EEE 2297 (Signals and Linear Systems)

Rajshahi University of Engineering & Technology

Lecture: 3 hrs. /week No. of credit: 3.00

Department of Mechatronics Engineering

Introduction to Signals and Systems: Signals- classification, basic operation on signals, elementary signals,
representation of signal using impulse function; systems- classification.
Properties of Linear Time Invariant (LTI) Systems: Linearity, causality, time invariance, memory, stability,
invertibility.
Time Domain Analysis of LTI Systems: Differential equations- system representation, order of the system, solution
techniques, zero state and zero input response, System properties: impulse response – convolution integral,
determination of system properties; state variable- basic concept, static equation and time domain solution.
Frequency Domain Analysis of LTI Systems: Fourier series- properties, harmonic representation, system response,
frequency response of LTI systems; Fourier transformation- properties, inverse transform, system transfer function,
system response and distortion less systems. Laplace Transformation: Properties, inverse transform, solution of
system equations, system transfer function, system stability and frequency response and application.
Applications of Time and Frequency Domain Analysis: Solution of analog electrical and mechanical systems,
amplitude modulation and demodulation, time-division and frequency-division multiplexing.
Analogous Systems: Electrical, Mechanical and Electro-Mechanical systems.

Zinat Tasneem, Assistant Professor, Dept. of MTE, RUET 1

 Lecture Outcome
Rajshahi University of Engineering & Technology

▪ At the end of this lecture, students will be able to

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1. Classify systems

2. Know the properties of LTI System

Zinat Tasneem, Assistant Professor, Dept. of MTE, RUET 2

 Outline
Rajshahi University of Engineering & Technology
Department of Mechatronics Engineering

1. System Classification

2. Properties of LTI System

Zinat Tasneem, Assistant Professor, Dept. of MTE, RUET 3

 System Classification
Rajshahi University of Engineering & Technology
Department of Mechatronics Engineering

1. Linear and Non-linear Systems

2. Time Variant and Time Invariant Systems

3. Linear Time Variant and Linear Time Invariant Systems

4. Static and Dynamic Systems

5. Causal and Non-causal Systems

6. Invertible and Non-Invertible Systems

7. Stable and Unstable Systems

Zinat Tasneem, Assistant Professor, Dept. of MTE, RUET 4

 Linear and Non-linear Systems
Rajshahi University of Engineering & Technology

• A system is said to be linear when it satisfies the principle of superposition.

• Law of Additivity and Homogeneity.
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Law of Additivity

y1(t)
x1(t) System

∑ y1(t)+y2(t)
y2(t)
x2(t) System

x1(t)+ x2(t) System y1(t)+y2(t)

Zinat Tasneem, Assistant Professor, Dept. of MTE, RUET

 Linear and Non-linear Systems..
Rajshahi University of Engineering & Technology

• A system is said to be linear when it satisfies the principle of superposition.

• Law of Additivity and Homogeneity.
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Law of Homogeneity

x(t) System y(t)

y(t)
x(t) System K Ky(t)

Kx(t) System Ky(t)

Zinat Tasneem, Assistant Professor, Dept. of MTE, RUET

 Time Variant and Time Invariant Systems
Rajshahi University of Engineering & Technology

• A system is said to be time variant if its input and output characteristics vary with time.
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• Otherwise, the system is considered as time invariant.

x(t) System y(t)

x(t-t0) System y(t-t0)

Time Invariant System

Zinat Tasneem, Assistant Professor, Dept. of MTE, RUET

 Linear Time Variant and Linear Time Invariant Systems
Rajshahi University of Engineering & Technology

• If a system is both linear and time variant, then it is called linear time variant (LTV) system.
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• If a system is both linear and time Invariant then that system is called linear time invariant
(LTI) system.

Zinat Tasneem, Assistant Professor, Dept. of MTE, RUET

 Static and Dynamic Systems
Rajshahi University of Engineering & Technology

• A static system is memory-less system

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• Whereas a dynamic system is a system with memory

𝑦 𝑡 = 5𝑥 𝑡 𝑦 𝑡 = 5𝑥 𝑡 + 2𝑥 𝑡 − 3 𝑦 𝑡 =𝑥 𝑡−4 +𝑥 𝑡

𝑦 0 = 5𝑥(0) 𝑦 0 = 5𝑥 0 + 2𝑥(−3)

Static Dynamic Dynamic

Zinat Tasneem, Assistant Professor, Dept. of MTE, RUET

 Causal and Non-causal Systems
Rajshahi University of Engineering & Technology

• A system is said to be causal if its output depends upon present and past inputs, and does
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not depend upon future input.

• For non causal system, the output depends upon future inputs also.

𝑦 𝑡 = 5𝑥 𝑡 + 2𝑥 𝑡 − 3 𝑦 𝑡 = 6𝑥(𝑡 + 2) 𝑦 𝑡 = 𝑥 𝑡 − 4 + 𝑥 𝑡 + 6𝑥(𝑡 + 2)

𝑦 0 = 5𝑥 0 + 2𝑥(−3)
Non Causal Non Causal
Causal

Zinat Tasneem, Assistant Professor, Dept. of MTE, RUET

 Invertible and Non-Invertible Systems
Rajshahi University of Engineering & Technology

• If the input can be recovered from the system output, then it is called Invertible System.
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• In an invertible system, there should be one to one mapping between input and output at a
particular instant.
• If an invertible system is cascaded with its inverse system, then the system gain will be
equal to one.

h2(t)
x(t) h1(t) y(t)
Inverse System

𝑌 𝑠 = 𝑋 𝑠 𝐻1 𝑠 𝐻2 𝑠
𝑌 𝑠 = 𝑋(𝑠) 𝐻1 𝑠 = 1ൗ𝐻 (𝑠)
2

𝑦 𝑡 = 𝑥(𝑡)

Zinat Tasneem, Assistant Professor, Dept. of MTE, RUET

 Stable and Unstable Systems
Rajshahi University of Engineering & Technology

• The system is said to be stable only when the output is bounded for bounded input.
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• For a bounded input, if the output is unbounded in the system then it is said to be unstable.
• For a bounded signal, amplitude is finite.

Zinat Tasneem, Assistant Professor, Dept. of MTE, RUET

 Properties of Linear Time Invariant (LTI) Systems
Rajshahi University of Engineering & Technology

• Linearity
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• Causality
• Time invariance
• Memory
• Stability
• Invertibility

Causality: The output of an LTI system depends only on the present and past values of the input to
the system.
Memory: A system is memoryless (e.g., static) if for any time t=t1, the value of the output at time t1
depends only on the value of the input at time t=t1. In other words, the value of the output signal
depends only on the present value of the input signal.
Invertibility: A system is invertible if the input of the system can be recovered from the output of
the system.
Stability: In a stable system, a bounded input results in a bounded output

Zinat Tasneem, Assistant Professor, Dept. of MTE, RUET

 Reference Book
Rajshahi University of Engineering & Technology
Department of Mechatronics Engineering

1. DeCarlo, Raymond A., and Pen-Min Lin. Linear circuit analysis: time domain, phasor, and Laplace
transform approaches. Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1995.

Zinat Tasneem, Assistant Professor, Dept. of MTE, RUET 14

 Rajshahi University of Engineering & Technology
Department of Mechatronics Engineering

Thank You!

Zinat Tasneem, Assistant Professor, Dept. of MTE, RUET

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