Name: ANAS, AERONE D.

Course, Year and Section: BAE Date Submitted: 9/25/2021

3-2 APT
Student No. 201810885 Subject: ABEN 70A Rating:

AENG 70A – Basic Machineries, Mechanization, and Water Management

Activity No. 1
The Weather Station

I. INTRODUCTION

Weather refers to the short-period variations in the atmosphere. The variables include solar
radiation, temperature, humidity, rainfall, atmospheric pressure, evaporation and wind. Climate,
in turn, is the average condition of the atmosphere over a long period of time, usually years. It is
characterized most easily from data sets that are collected from instruments and equipment at local
weather stations.

Weather station refers to a facility that equipped with instrument which specialized for
recording and collecting of data in the atmospheric condition of specific location. It helps to study
the weather and climate in order to measure such as temperature, humidity, air pressure, wind
speed and wind direction and the amount of precipitation.

II. OBJECTIVES

1. At the end of the exercise, the learner should be able to:

Identify the instruments present in a weather station and describe their function, care
and maintenance;

2. Illustrate the layout of a typical weather station; and

3. Explain the site requirements for a weather station.
4. To determine some weather station here in Philippines
 III. METHODOLOGY/ RESULT AND DISCUSSION
1. Investigate the instruments used for each weather element and record
the frequency of observation.
SOLAR RADIATION
DESCRIPTION
This instrument is
made up of a radiation
sensing element contained
in a closed housing with the
exception of a small
opening through which
direct sun rays pass.
PYRHELIOMETER
FUNCTION
This instrument is used
to analyze the variations in
solar radiation productivity
measures solar insolation in the
direct sunbeam. Sunrays pass
through the windowpanes and
are directed toward a
thermopile.
UNIT OF MEASURE
The unit of measure
is watts per square meter
(W/m²)
CARE AND
MAINTENANCE
Cleaning and
inspecting the window on a
regular basis, ideally every
morning, is required.
Clean the surfaces of
the radiometer and the drying
cartridge that come into
contact with the rubber O-
ring.
To improve the seal, a
silicon grease is applied to
the rubber O-ring. Apply
some grease to the rubber O-
ring if it appears to be dry.
Vaseline can also suffice.
 SOLAR RADIATION

UNIT OF MEASURE
DESCRIPTION
The unit of measure
This instrument is a
is watts per square meter
sensor that converts the
(W/m²)
global solar radiation it
receives into a measurable
electrical signal.

Pyranometers

FUNCTION CARE AND

MAINTENANCE
This instrument is used
to detect the solar radiation flux Pyranometer
density from the hemisphere maintenance is a continual
above and is used to quantify procedure that requires
solar irradiance on a planar weekly, monthly, and yearly
surface. inspections.

Connectors should be
finger tight and not loose.

Pyranometer should
be flat or on the correct POA.

The sun shield should

be checked it is on securely.
Therefore ensuring it does
not obscure the dome.
 TEMPERATURE

DESCRIPTION UNIT OF MEASURE

This instrument is  Celsius (C)

made up mercury that is Fahrenheit (F) and
kelvin (K)
very sensitive in terms if
changing temperature.
When the Mercury inside
was expand which mean
the temperature is warm
and when it rise which
mean it is cold.

Maximum-Minimum
Thermometer

FUNCTION CARE AND

MAINTENANCE
This instrument is
used to measure a After being exposed to
unclean, dusty, smokey, or
maximum/minimum air
humid circumstances, always
temperature for example in a
clean your infrared
greenhouse thermometer. You should also
schedule a cleaning every six
Minimum thermometer
months to a year. It's especially
A thermometer that records the
important to keep the infrared
lowest temperature to which it lens or opening clean and
has been exposed debris-free.
A thermometer Wipe the lens and then
that records the highest the body of the thermometer
temperature to which it has with a soft cloth or cotton swab
been exposed dampened with water or
medical alcohol (never soap or
chemicals). Allow the lens to
dry completely before using the
thermometer.
 TEMPERATURE

DESCRIPTION UNIT OF MEASURE

The unit of measure

Usually consists of
a cylinder made to revolve are Celsius (℃) Fahrenheit
once each week by means (℉) and kelvin (K)
of clockworks inside. A
sheet of graph paper is
fastened on the outside. A
pen-point that rests on the
paper traces the
temperature curve.

THERMOGRAPH

FUNCTION CARE AND

MAINTENANCE
This instrument is used
to detect the solar radiation flux Make sure the screw
density from the hemisphere are well fastened.
above and is used to quantify Used a cloth for
solar irradiance on a planar wiping dust or drop of water.
surface.
Check the graph if it
is precise and accurate.

Proper handling when

it comes to transferring in
another room.

Do not shake the

equipment to secure the
graph.
 HUMIDITY

DESCRIPTION UNIT OF MEASURE

The sling The unit of
psychrometer consists of a measure is Celsius (℃)
dry and wet-bulb Fahrenheit (℉)
thermometer.

SLING PSYCHROMETER

FUNCTION CARE AND

Standard tables and
charts were utilized to
determine the physical and
thermal parameters of moist air.
It's usually used to figure out
relative humidity. Some sling
psychrometers have devices
that allow you to read relative
humidity without having to
consult a table.
MAINTENANCE
Soak the wet bulb
wick of your psychrometer
in water before using it.
Hold the handle and swirl
the psychrometer in the air
once the wick is soaked.
Airflow is generated by
whirling around both wet
and dry bulbs.
 HUMIDITY
DESCRIPTION
The hygrometer is
less psychrometer. It uses
human hair from which the
oil has been removed
accurate than the by using
ether
HYGROMETER
FUNCTION
This instrument use in
meteorological science to
measure the humidity, or
amount of water vapor in the
air. Several major types of
hygrometers are used to
measure humidity.
UNIT OF MEASURE
The unit of
measure are grams of
water per cubic meter of
air (g/m³) Pounds of water
per million cubic feet
(lb/ft³)
CARE AND
MAINTENANCE
We recommend
giving the hygrometer a good
blow through once every six
months, or cleaning the hairs
with a brush. The instrument
should be cleansed with
benzene once a year, and the
easiest way to do so is to dip
the Hygrometer in it.
 RAINFALL
DESCRIPTION
The inside diameter
of the collector is exactly 8
inches above a funnel that
conducts rain into a
cylindrical measuring tube
or receiver
8-INCH RAINGAUGE
FUNCTION
The solid precipitation
accumulating in the overflow
can is not measured directly in
the overflow can to determine
precipitation in these events,
i.e., the water equivalent of
solid precipitation. Instead, the
overflow can's contents are
melted and poured into the
measuring tube to be measured.
UNIT OF MEASURE
The unit of
measure is millimeters
(mm)
CARE AND
MAINTENANCE
You'll also need to
perform preventive gage
maintenance on a regular
basis, which includes
lubrication and calibration.
It's a good idea to make a
maintenance schedule so you
can make sure all of the
necessary jobs are completed.
You might also want to
devise a method for keeping
track of what maintenance
activities you complete when
and how well your various
instruments are performing.
 RAINFALL

DESCRIPTION UNIT OF MEASURE

Type of rainfall The unit of

recording instrument. It is measure is millimeters
an upright cylinder that has (mm)
funnel-shaped collector.

TIPPING BUCKET TAINGAUGE

FUNCTION CARE AND

MAINTENANCE
It's possible that the rain
will stop before the lever is Cleaning the tipping
tipped. It may just take one or bucket should be done on a
two droplets of rain to tilt the regular basis (at least 1-2
lever when the next spell of rain times per year). The
begins. This would imply that a frequency with which it
pre-determined quantity has should be cleaned is
decreased when merely a determined by the
fraction of that amount has surrounding environment.
decreased. Tipping buckets also
have a tendency to
underestimate rainfall amounts,
especially during snowfall and
strong rain events.
 ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE
DESCRIPTION
A mercurial
barometer is a simple
barometer produced by
filling a 32-inch glass tube
with mercury and inverting
it so that the open end is
below the mercury surface
in a cistern.
MERCURIAL BAROMETER
FUNCTION
It's used to track
changes in atmospheric
pressure. It employs a long
glass tube with one end open
and the other closed. The height
of the mercury column in the
tube is used to determine air
pressure.
UNIT OF MEASURE
The unit of
measure are millimeters of
mercury (mmHg) or inches
of mercury (in Hg).
CARE AND
MAINTENANCE
Usually, this indicates
that the tube in the casing needs
to be adjusted. This should only
be done by a professional in the
case of mercury-containing
scientific instruments and
marine barometers.
Barometers rarely
need attention but should
they get dirty they may need
cleaning and overhauling.
This is a specialist job which
City Clocks will be happy to
advise you on.
 ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE
DESCRIPTION
This instrument is
an aneroid barometer is
made by removing the air
from a thin, circular,
metallic box
ANEROID BAROMETER
FUNCTION
Because of its tiny size
and convenience, it is employed
in portable devices and aircraft
altimeters. It contains an
evacuated capsule with a
flexible wall that deflects with
variations in atmospheric
pressure.
UNIT OF MEASURE
The unit of
measure are millimeters
(or inches) of mercury,
pounds per square inch
(psi), dynes per square
centimeter, millibars (mb),
standard atmospheres, or
kilopascals
CARE AND
MAINTENANCE
Pyranometer
maintenance is a continual
Ensure that the barometer is
kept as dust-free as possible
and away from extremes of
humidity and temperature.
Make that all of the fasteners
and supports are in good
working order. Barometers
should be hung on a securely
implanted screw rather than
picture nails.
 EVAPORATION

DESCRIPTION UNIT OF MEASURE

This instrument is The unit of
water-containing pans measure is Millimeter
which are exposed to the (mm).
atmosphere and the loss of
water by evaporation
measured in them.

EVAPORIMETER

FUNCTION CARE AND

This instrument is used
to measuring the rate of water
evaporation from a wet surface
to the atmosphere.
MAINTENANCE
At least once a month,
an examination should be
carried out, with special
emphasis paid to the
discovery of leaks. To keep
the pan clear of debris,
sediment, scum, and oil
films, it should be wiped out
as needed. A modest dose of
copper sulphate, or copper
chloride, is advised.

To prevent algae
growth, some other suitable
algaecide should be put to the
water.
 WIND

DESCRIPTION UNIT OF MEASURE

Described as The unit of measure is meter

a windmill or a propeller per second (m/s) kilometer
anemometer combines a per second (km/s)
propeller and a tail on the
same axis to obtain
accurate and precise wind
speed and direction
measurements from the
same instrument

VANE ANEMOMETER

FUNCTION CARE AND

This instrument is used
to measure wind velocity and
can be used to calculate
volumetric flow. These small,
easy to use devices are most
commonly used in HVAC
monitoring, monitoring airflow
equipment, and exhaust
monitoring.
MAINTENANCE
Inspect the
anemometer periodically in
both strong and quiet wind
situations, and examine the
data being collected to ensure
it is working properly.
 OTHER WEATHER EQUIPMENT

UNIT OF MEASURE
DESCRIPTION
The unit of measure
A ceiling light
is okta.
projector casts a narrow
beam of light upwards onto Okta is a unit used
a cloud base. in meteorology to measure
cloud cover, equivalent to a
cloud cover of one eighth
of the sky.

Ceiling Light Projector

FUNCTION CARE AND

MAINTENANCE
The height of the cloud
base is estimated by measuring Always used a piece
the elevation angle of the lit of cotton for wiping the lend.
point on the cloud, the observer,
After cleaning put it
and the projector with a
in a room temperature.
clinometer placed at a given
distance from the projector. Check the bulb if
there is a deem light, if any
change it immediately.
2. Illustrate the layout of the station

PAGASA WEATHER
RADAR STATION

It is located in Catanduanes,
Municipality of Bato. Based on weather
technology in of detecting typhoons and storms
this weather station is considered as one of the
furthermost advance radar station in the world.

These weather stations aim to efficiently

lessen the fatalities brought by tropical cyclones
and other severe weather events passing the
country.

This is the PAGASA WEATHER RADAR STATION in isometric view.

To capture this isometric view or Bird’s

eye view I download google earth then search
the place then I take screenshots.

Based on my research I found out that

this weather station is automatic stations that
observe the atmospheric pressure, wind
direction and speed, Temperature of air is
included, humidity, clouds, and precipitation.

This weather station also have a standard

weather instrument to measure and analyze such
atmospheric events. These instruments are
Barometer, wind vane, anemometer,
thermometer and psychrometer. Last but not the
least we must include communication tower for
easy transferring of information to the
community.
 3. List and discuss the site requirements for a weather station

Weather Station for Agricultural

It's vital to choose the right location for your weather station if you want to get valuable
weather data. The website should reflect the subject of interest. The station should be placed in a
location that best replicates field conditions for agricultural purposes.

Wind speed and direction

Wind sensors should be placed as far away from surrounding obstructions (e.g., buildings,
trees) as practicable, ideally 10 times the height of the closest obstruction.

Temperature and relative humidity sensors

Should be placed in an open, flat area with a diameter of at least 10 m (about 30 ft). Short
grass or another natural covering should be used to cover the surface. These sensors should be
placed at least 30 meters away, or four times the height of any surrounding obstruction (about 100
ft.)

Solar radiation

Sensors should be installed on the station's southernmost side to avoid shadows. Artificial
radiation sources and reflective surfaces should be avoided. As the angle of the light changes
throughout the year, be sure tall trees and/or other structures do not shade the sensor.

Soil moisture and temperature

Should be monitored in an area of at least 1 m2 (about 10 ft2) that represents the soils in
the fields of interest. The sensors should be placed at least 1.5 meters (5 feet) away from any tower
or structure, as well as away from regions where natural drainage from the surrounding area occurs.

Rain gauge

Rain gauges should be located as far away from obstructions as feasible, ideally four times
the height of the nearest obstruction. The rain gauge's collector must be in a horizontal plane, level,
open to the sky, and above the height at which splashing rain and snow accumulation can skew the
reading.
 IV. CONCLUSION

Weather stations have proper equipment are useful here in Philippines. Especially
Philippines is a tropical country and prone to volcanic-tectonic events that hits many type of
disaster like typhoons thunder storms, earthquake, flashflood, El nino and La nina. Preparing for
this disaster is one of the most important we are relying and depending on the information that
given to us by PAGASA with the help of their weather stations calculating and determining how
strong the typhoon can be and track the locations, possibility where the typhoons going to land or
hit some provinces. I’ve realized that every Filipino must knowledgeable on some equipment and
know where weather station is located it might help us in the future where we can do an Do it
yourself equipment like wind vane anemometer, where we can track the direction of wind
especially as future farmer there are some events that we must know the direction of wind, the heat
index, Weather and climate of the place. Every weather equipment we found in weather station
has own purpose and function to determine easily and exactly the information that PAGASA need
to know. We know that this weather equipment are expensive but as long as it help us a lot we
need to have this in our country to ensure the safetiness and alertness of our fellow Filipino.
 V. REFERENCES

DOST PAGASA. (n.d.). PAGASA. Gov.Ph. Retrieved October 2, 2021, from

https://www.pagasa.dost.gov.ph/learning-tools/weather-instruments

Fraisse, C., Braun, G., Lusher, W., & Staudt, L. (2018, February 13). AE502/AE502: Your Farm
Weather Station: Installation and Maintenance Guidelines. Institute of Food and
Agricultural Sciences. https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/publication/AE502

How To Choose A Weather Station. (2015, January 1). Skyview: The Weather Company.
https://www.skyview.co.uk/blogs/useful-info/how-to-choose-a-weather-station

JVTIA. (2020, November 27). Maintenance and repair of maximum and minimum thermometer.
Shanghai Jiutian Automation Equipment Co., Ltd. https://www.rtdcn.com/maintenance-
and-repair-of-maximum-and-minimum-thermometer

Mercurial barometer | NCpedia. (n.d.). A North Carolina History Online Resource. Retrieved
October 2, 2021, from https://www.ncpedia.org/media/mercurial-
barometer#:%7E:text=Based%20on%20a%20principle%20developed,of%20mercury%2
0in%20the%20tube.

Wikipedia contributors. (2020, September 20). Rain gauge. Wikipedia.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rain_gauge

Lowe, C. (2019, March 2). Weather Instruments & Their Uses. Sciencing.
https://sciencing.com/weather-instruments-uses-8013246.html
 RUBRIC ASSESSMENT FOR ACTIVITIES

Name
Course, Year and Section:
Subject:
Activity No. and Title:
Date Submitted:
Instructor:

Rubric for the individual activity. *

(3) (1)
(4) (2) Score Equivalent
Criteria Very Needs
Excellent Satisfactory (4, 3, 2, 1) (=score*weight)
Satisfactory Improvement
The report
manifests a
Understanding clear and in The main points Some main The report is
of Laboratory depth are presented points are haphazardly
Activity (30%) understanding clearly. lacking. written.
of the laboratory
Activity.
Incoherent
Excellent Generally
Content and Minor deviation presentation of
articulation of correct.
Presentation in the required ideas. Did not
ideas; Followed Followed
(40%) format. follow required
required format required format
format.
The data is
The data is complete but
The data is not
The data is complete but contains some
Scientific complete and
complete and contains minor unexplainable
Accuracy contains
experimentally inconsistencies errors that affect
(30%) unexplainable
accurate (e.g. significant the generality of
errors
figures) the report (e.g.
units)
Total
Rating:
(=sum of equivalent/4)

Prepared and graded by:

MELROSE M. SALONA
Instructor
melrose.salona@cvsu.edu.ph