFIXES FOR EXPRESSING THE DECIMAL FRACTIONS OR MULTIPLES OF FUNDAMENTAL

10 –18 atto a 10 18 Exa E

SOME CONVERSION FACTORS : 6. Force : 1 N = 105 dyne = 0.22481 lbf

Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry 3

SOLIDS LIQUIDS GASES CaCO 3 ¾

ELEMENT : HCl + NaOH ¾

Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry 5

Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry 7

Weight of first compound Weight of metal

Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry 9

1 10. A mixture in which the mole ratio of H2 and O2 is 2 : 1 is used

Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry 11

Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry 13

Very Short/ Short Answer Questions Long Answer Questions

Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry 15

Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry 17

Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry 19

4 mol of SO 2Cl 2 to excess of water ? (a) 0.46,CH 4 (b) 4.6,C2 H6

(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4 (c) 46, CH 4 (d) 46, C 2 H 4

EXERCISE 1 7. (a) Iodine undergoes sublimation (volatile solid). Others do

= 37.2 cm3 at STP 15. (b) Zn + H 2SO 4 "" # ZnSO 4 + H 2

Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry 21

Wt. of metal oxide 221.76

= 3.92 ´ 1000 = 0.1 (Eq. wt of FAS is 392) +7 - +6

Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry 23

Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry 25

30. (a) K I + KCl; (geq of mixture = geq of AgNO 3 ) 1

æ x 7.36 - x ö 8.45 ´ 0.2 ´ 40 CO 2 + 2KOH ® K 2 CO 3 + H 2O

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