University of Sydney

ASSESSMENT TASK 01
Urban Ecology: Framework &
Precedent Analysis
ARCH9080 Urban Ecology, Design and Planning

Peixuan Zhang, Trin Woo, Yanhua Yang, Ye Lu, Yujia Zheng, Zhanbin Wang
12 September 2021
Content

Content................................................................................................................................... 1

1. Introduction......................................................................................................................... 2

2. Literature Review & Analytical Framework.......................................................................... 3

3. Comparative Review .......................................................................................................... 5

3.1 The comprehensiveness of the sustainability framework of two projects ....................... 5

3.2 Urban Ecology Theme or Issues and Reasons ............................................................. 9

3.3 Ongoing monitoring and management regime..............................................................12

3.4 Sustainability Framework Achievement ........................................................................15

3.5. Resilience ...................................................................................................................19

4. Discussion .........................................................................................................................21

5. Conclusion.........................................................................................................................21

Reference List: ......................................................................................................................22

PEIXUAN ZHANG, TRIN WOO, YANHUA YANG, YE LU, YUJIA ZHENG, ZHANBIN WANG 1
1. Introduction

The Central Park project located at Sydney in Australia and the BedZED project situated at South
London in the UK are some of the successful and sustainable urban renewal projects. Firstly,
Central Park has unique features such as the One Central Park which is a 117-meter-tall
residential tower, the tallest building in the area (Nouvel & Beissel 2014). Central Park’s first
commercial building is the Central Park Mall which was designed by London architects known as
Foster + Partners. Central Park has two parks, the main park referred to as Chippendale Green
and a pocket park known as Balfour Street Park which connects the Central Park with the rest of
the Chippendale. The project was strategically located in that it was at close proximity with the
CBD, major universities such as Sydney University, the Central Station and other community
amenities making it sustainable. Central Park can generate and distribute clean energy, conserve
water, mitigate the urban heat-island effect and manage wind (White 2018).

Secondly, BedZED is considered as the UK's major zero carbon community. The eco-community
project was initiated by Bioregional and implemented by Peabody Trust in partnership with ZED
factory and Bioregional architects. The project was started by Bill Dunster, a Bioregional architect
aiming at creating a zero carbon eco-village (Bioregional 2020). The stakeholders acquired an
undeveloped land near Beddington Farmlands and developed it alongside their partners.
Currently, the project comprises 100 homes, college, office space and community facilities.
BedZED was designed to provide massive reductions in water use and climate-changing
greenhouse gas emissions. The project was aimed at providing a greener, less wasteful and
lesser reliance on private vehicles. Having achieved these objectives and standing the test of time,
the project has attracted numerous global investors and due to its all-round sustainability.

The above two sustainability projects have proved to be very successful and effective in their
domains. They managed to achieve their original intensions and still remained sustainable. The
two projects have won numerous national and international awards due to their sustainable
initiatives. For example, the Central Park project won a Gold Award for Excellence for
Sustainability in Design due to its urban utility strategy whereas the BedZED project received the
Housing Design Award for sustainability in 2001 from the Royal Institute of British Architects
(Bioregional 2020). Therefore, this report will provide a comparative review of two urban renewal
projects, Central Park project in Australia and BedZED eco-community project in UK.

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2. Literature Review & Analytical Framework

The article Environmental Impact Assessment Review by Sharifi and Murayama discusses as the
21st century how neighborhood sustainability evaluation methods have been prevalent. Many
communities, mainly in the developing world, use these methods to monitor their progress
towards sustainable development objectives. Sharifi and Murayama also examine sustainability
(SD) and coverage, pre-requirements, local adaptation, evaluation and classification,
collaboration, reporting, and application utilizing the article content analysis of Sharifi and
Murayama. Furthermore, the research suggests that most of the instruments cannot address
sustainability's social, economic, and organizational components; ambiguity and weighting,
evaluation and classification processes are not sufficient. Additionally, there is no mechanism for
local adaptation or involvement; only those technologies integrated into the broader master plan
perform well in application.
Alternatively, the article by Abastante et al. called the 'sustainability' also indicates comprehensive
aspects of the SD plan, which include both direct and indirect associations concerning
Sustainable Development Goal 11 (SDG11) and sustainability protocols, and how the two
elements could the sustainability protocols constitute a solution towards the achievement of
SDG11 (Abastante, Lami & Gaballo 2021). The article discusses the background and rationale
relationship of the necessity to implement effectively for SD, which stems from an underlying
contained tension among the fast rate of human transformation and the slow speed of
environmental and social regeneration. The competitive feature is evident in cities, which is more
likely to be implemented, production them the sites where the sustainability problem is
troublesome and vital.

Several environmentalist studies have revealed that most industrialized countries' environmental
problems are primarily the result of increased industrial and technical growth. On the other hand,
Undeveloped countries have ecological challenges due to poverty, overpopulation, and illiteracy.
According to the World Commission on Environment and Development (WCED), in its 1987 report
to the United Nations (U.N.), sustainable development is defined as addressing the requirements
of the present without jeopardizing future generations' capability to meet their own requirements
(McLean & Roggema 2019). Therefore, the countries of the globe have generally adopted the
well-known notion of sustainable development for environmental maintenance and enhancement
as a technique that responds to the requirements of the present without denying the coming
generations the right to access natural resources (Boyle, Michell & Viruly 2018). The concept of

PEIXUAN ZHANG, TRIN WOO, YANHUA YANG, YE LU, YUJIA ZHENG, ZHANBIN WANG 3
sustainability has appropriately been stated to ensure a balance between people's development
and associated conservation.

Sustainability is gradually becoming a measurable state of dynamic human-ecological systems

rather than an abstract concept. Several economic, social, and environmental indicators
accessible now create an ungainly picture of system sustainability (Boyle et al. 2018). S.D.
strength can continuously change activities in performance-based approaches to increase
performance and meet targets. S.D., in contrast to values-based systems, enables broad
recruitment of agents based on shared values. According to McLean and Roggema (2019), S.D.
deficiency might lead to quantization and indexation hides of contextual organization information
and disregard of change agents as individual decision-makers. In terms of application, S.D.
leverages the idea of Natural Conserving Natural resources to require that the earth's natural
resources be wisely used to be protected and enhanced for future generations (Sharifi &
Murayama 2013). S.D. contributes to developing a positive perspective toward the natural
resources that are currently decreasing, such as poverty, overcrowding, urbanization, and
industrialization. When SD is used successfully, it indicates a severe shortage of these resources.
For instance, there is an urgent need to develop processes and technologies that require few
natural resources.

The SDGs were established during the 2012 UN Sustainable Development Conference near Rio
de Janeiro (Abastante et al. 2021). Its goal was to achieve a series of universal targets that
address our world's pressing environmental, political and economic distresses. These SDGs
replace the MDGs, which began a global effort to mitigate the humiliation of poverty in 2000 (Boyle
et al. 2018). The MDGs and their universal goals, including development priorities, are
measurable to deal with severe poverty and hunger, avoid fatal diseases and broaden primary
schooling for all children. The Neighborhood Sustainability Assessment Tools (NSA), according
to Boyle et al. (2018), has quickly become a central underpinning for urban planners and
architects to promote sustainable urban development. However, most NSA instruments allow a
particular form of urbanization which effectively eliminates urban sustainable development
projects. Given that essentially worldwide megacities are constructed, it is stated, in particular,
that strategies for promoting sustainable development must take into account the need for
meaningful intervention as well as environmental sustainability frameworks to address the
development of the city internally.

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Digital technologies are used in scientific studies to assess better, explain, and treat disorders
(SUDs). In 1999, the United States established the Clinical Trials Network for National Drug
Abuse Treatment Networks. (Marsch et al. 2020) SUD is defined as a clinically and operationally
significant disruption of an individual's personal continuing use of alcohol or medical medicines,
including health issues, disability, and neglect of primary occupational tasks (Marsch et al. 2020).
The National Institute on Drug Abuse has financed an expanding line of medical research
employing digital technology to gain new insights into DSUs and offers a scientific therapeutic
approach to a varied range of people with SUD usage.

3. Comparative Review

3.1 The comprehensiveness of the sustainability framework of two projects

The sustainability framework of both One Central and Bedzed projects are covered environmental,
social, economic and governance aspects. For sustainable environmental development, the use
of renewable energy, updating the waste management and water resource systems and green
initiatives help the implementation of sustainability framework. For social, economic and
governance aspects, redefining the land use for both projects helps integrate the community and
increase local economic development

One Central Park

The sustainability framework plays an important role in addressing the context in environmental,
social, economic, governance, and cultural aspects in the One Central Park project. It delivers
liveability, sustainability, and resilience for the community by utility and mobility solutions enabled
by data and the Internet of Things (Mclean & Roggema 2019). In this project, residents as
customers can also be producers that they can get free energy from the solar energy at home or
office and sell the excess energy. Also, used water and waste can be recycled in this area and
the use of sharing mobility replaces private-owned vehicles by online sharing data.

Environmental aspect

In the environmental aspect, One Central Park has many environmentally sustainable initiatives
such as green buildings, recycling water, and energy. The green building involves green roofs,
green walls, and some parks in the One Central Park area. There are over 180,000 plants built

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on the central park that incorporate 383 species, including 200 native plants to South East
Australia (Raiji, 2021). Arup consultants (2021) provided annual and seasonal assessments of
daylight availability to help to determine the best locations for parks and selections for plants. The
plants are able to bring the local community and visitors to a tiny sustainable ecological
environment. Stormwater and recycled water are collected and highly purified for watering
landscape, toilet flushing, clothes washing and temperature controlling (Nouvel 2015). The project
uses heliostat to maximize the use of solar energy collection, and provide natural light for the park
and retails against being blocked by the building’s shadow. Also, One Central Park building uses
water to heat and cool that can be 98 times more efficient than coal-fired power for reducing
emissions (Energy Efficiency Council 2015).

Social aspect

In the social aspect, One Central Park provides a sustainable entertainment place for the
community and citizens. Beneath the heliostat, there is a ‘Sea Mirror’ designed by Yann Kersale
that including 320 mirrors and 2880 LED lights that mimic the surface of the ocean and represent
the seasons (Nouvel 2015). People can enjoy the lighting in the Central Park area every night.
Furthermore, the creation of architectures and spaces gives people an interactive experience with
green elements and public amenities. Central Park delivers the largest car share pod in Australia.
There are 44 car share vehicle fleets in Central Park’s large pod due to the cooperation of Frasers
Property which is the joint venture partner of the development with the car share leading company
Goget (Sustainability matters 2004). People can rent almost all kinds of vehicles such as vans,
wagons, hatchbacks, and utes in there. Large scale car-sharing services can help to decrease
greenhouse gas emissions, the need for parking infrastructures, and traffic jams. On the other
hand, the project increases the participation of the community and pedestrians and cyclists are
more willing to come to the area that is not car-oriented.

Economic aspect

In the economic aspect, the construction of the One Central Park project helps the economic
development of the Chippendale region. Chippendale used to be a grungy neighborhood of
brewery manufacturing plants and offices, but now it becomes a wonderful neighborhood that
contains galleries, theatres, and many retails with the designing masterplan of central park
(Destination NSW 2021). The beautiful scenery of sustainable architecture and excellent lighting
at night attracts people’s arrival and consumption.s

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Governance aspect

In the governance aspect, the one central park area has changed the use of land by masterplan.
It used to be Chippendale brewery manufacturing plant and offices and then it developed into
mixed-use land including tall buildings, residential apartments, retails, and open space (Schröpfer
2020). One Central Park project is implemented by Frasers Property Australia (from 2011) and
Sekisui House Australia (Designing Central Park 2016).

BedZed

The full name of BedZed is Beddington Zero (fossil) Energy Development and it is the largest
mixed-use eco-village in England (Chance 2009). The sustainability framework is also vital to the
Bedzed project in environmental, social, economic aspects. BedZed was designed to minimize
the ecological impact both in construction and operation. For the goal of sustainable development,
the BedZed project aims to reduce water and electricity consumption to less than 33 percent of
the UK average and decrease private fossil fuel car mileage to 50 percent of the UK average
(Howlett & Riddlestone n.d). Also, BedZed target to cut carbon emissions by 60% by 2025.

Environmental aspect

In the environmental aspect, the BedZed project is focusing on renewable fuel, water, and energy-
saving strategies, reclaimed materials, zero carbon emissions, and biodiversity measures. Solar
energy can be directly collected and generated to electricity by photovoltaic panels and is
increasing about 10 percent per year due to the reducing costs of technology (Housing
corporation, 2002). Waste heat from electricity generation as a renewable resource can provide
heating systems for residents for example hot water. Water treatment systems in BedZed was
designed to utilize wastewater and rainwater to irrigate gardens and flush toilets by the Green
Water Treatment Plant. The private garden and green roof system were built for increasing the
spaces for wildlife in the urban environment. Some natural plants are planted for the local
environment and also existing features of the site have been retained for local biodiversity.

Social aspect

In the social aspect, there are two-thirds of affordable or social housing built in this project.
Furthermore, buildings are mixed tenure that ensures commercial, residential, and public space
is integrated into a community with sustainability development. It can improve the social

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connectivity, local economic growth, and sustainability of the region. Decreasing the use of private
cars can be addressed by reducing the need for travel, improving the public transport system,
restricting car parking, and sharing car clubs.

Economic aspect

In the economic aspect, the integration of residential, commercial, and open space can maximize
the economic and amenity values. At the same time, it provides the opportunity to work locally,
reducing the cost of living, and saving commuting time. The use of local materials and resources
can minimize waste and saves lots of money for local communities. The self-sufficient regional
economy contributes to sustainable development.

In the governance aspect, BedZed was designed for a mixed-use community that combines
residential, commercial, and open space by the UK government (Bioregional 2002). The project
aims to attain three main themes by the sustainable framework which are Sustainable
communities, sustainable tenancies, and sustainable buildings.

The comprehensiveness of the sustainability framework of the One Central Park project and
BedZed have all comprised the environmental, social, economic, and governance aspects.
Although two projects have different backgrounds and situations, they have the same sustainable
goals for future development. In the environmental aspect, both projects develop new technology
and systems for water and waste management. On the other hand, making full use of solar energy
and improving energy efficiency to achieve environmental sustainability. In the social aspect, both
projects encourage the reduction of the use of private cars. One central park project provides

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public amenity and interactive experience for people by lighting shows. Bedzed integrates
residential buildings, business zone, and public open spaces to improve social connectivity. In
the economic and governance aspects, both projects become a mixed-use region for sustainable
development after sustainable planning.

3.2 Urban Ecology Theme or Issues and Reasons

This chapter will compare the focus of Central Park in Sydney and the BedZED project in London
on specific urban ecological themes or issues. Also, analyze the reasons for their focus and how
their focus is reflected in the sustainable framework.

Change of land use

Both Central Park and BedZED had redefined their land use. Considering the city's renewable
and future sustainability and its urban ecosystem, they are both designed as mixed-use
development projects. White (2018) mentioned that the original site of Central Park was the
Carlton United Brewery (CUB), which was originally used as an industrial and residential area.
The Central Park project transformed it into an area with 11 high-rise buildings. In addition to
providing residential and student apartments, there are also 50,000 square meters of commercial,
hotel, and retail space. And 6,400 square meters of public green space (Chippendale Green Park).
BedZED has also been developed into a mixed-use project that integrates residential, commercial,
and community spaces (Bioregional 2002). But their reasons for changing land use are not the
same. Nouvel (2015) stated that taking into account the future sustainability of the city and the
regeneration of the city, Central Park was designed to cope with the rapid growth of Sydney's
future urban population and solve the problem of the domestic housing shortage. At the same
time, considering that Central Park is located in the southern part of Sydney's Central Business
District (CBD) and near Sydney's most important transportation hub (Central Railway Station), it
is also necessary to consider its commercial value and economic impact. However, Bioregional
(2009) believes that BedZed's mixed-use development is to provide new local employment
opportunities by integrating community functions while reducing local commuting pressure. In
addition, the integration of the community has also reduced the need for residents to use cars
when traveling, thereby significantly reducing the local ecological footprint due to the use of fossil
fuels.

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Water

Central Park and BedZED also focus on the use of water resources, but the methods and reasons
for management are different. Central Park collects rainwater and black water from rooftops and
underground parking lots through the recycling and treatment of domestic wastewater through an
underground water recycling facility operated by Flow Systems. The treated recycled water will
supply 95% of the non-potable water facilities in Central Park, including irrigation green plants,
thermal power stations, toilet flushing water, and washing machine water. McLean (2019) believes
that as the demand for urban water supply increases, the water circulation system of Central Park
can achieve higher sustainability. It can not only reduce the use of water resources but also
ensure its resilience and self-sufficiency, while also reducing The pressure of the urban drainage
system. However, BedZED focuses on the treatment of drainage and wastewater, which is mainly
caused by the possible flooding due to insufficient drainage capacity and the shortage of water
supply caused by insufficient rainfall during dry periods. Due to its different scale from Central
Park, BedZED is mainly a medium-scale residential project. Therefore, the project adopts the
Sustainable Urban Drainage System (SUDS) to reduce flooding problems through drainage
facilities such as permeable pavements, green roofs, and seepage ditches where local plants are
grown. To alleviate the shortage of water supply, rainwater and wastewater are also collected
again, and the sewage is treated on-site through the green water treatment technology of ‘living
machines’ and used to flush toilets and water gardens (Chance 2009). At the same time, the
community also specified all water equipment and appliances, including water-saving toilets,
sprinklers, rain showers, and washing machines, which reduced the residents' water consumption
by about 50%.

Waste

In terms of waste collection and treatment, Central Park and BedZED also have different focuses
and solutions. Organic waste is an important theme in Central Park because a high-density
community like Central Park generates a lot of organic matter. Residential, commercial, and retail
all generate large amounts of food waste. In addition, there are plants trimmed from parks,
gardens, and green walls, as well as organic components in sewage. The project considers
directly collecting organic waste locally for anaerobic digestion. While reducing the volume of
waste, the generated methane will supplement the local natural gas demand (cooking and triple
power generation system). Vacuum systems are also considered for waste recycling and toilets

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to improve the efficiency of food waste collection and reduce water consumption. However, due
to the limitations of time, funds, and regulations in the planning stage of Central Park, the
treatment plan for organic waste was only used as a guide for future possibilities and was not
implemented in the project (White 2018). The way BedZED reduces domestic waste is different
from that of Central Park. The project pays more attention to the influence of community
participation and community leadership. BedZED still uses the local government's standard
recycling service, mainly because the scale of the project makes it impossible for the local area
to afford on-site garbage disposal facilities. However, the community encourages residents to
participate in free circulation through community initiatives, resident communications, community
composting groups, and peer education have dramatically increased the garbage collection rate
and garbage composting rate, thus greatly reducing the rate of local garbage filling (Chance 2009).

Energy efficiency

Energy efficiency is a broader theme, and both Central Park and BedZED have improved the
energy efficiency of the project in several different ways. Central Park’s most important energy
solution is the central thermal power plant. The triple generators can not only provide low-carbon
heat and electricity, but also heat water through the heat of the engine and exhaust gas, and use
a part of the hot water to make chilled water through the refrigerator. This method is more efficient
than traditional coal-fired power generation and emits fewer greenhouse gases (White 2018).
Nouvel (2015) mentioned the heliostat in Central Park, which not only blocks the sunlight on the
west side of One Central Park (OCP) and reduces the heat of the building, but also provides
natural daylight for parks, swimming pools, and glass-roofed interiors. The hydroponic vertical
garden technology also provides organic shading for the building, reducing the thermal impact of
the building by 20%, thereby reducing the building’s cooling requirements. With the increasing
energy demand, the project needs to get rid of the impact of energy costs through infrastructure
or services, while improving the efficiency of manufacturing and using energy to achieve long-
term sustainable development (McLean 2019). For similar reasons, BedZED pays attention to
energy in many ways. The first is the energy-saving design of the building, which reduces the
heat absorption in summer through the shadow of the terrace, and the roof lighting reduces the
demand for artificial lighting. The building uses 300mm insulation material, which can not only
maintain the indoor temperature but also the good airtightness also further reduces the indoor
heat loss. The implementation of these details not only reduces the lighting energy demand of the
building but also significantly reduces the heating energy demand by 90%. Energy-saving

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appliances are also the main way to save energy. Low-energy appliances can reduce power
demand by about 50%, and the promotion of low-energy light bulbs can also save 80% of the
lighting power supply. Similar to Central Park, BedZED does not use traditional power supply
methods but uses three different power generation technologies. The first is the Combined Heat
and Power (CHP) plant, which produces electricity from plant waste, while the waste heat can
provide hot water and central heating for the local area. There is also a combined heat and power
generator, which uses combustible gas to generate electricity with 30% higher efficiency than
traditional power generation and can avoid waste of heat energy. The last is photovoltaic solar
power generation. With the decline in technology costs, this renewable energy can recover
investment costs in 13 years and can support and encourage the use of local electric vehicles
(Bioregional 2002).

In addition, Central Park and BedZED also focus on different urban ecological themes or issues.
Central Park also pays attention to transportation, public space, and long-term planning for the
future. BedZED also focuses on topics such as food, transportation, quality of life, and biodiversity.
Nevertheless, the overall urban ecological theme of the two projects is still around the main
problems that the city needs to face and solve in the sustainable and future development of the
land use, water, waste, and energy, but because of the two projects urban ecology. The
differences in location, scale, and time period lead to large differences in the solutions to these
themes or problems.

3.3 Ongoing monitoring and management regime

This chapter will identify and describe any ongoing monitoring and management regime. And
discuss how well the project performs in relation to the stated objectives.

One Central Park：

Next-Gen Integrated Water Management (IWM)

The Next-Gen approach to water management within Central Park was outsourced to Flow
Systems who set about establishing a globally-leading innovative solution that was resilient,
sustainable and would put downward pressure on the value of water. It resulted within the
construction of a 1ml/day sustainable water recycling facility and native water network spanning
the location. This is often an IWM approach collecting multiple water sources of varying qualities,
whilst creating several water supplies to satisfy the requirements of the community. Flow Systems

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designs, builds, manages and operates its sustainable water centre, directly billing customers for
all waste water services—drinking, recycled water and wastewater. Multiple sustainable water
infrastructures within the precinct deliver three water qualities: recycled water and beverage to
house- holds, shops and commercial space, and recycled water for air chillers. The sustainable
water centre is made over four basement levels. Its technology is often completely controlled
remotely from a laptop anywhere within the world. The power requires minimal space, doesn't
smell or make any disturbing noise. Per annum water recycling technology becomes more
efficient, smaller in size and more cost effective—confirming the necessity to shift to precinct-
scale approaches.

Green Walls
Large green walls integrated into building design and irrigated with recycled water.
● Living buildings - Allowing plants to get older and down the building. Twenty-three green
walls are integrated into the facade of the building.
● Soil-free garden - the planning of the plant wall has no soil, and therefore the plants grow
during a special felt material. Ensuring that these gardens are light in weight can include
more gardens without compromising the structural integrity of the building.
● Low maintenance - to scale back maintenance requirements, a really diverse selection of
plants was chosen.
● Recycled water irrigation - irrigation system which is supplied by the on-site recycled water
treatment plant. This technique also monitors the environmental conditions. Recycled
water is treated within the One Central Park development project and wont to irrigate the
green walls. The overflow from irrigation is collected and treated within the on-site
reclaimed water treatment plant.

The Central Energy Plant

Brookfield took over the Central Energy Plant at Central Park and it became operational in 2013.
It's expected to supply 2mw of sustainable energy and reduce green- house gas emissions by
190,000 tonnes over the 25-year lifetime of the plant (Central Park, 2013).

Finance for the trigeneration facility (Green Finance)

Finance for the trigeneration facility came through an innovative approach using an Environmental
Upgrade Agreement (EUA; City of Sydney, 2017b). Frasers and therefore the City of Sydney
signed the $26.5 million agreement in 2013. It had been the City’s first agreement. Also referred

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to as Building Upgrade Finance, this approach to securing capital for commercial building
improvement projects—and enabled owners and tenants to secure a enjoy operating buildings
that are more sustainable and efficient.

Utility solutions supported by next-generation digital technologies

The rapid convergence of utility solutions enabled by new emerging business models, next
generation digital technologies including the IoT, data analytics, AI and Blockchain, is enabling
the transition to next generation multi-utility energy, waste and water businesses and ser- vices.
It's driving new jobs, efficiencies and productivity, while decarbonising the economy. People will
grow their own localised energy and water solutions from within communities using affordable
sensors and participating in IoT use cases. They're going to experience and see the advantages
of local energy generation, recycling water and waste on their budget but also their environment.
They're going to be ready to do all this due to next gen data which may gather critical information
about how utility services function, like their costs and benefits.

BedZED

The water management strategy (The green water treatment plant)

The GWTP at BedZED is actually a hybrid system of an extended aeration activated sludge
treatment plant and therefore the LM system. The GWTP was sized to treat 25 m3 of waste water
per day and produced an identical volume of green water.
The objective of the on-site water services installation at BedZED was to demonstrate the
achievement of a big decrease in overall and per capita water consumption by the residents
through:
● Equipping as standard the whole development with water-saving devices and appliances
built to a known specification and performance.
● Substituting a big ‘safe’ proportion (c. 30%) of domestic water with green water produced
as an effluent from the on-site GWTP.
● Reducing overall charges to the residents for water and waste water services by providing
a ‘lower’ grade of water for non-potable purposes at a reduced tariff.
● Demonstrating that small-scale integrated water management systems on new-build sites
are practical, viable and make a big contribution to reducing water demand.
● Engaging with residents during a number of other ways to form them conscious of the
water systems surrounding them.

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 ● Gathering valuable research data supported real-time monitoring of treatment processes,
water consumption and behavioural factors.

Energy Systems
One of BedZED’s sustainability objectives was reduced environmental impact. A number of
community plans included zero fuel, 100% renewable energy use, zero heating homes, passive
solar heating, PV power for 40 electric vehicles, wind-powered ventilation systems, low embodied
energy materials, recycled timber, reused steel, and concrete tree waste bio-fueled CHP. for
instance, the buildings were designed to be energy efficient that stored heat when it had been
warm and released heat when it had been cold so on eliminate the necessity for central heating;
a green transport plan was also implemented to attenuate the residents’ use of vehicles requiring
fossil fuels, also because got to commute to figure. BedZED was designed to be carbon neutral,
meaning it should generate enough renewable energy on-site for heating, hot water, and electrical
uses. BedZED’s design to rely only on solar, wind, and biomass energy was successful up to
some extent. A number of this will be attributed to homeowner education and willingness to vary
lifestyles and reduce energy use, in conjunction with energy-efficient and hot-water saving
appliances.

Under traditional infrastructure, compared with non-renewable and inefficient centralized

networks which are rainfall dependent water supply systems and coal-fired energy networks, this
means using resources in an efficient manner to meet the needs of rapid urbanization and climate
change. This means that it is possible to create mobility within and through cities, which is a
sustainable urban metabolism.

3.4 Sustainability Framework Achievement

This section will discuss the Central Park’s and BedZED’s pioriting objectives of their sustainability
framework, as well as the achievement of other objectives.

Sustainable framework comparison between One central park and BedZED

Chart1: sustainable framework comparison (BioRegional 2002; GANSW 2020; Schröpfer 2020;
Central Park, nd)

PEIXUAN ZHANG, TRIN WOO, YANHUA YANG, YE LU, YUJIA ZHENG, ZHANBIN WANG 15
 Central Park, Sydney
2007, Fraser Property brought the
Planning
Stages site of Central Park
2009, the state government approve
Implementation
the project
Monitoring stage 2013, construction completion
● New South Wales
government, mainly the
Government Architect NSW
● Fraser Property
Stakeholders ● Ateliers Jean Nouvel and
PTW Architects
● Residents
● Junglefy and BESIX
Watpac company
● Turning an industrial site
into a new city quarter
before 2009
● Prioritising public amenity
● Higher density was in the
Key Goal Setting public interest
factors ● Creating a connected
central park
● Taking a precinct-wide
approach to sustainability
● Increasing urban amenity
with good design
A precinct-wide management
Governance
Government legislation
● Cantilevered heliostat
● Vertical hanging gardens
● Water recycling facilities
● Low carbon generator
Participation
PEIXUAN ZHANG, TRIN WOO, YANHUA YANG, YE LU, YUJIA ZHENG, ZHANBIN WANG
BedZED, London
1997, conceived by Bioregional co-
funders
2001, star construction
2002, BedZED completed
● BioRegional Development
Group
● Residents
● Developer Peabody Trust
● Low ecological footprint
lifestyle and environmental
protection
● Affordable and comfortable
housing
● Local economic
development
Bioregional Hill Group
Government legislation
● Green construction
including local materials,
reclaimed products and
reuse abandoned land
● Shared car club
● Clean energy use like solar
energy
● Water recycle
● Energy-efficient appliances
and home
16
The sustainable framework of Central park Sydney is more advanced and amendable than
BedZED because it is a ten-year project with progressive legislation, conception, and technology.
Planning Stage

In the Planning stage, the New South Wales Government sets a clear goal that the city renew
project must be public domain so that it is able to benefit all citizens(GANSW,2020). Then, to
ascertain the most creative and environmentally friendly development project, they held an open
competition among competing design companies. After expert evaluation, the winner project is
able to achieve a balance between economic development, social interest and environmental
protection. On the contrary, the London Government did not participate in the planning stage of
BedZED, which makes the BioRegional Group the key actor in the project(BioRigional,2002).
However, the government sold the site at a lower price to BedZED. According to the three pillars
conception(Pruvis, 2014), these two projects considered economics, society and environment,
focusing on different aspects.

For economic concern, two projects were designed to be a mix-use community in order to create
job opportunities and commercial facilities. Central Park paid attention to social function while
BedZED focused on environmental protection. The New South Wales Government demanded
that the designing scheme value provide public green land as necessary as creating high-density
housing because of Sydney's growing population growth and urban park absence(GANSW 2020;
McLean & Roggema 2019). Moreover, BedZED's plan focuses on reducing energy consumption
and cheaper living costs (Bird 2006).
As for public participation, BedZED's citizen and government participation are lacking because
people have fewer housing dowelling choices at that time(Young，2015）. According to Arntein
(1969), its citizen participation is a tokenism degree. Central Park improves by inviting the Institute
of Sustainable Futures at UTS and Sydney citizens to join their plan-making, promoting its citizen
participation degree.

Implementation and Monitoring Stage

During the implementation stage, Central Park has succeeded in achieving its vision through a
designer-led, multidisciplinary approach. Ateliers Jean Nouvel and PTW Architects had been
involved in the construction process. Junglefy and BESIX Watpac undertook the construction
work, and facilities like cantilevered heliostat, vertical hanging gardens, water recycling facilities,

PEIXUAN ZHANG, TRIN WOO, YANHUA YANG, YE LU, YUJIA ZHENG, ZHANBIN WANG 17
and low carbon generator install. They also invited plant expert Patrick Blanc to decide suitable
plant species for Central Park's vertical hanging gardens to reduce cooling energy consumption
with plant's leaves(Johnson 2014). After its completion, its precinct-wide sustainable design
enables residents to automatically live a low-carbon life, making future governance flexible and
professional. However, according to Greens NSW (2019), a file has revealed Central Park is a
potential risk from the flammable cladding. The Central Park is now an oasis in Sydney's bustling
metropolis, providing residents with sustainable living and excellent urban parks.
The Bioregional Group cooperated with Developer Peabody Trust to use recyclable material and
energy-efficiency appliances to complete the housing dowelling. After its completion, residents
are free to choose their lifestyle, and there is no mandatory low-carbon life (Bird 2006). A
BioRegional Hill Group still provides sustainable life advice for their residents, for example, the
shared car club. Due to the technical limitations of the time, some of the technology, its combined
heat and power plant that utilizes renewable energy to generate electricity is not stable. The
sewage water treatment plant had to stop functioning due to its expensive maintenance cost.
Moreover, government support is limited because water and electricity authorities have been
reluctant to engage in water treatment and electricity generation on BedZED (Bird 2006). Overall,
it is still an outstanding sustainable community for reducing household heating energy use by 80%
and electricity use by 45%, contributing to greenhouse gas emission control and environment
protection(McLean 2019, ZHU 2021).

Sustainable development includes three integrated and indivisible dimensions: economics, social,
and environmental (Purvis 2019). In order to realize the sustainability of our common future, these
dimensions are essential and indispensable to urban ecology, therefore, should be valued equally.
As an urban renewal project, Central Park aims to transform an abandoned brewery and provide
more housing areas for an increasingly crowded city (Nouvel & Beissel 2014). Under the
consideration of realizing sustainable development, its designers adopted lots of advanced
technologies to achieve energy conservation and green space enlargement of the building
(Schröpfer 2020). As for BedZED, it is a successful sustainable experiment that concentrates on
zero-emissions community development. Energy conservation is fully considered in its planning,
construction and use (BioRegional 2002). In addition, water security and clean energy issues
were taken into account in both projects.
In conclusion, economic and social development depend on scientific urban planning and
diversified urban ecology. Both of Central Park and BedZED achieve their essential goals and
even make contribution to sustainable development as well. As for the future urban ecology

PEIXUAN ZHANG, TRIN WOO, YANHUA YANG, YE LU, YUJIA ZHENG, ZHANBIN WANG 18
planning, people can learn from these projects and make improvement in public participation and
authority governance.

3.5. Resilience
The term "Resilience" has become an emerging concept for the urban area. This chapter will
analyse how the case study applied "Resilience' with related policies or strategies.

The term 'Resilience' has been used in different research fields over the last 40 years. It is not
only used in the built environment but also in the ecological, psychological, social, political,
organisational, and social-ecological areas (Hassler & Kohler 2014). However, the environmental
crisis has become a severe issue worldwide, and this term has a crucial role in the built
environment.

As mentioned above, the term 'Resilience' is used broadly. Therefore, it can be not very
meaningful with too many meanings (Hassler & Kohler 2014). This term was not used when these
two projects started, but the Central Park and BedZED project aimed for similar goals. Their well-
known promotion 'Sustainable, liveable and less harmed' developments mean 'Resilience'
(Palmer 2015). However, the results and processes differed slightly. There is a decade gap
between these projects, and also the project context is different. The Central Park project was
completed in 2014, and it is located in the city with an abundance of public parkland and heritage
buildings. In contrast, the BedZED project was completed in 2002, and it is located on the edge
of Wellington, a suburb of London.

Central Park
In terms of the Central Park project, the project location has an important role. Compared to other
countries' legislations, Australia has a relatively short modern building history. Because of the
lack of history, there are extensive restrictions on heritage items. Also, there is an Act for
environmental planning and assessment, which is called Environmental Planning and
Assessment Act 1979.

The object of the Environmental Planning and Assessment Act 1979 is to facilitate ecologically
sustainable development by integrating relevant economic, environmental, and social
considerations in decision-making about environmental planning and assessment (Environmental

PEIXUAN ZHANG, TRIN WOO, YANHUA YANG, YE LU, YUJIA ZHENG, ZHANBIN WANG 19
Planning and Assessment Act 1979). Based on this, the project aims to become Australia's
sustainable urban residential area, considering the historical brewery site in Chippendale, and to
create a people-orientated, new attraction for young people (WSP 021).

It was considered that there would be more demand for residential buildings and retail shops in
the city (Ruming 2018). The proposal was for constructing two high rise buildings, which are a
relatively rare case in Sydney's residential market (Nouvel & Beissel 2014). Also, the client of the
Central Park project showed their ambition to create a tri-generation plant and recycled water
network to supply to all residents (Hassler & Kohler 2014). The project leaves much to be desired,
though the results are successful. Most of all, this project aimed for sustainability, but the
architectural company is not domestic. The developer, Fraser's parent group, is based in
Singapore, and they wanted to use famous architects for the project (Ruming 2018). After all, this
international architect leads this project with some domestic architectural companies.
Furthermore, the plants used in the vertical garden are not 100 per cent indigenous (Ruming
2018). They are a mix of exotic and domestic. Lastly, this project dealt with current climate
changes and issues, but there is no mention of a sustainable community except for spacious open
areas.

BedZED
The Beddington Zero Energy Development (BedZED) is considered the largest mixed-use
sustainable urban development in the UK(Chance 2009). BedZED is located in an abandoned
industrial area close to the train station in London, England (Chance 2009) that is totally different
from the Central Park project, which is located next to the biggest train station in NSW.

While the sustainable and resilient developments were not in experimental stages at that time,
this project was completed and occupied in 2002, which is significantly earlier than the Central
Park project. After Hurricane Sandy destroyed the US eastern area in 2012, sustainable building
or resilient community has become an important concept (McPhearson 2013). The success of
this project contributed to the UK government policy that all new homes must be zero carbon by
2016 (Chance 2009).

This project commenced with the idea of Bill Dunster Architects (BDA, now ZEDfactory) and
environmental experts BioRegional (Chance 2009). BedZED was developed to create a

PEIXUAN ZHANG, TRIN WOO, YANHUA YANG, YE LU, YUJIA ZHENG, ZHANBIN WANG 20
prosperous community with a high quality of life while living within their shared nature resources
(Chance 2009).

This project focused on the sustainable community rather than high-end technology, which was
used in Central Park. Most of the items are for passive designs, which are more suitable for small
scale projects. Three-story buildings are relatively easy for heating and cooling, so electric fans
and heaters could be removed (BioRegional 2009).

Central Park and BedZED project are well known and considered successful references in
sustainable urban design. BedZED was completed in early 2002, and Central Park was completed
in 2014, which could learn some lessons from BedZED.
They used different strategies because of its size and location, but their aims were sustainable,
liveable, and less harmed, which are called 'Resilience' (Palmer 2015)

4. Discussion

Sustainable urban development requires a viable plan depending on each country's sustainable
development plan. It is very difficult for the world to achieve sustainable urban development in a
uniform way. Australia’s Central Park and UK’s BedZED urban renewal projects have some value
for sustainable urban development research in many parts of the world. Sustainable urban
development is important for most cities in the world, especially developing cities, in order to inject
more vitality into cities by improving their productivity and output of material goods.

5. Conclusion

In conclusion, a clear comparative review report of Australia’s Central Park and UK’s BedZED
urban renewal projects provides an analysis of these projects' sustainability framework is crucial.
The projects’ sustainability framework is comprehensive since it covers the environmental,
economic, social, governance, and cultural aspects. These aspects are addressed through
sustainable initiatives such as the use of renewable energy, integration of commercial, residential,
and open space to maximize economic value, creation of entertainment joints for the residents
and mixed-use regions. Further, the report also indicates the different uses and focuses of the

PEIXUAN ZHANG, TRIN WOO, YANHUA YANG, YE LU, YUJIA ZHENG, ZHANBIN WANG 21
two projects on water, waste, and energy. The Central Park project is managed by Next-Gen
Integrated Water Management (IWM). This is in order to ensure effective waste management
strategies and discard the traditional nonrenewable and inefficient centralized networks. Each of
the two urban renewal projects has its objective. Central Park aims to transform an abandoned
brewery into a sustainable area providing houses for the rapidly growing population. BedZED’s
objective is to create a sustainable zero-emissions community. Although these two projects aimed
at using sustainable frameworks to obtain their objectives, they did not consider the projects’
resilience.

A few recommendations can be made regarding the two urban renewal projects. For both the
Central Park and the BedZED projects, we would recommend the integration of resilience by the
involved stakeholders. By doing so, the projects will manage to withstand the test of time and
changes in the environment, governance, social, cultural, and economic aspects that may occur
in the future. New governments may come with new rules and regulations that may affect the
projects, thus the need to incorporate resilient measures. Another recommendation is the
introduction of a biomass source of heat at BedZED. By doing so, the amount of electricity and
fuel used can be reduced, thus reducing the amount of carbon (iv) oxide (CO 2) emitted into the
environment. This will play a significant role in ensuring that the project’s objective is obtained.
Lastly, we would recommend the acquisition of more land for the Central Park project so that it
can build additional residential buildings for the rapidly increasing population. By doing so, the
houses will be more affordable and readily available for the residents and Australian citizens. It
will enable most of them to save on transportation costs since their residents will be at close
proximity with their businesses. Further, it will also ensure that the surrounding environment
adopts and contributes to the implementation of the project’s sustainable objective.

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