Climate Change and Resilience Considerations

Climate projections by PAGASA (2022) suggest that the entire

Philippines will get warmer, more so in the warm summers, with
mean temperatures expected to rise by 1.8 to 2.2 degrees Celsius in
2050. These projections also imply generally wetter wet seasons
and drier dry seasons, with flooding and droughts to occur more
often in the country.

Particularly in the Visayas regions where Cebu is located, extreme

rainfall is projected to increase in trend, with the number of dry days
also seen to continue to rise until 2050 (PAGASA, 2022). Cebu's
climate is classified as Type III (Modified Coronas Classification),
without very pronounced maximum rain period. It has short dry
season which lasts from about one to three months, either from
December to February, or from March to May.

The island Province of Cebu is along the average Tropical Cyclone

Tracks during the 4th Quarter annually, which is a period that covers
Figure 1. Cebu's Climate is Type III. (Source:
the first half of the Northeast monsoon season. Typhoons in Cebu PAGASA, n.d.)
and Central Visayas islands are said to be more frequent during the
months of November and December based on reports between 1948-2005 (PAGASA-DOST, 2022).

In the last 10 years, the island of Cebu has experienced two of the most devastating typhoons:
(1) Category 5 Supertyphoon Yolanda (Haiyan) which hardly hit Northern Cebu in 2013, with 225kph
speed at the center and gustiness of 260kph; and
(2) Category 4 (upon landfall in Carcar, Cebu) Supertyphoon Odette (Rai) on December 16, 2021 (195kph
strength near center, with gustiness of 270kph) (PAGASA, 2022).
Cebu City was heavily affected by Typhoon Odette as it was along its landfall trajectory, with the City’s
road networks, critical facilities, power supply, water supply, and telecommunications severely damaged
and down for at least three to six weeks.

Figure 2. Tropical Cyclone Track during Northeast monsoon season. (Source: PAG ASA, n.d., cited in the conference report of
PEÑARANDA, n.d.)
Cebu City’s Resilience Challenged by Natural Disasters

The City’s resilience in infrastructure was put to test with the aftermath of Supertyphoon Odette in
December 16, 2021, disrupting energy and water supply in the communities, with simultaneous
occurrences of household fires in many barangays almost every week after the storm’s landfall. While
water and power supply were difficult for most households during the post typhoon down time, there
was also very little rainfall in December 2021 which aggravated the situation. There was no shortage of
supply for petroleum in the City, but motorists had to queue long hours in the gasoline stations for
about three weeks due to the shortage of generator sets and personnel to keep some stations
operating, with some stations that had to temporarily shut down because of the physical damage of
structures. Banking was also very difficult in all areas, with extremely long queues for ATM cash
withdrawals. With telecommunications down for more than four to six weeks, electronic payments
systems were unable to function. Deliveries of online stores were also not serving Cebu due to the down
times of transport networks by land, sea, and air.

Figure 3. Aftermath of the storm surge that brought massive damage to properties along South Road Properties (SRP) in Cebu
City. (Source: Author’s photos taken a few days after Supertyphoon Odette's landfall last December 16, 2021 in Cebu.)

In retrospect, another major disaster that hit Cebu City was an Intensity 7 earthquake due to the
movement of the North Bohol Fault, with a magnitude of 7.2 MW. It destroyed major areas in Cebu and
Bohol on its strongest ground shaking last October 15, 2013, with a total of 4,465 aftershocks. Although
earthquakes might be relatively seldom in Cebu, the whole island’s ridges are generally prone to
landslides due to the predominant limestone that dissolves easily by water discharges on steep slopes,
eventually forming underground caves or sinkholes (Miasco and Ambrad, 2018).
Attributes of Cebu City’s Existing Land Use to Climate and Disaster Risks Exposure and Vulnerability

Cebu City’s built-up areas are mostly situated in the lowlands, with origins as a Port City during the
Spanish Colonial Era and modernized with international ports during the American Period (Fajardo,
2019) (Kishiue, et al, 2003). Through the years of rapid urbanization, uncontrolled mixing and conflicting
land uses increased in the buildable lowlands, as development of the steep slopes of the City posed to
be more expensive and difficult.

As buildable lowlands became more scarce, urban expansion through land reclamation became a
necessity. The City’s first reclamation project started in the late 1962 until 1967, with a total of 169
hectares of reclaimed foreshore area from Cebu Port’s Pier 3 to the Subangdaku River (Bancom Realty
Corporation, 1980), intended to decongest the urban core (Uybengkee, 1980).

Figure 4. Cebu City's first reclamation project that was contracted by Cebu Development Corporation which started in 1962.
(Source: Bancom Realty Corporation, 1980).

Bancom Realty Corporation (1980) reports that during the inception phase of the reclamation project,
there were a total of 2,418 informal settlement families (ISFs) that were scattered around the pier areas
while middle income group ISFs were at the northeast portion. Some of these families had to be
relocated to sites in Consolacion, others were legally ejected, while some voluntary left.

In the later half of the 1990s, a 300-hectare reclamation project would be constructed along the south
coast of Cebu City as part of phase three of the Metro Cebu Development Project, which was then
known as the Cebu South Reclamation Project (CSRP) (Montenegro, Diola and Remedio, 2005), which
now presently is more known as the South Road Properties (SRP). Findings of the study by Amper
(2021) discussed how urban fishing communities were displaced from their livelihoods that relied mainly
on small scale fishing (“panawom (diving/spear fishing), pamasol (hook and line fishing), pamukot
(fishing using mesh nets), panginhas (gleaning), and panu (gathering shrimps and crabs at low tide”).
Amper’s study reports that as CSRP was implemented, these fisherfolks had to shift to mostly irregular
and informal service-related work.
Cebu City’s urban expansion has not only been
limited to reclamation of coastal areas in
attempting to decongest the lowlands, but has
been evident within the critical ecology of its
uplands as well. In a study by Kummer,
Concepcion and Cañizares (2003), it was seen that
the island of Cebu has virtually no remaining
natural forest. The same study states that while
Cebu receives less rainfall than other parts of the
Philippines, flooding in the lowlands are frequent,
which can be attributed to the aggradation of the
river caused by soil erosion from the degradation
of the uplands. The same authors state that the
decrease in agricultural productivity in the island
is primarily due to the uncontrolled soil erosion in
the uplands.

In a study by Dykstra (1976) as cited by Kummer

et al (2004), traces of sedimentation around
Buhisan reservoir in Cebu City were seen between
1924 and 1951, with much deposition that later
worsened in the 1940s and 1950s as people
started to flee in the uplands during the Japanese
occupation. As cited by Kummer et al (2004),
Neevel et al (1984) also noted that the
deforestation after the World War II caused
tremendous siltation in the Cansaga River. After
the war ended, people who fled to the uplands to
cultivate food remained in the upland "forests"
(Cornista et al, 1986 as cited by Kummer et al,
2004).

Years of continued destruction of the Cebu’s

uplands directly affects the quality of life from the
ridges to the reefs, including the state of the water
supply in Metro Cebu. Advocates on IWRM and
water governance have pushed for the passing of
the City’s updated Zoning Ordinance which helps
protect the watersheds of the island.
Figure 5. A Development Constraint Map as an example of a mapping
A study on groundwater vulnerability assessment as tool to help protect the groundwater quality of Cebu City. The authors
an aid for groundwater protection policy for Cebu contextualized the UK Groundwater Vulnerability Methodology as a
City by Holman & Palmer (1999) recommends that guide for Cebu City’s urban expansion. Source: Holman & Palmer
(1999).
groundwater issues be interlinked with the decision-
making process for land use. The authors contextualized the UK Groundwater Vulnerability
Methodology as a plausible tool for Cebu City’s urban expansion planning and decisions that can be
consistent and defensible against unplanned urban expansion which threatens water quality.

To this day, the continuous urban expansions are still happening towards the coastal areas and the
uplands of Cebu City, where critical ecosystems need to be protected to secure the sustainable growth
of the City. The foreseen impacts of Climate Change and disasters like water scarcity, flooding, and
landslides will become more pronounced, unless necessary urban growth limits are set in place and
implemented through stronger institutional arrangements and relevant and timely local legislation.

Climate and Disaster Risk Assessments: Risk and Exposure Maps of Cebu City

The coastal areas of Cebu City are vulnerable to Storm Surge Advisory 4 (Figure 8), while the uplands are
susceptible to High to Medium landslides (Figure 9) (NOAH, 2022). Areas in the barangays of Inayawan,
Bulacao, and SRP District are susceptible to flooding as shown in the 25-year return simulation (Figure
8).

Figure 6. Storm surge exposure along Cebu City's coastal areas (Storm Surge Advisory 4
only). Source: https://noah.up.edu.ph/know-your-hazards/storm-surge

Figure 7. Medium to High Risk vulnerability of built up areas in the Ports of Cebu City
(Storm Surge Advisory 4 only). Source: https://noah.up.edu.ph/know-your-
hazards/storm-surge
Figure 8. A simulation of a 25-year return period for Flooding shows that only Barangays Bulacao, Inayawan, and the SRP
District are susceptible to Low, Medium, and High Flooding. Source: https://noah.up.edu.ph/noah-studio

Figure 9. A simulation showing that most of the barangays in the uplands of Cebu City are Highly vulnerable to
landslides.
Source: https://noah.up.edu.ph/noah-studio
Housing in the Context of Cebu City’s Spatial Plans and Proposed Zoning Ordinance

The Cebu City Planning and Development Office (CPDO) has identified sites as Socialized Housing Zones
in its proposed Comprehensive Land Use Plan (Cuizon, A. Personal communication, 18 May 2022).
These sites include government owned and privately owned lots (See Figure 10).

Privately owned lands are designated by the City as resettlement sites on these parameters (Cuizon, A.
Personal communication, 01 June 2022):
1. sites within the urban area or on the fringes;
2. sites with little or no development;
3. site/s with existing informal settlers as occupants; and
4. housing sites to be distributed within the city urban limits to create balance in the overall
circulation/accessibility within the urban areas, securing equitable access to opportunities for
the end-users.

In an interview with the City’s DEPW Head (J. Reston, personal communication, 13 June 2022), it
transpires that the prioritization of infrastructure projects, including housing units for the resettlement
of informal settlers, emanates from a “long list” of Annual Invest Program (AIP) which is headed by the
oversight of the Local Chief Executive (LCE). It starts at the community level through the Barangay
Chairperson who executes priority requests from the constituents by filling out Form 101. The requests
pass through the CPDO for review before the “long list” gets endorsed to the City Development Council
(CDC) for further deliberation. Projects which qualify in the “long list” will be realized upon the
availability of the Local Development Fund (LDF), with priority projects to be finally decided by the City’s
Chief Executive (Mayor).

The City has commissioned the master

planning of the City’s Drainage System
through a Design and Build contract (J.
Reston, personal communication, 13 June
2022). Particulars of this masterplan
include the design of the underground
drainage systems in the entire City and to
be executed as drainage infrastructure
project by the same entity. The clearing,
improvement, and/or dredging of the
final outfalls in the rivers and creeks are
primarily to be implemented by the
DPWH Cebu City District and Region 7
Engineering Officers, respectively.

Mandated by RA 10752 or “The Right-of-

Way Act”, DEPW’s implementation is in
accordance to ensuring that the informal Figure 10. Cebu City’s Proposed Socialized Housing Zone.
settlers in any areas affected by clearing
(Source: Cebu City PDO, 18 May 2022)
for infrastructure projects shall be provided with resettlement sites by the City, as in:

Sec 9. “The government…shall establish and develop resettlement sites for informal settlers,
including the provision of adequate basic services and community facilities, in anticipation of
informal settlers that have to be removed from the right-of-way site or location of future
infrastructure projects, pursuant to the provisions of Republic Act No. 7279 (UDHA)).”

The CPDO’s proposal for the

easements along riverbanks is
according to the standards of the
National Building Code (NBC), with
10 meters width from the
centerline of the river in rural
barangays, while provision for
NBC’s minimum width of 3 meters
up to the City’s proposal of 5
meters for easements in urban
barangays. Such easements are
zoned as open spaces and public
parks in the City’s proposed Zoning
Ordinance (ZO). The approved ZO
prevails among all the plans in the
City (See Figure 11).Along the City’s
shorelines, vistas are to be
protected with Medium Density
Commercial (C2) and Residential
(R2) as the highest limit. In fringes,
Low Density Residential Zones (R1)
are proposed (A. Cuizon, personal
communication, May 18, 2022).

Figure 11. The City’s updated Zoning Map as of March 2022, which is yet to be presented
in a public hearing (A. Cuizon, personal communication, 18 May 2022).
Existing Plans for the City’s Proposed Resettlement Areas

The City recognizes the urgent need to relocate informal settlement families, especially those in the
danger zones (M. Rama, personal communication, 14 June 2022). Priority agenda of the Local Chief
Executive (LCE) is to ensure that resettlement areas are close to the communities originated by the
affected families, as this minimizes disruption of the social fabric. The LCE also recognizes the
importance of expropriating properties close to the riverbanks where the informal settlement families
have been staying for years. In addition, the Chief Executive desires that the new affordable housing
developments be strategically located along transport network nodes like the proposed monorail
system.

The City’s housing projects are within the oversight of the Committee in Infrastructure and Housing,
with the City’s DEPW as the implementing arm for the actual construction of the structures. Over the
years, several housing projects for the relocation of the informal settlements in danger zones and those
with pending orders for demolition have been crafted but most never came into fruition due to various
issues (J. Reston, personal communication, 13 June 2022).

Among the City’s proposed housing projects are the following:

1. 1990s Dormitory;
2. MRB for Brgy Lorega San Miguel;
3. MRB for Sitio Silangan (Pier 2);
4. MRB for Brgy Duljo;
5. MRB for Brgy Mambaling; and
6. High Rise Housing in the old VHire Terminal.

The Office of the City Architect (OCA) has delivered designs for the relocation of households in the
barangays of Pahina Central, San Nicolas, Mambaling, and Duljo. These plans are requested on an “as
needed basis” such as in an event of fire in February 2022 which affected informal settlements in
Barangay Mambaling (E. Cuizon and E. Lipang, personal communication, 18 May 2022).

Barangay San Nicolas is an ongoing development which is in a mangrove area within a titled property
that is owned by the City. Its beneficiaries are dependent on the fishing industry which requires an area
for this livelihood. The City has provided a Reblocking Plan, accommodating 4 storey residential building
that is structurally designed for an additional 5th storey expansion.

The plan for Mambaling intends to accommodate over 600 families that were affected by a recent fire.
The plan has 228 subdivided lots which are intended to be built with “shell only” homes. It will be using
the half-house concept with user-based designs (E. Cuizon, personal communication, May 18, 2022).

Another development is situated in Barangay Duljo which is for three to six storey Medium Rise
Residential Building, with a budget allocation of PhP117,000,000 (E. Lipang, personal communication, 18
May 2022). This project will benefit families that are displaced by the ongoing DPWH Flood Control and
Mitigation Projects along Kinalumsan River.
 A portion of informal settlements living along the coasts of Brgy Mambaling and Brgy Duljo might be
displaced further as the Phase 1 of the Construction of By-pass and diversion roads in Mambaling South
Boulevard is ongoing. In an interview with DEPW (J. Reston, personal communication, 13 June 2022), a
70-meter waterway easement from the edge of the SRP embankment is to be achieved as originally
planned for this reclamation project, to help ensure that water outfalls can properly drain out from the
City. These infrastructure developments in the pipeline might further displace additional informal
settlement families in the future.

In the port areas, informal settlers in Sitio Silangan in Brgy Tejero are living within a publicly owned lot
along Arellano Street, which is entirely highly susceptible to storm surge (Advisory 3 & 4). A proposed
housing project for this community could not be built on the existing site as the City does not have yet
available units to temporarily house the affected families. The proposed resettlement MRB will be built
on site within the property that is publicly owned (J. Reston, personal communication, 13 June 2022).

Figure 12 a Figure 12 b

Figure 12 c

Figure 12.

a) A photo of a street view of the informal settlement community which encroach a major logistics road (Arellano St.)
along the Port Area

b) A simulation of the susceptibility of storm surge (Advisory 3 only) along Arellano Street in Port Area.

c) An architectural rendering of a Proposed Design for a 4-storey with Roof deck MRB Housing for the ISFs located along
Arellano St. in Brgy Tejero. Source: Office of the City Architect (June 2022)
Figure 13. Architect's rendering of a Proposed MRB in Brgy San Nicolas. Source: Office of the City Architect (June 2022)

Figure 14. Typical Floor Plans for a Proposed MRB for Brgy Pahina Central. Source: Office of the City
Architect (June 2022)
Figure 15. Proposed Typical Floor Plans and Site Development Sketch Plan for the Mambaling ISFs
beneficiaries who were affected by a recent fire in February 2022. Source: Plan retrieved from the
Office of the City Architect (May 2022).
Existing Institutional Arrangements and Legal Basis for Socialized Housing

Batas Pambansa (BP) 220 and its Implementing Rules and Regulations (IRR) define the minimum design
standards and requirements for economic and socialized housing projects. The Republic Act (RA) 7279,
or more known as the Urban Development and Housing Act (UDHA) of 1992, provides for the
mechanisms in the implementation of housing programs, making decent housing available and
affordable for the underprivileged and homeless citizens in urban and resettlement areas.

The Department of Interior and Local Government (DILG), through its Memorandum Circular 2008-143
entitled "Creation of Local Housing Boards", requires the creation and devolution of the functions and
powers to a Local Housing Board (LHB) as the sole clearing house for eviction and demolition activities
concerning informal settlers in danger areas, public places, and government projects. The Mayor is the
Chairperson of the LHB (See Figure 4).

Cebu City’s Ordinance No. 1969 established the guidelines on beneficiary selection for the Socialized
Housing Program of the City (9th City Council – Cebu City, 2003). This ordinance also defines further the
implementation of the local socialized housing program by the City through the Division for the Welfare
of the Urban Poor (DWUP) and the Local Housing Board (LHB). As defined in Section 2 of this Ordinance,
"Areas for priority development" refers to those areas declared as such by the Cebu City Local Housing
Board (LHB). "Resettlement areas" refers to areas identified by the LHB which shall be used for the
relocation of the underprivileged and homeless citizens.

The LHB is the approving body for all applications of project proponents for a “Certificate of Compliance
for Administrative Demolition and Eviction” (See Figure 5 for the Checklist of requirements). Among the
requirements include a certification of availability of resettlement/relocation and development plan of
relocation site (DILG, 2008).

Figure 16. Composition of the Local Housing Board. Source: Department of Interior and Local Government (DILG), through
Memorandum Circular (MC) 2008-143 (Accessible online: https://dilg.gov.ph/PDF_File/issuances/memo_circulars/MC2008-143.pdf)
Figure 17. Checklist of Requirements for A Project Proponent’s Application for Certificate of Compliance for Administrative
Demolition and Eviction. Source: Department of Interior and Local Government (DILG), through its Memorandum Circular (MC)
2008-143. Accessible online: https://dilg.gov.ph/PDF_File/issuances/memo_circulars/MC2008-143.pdf
Identified Issues & Proposed Mitigation Measures

Table 1 shows the Risk Management Plan, with the following seen as possible issues and risks during the
duration of this project’s delivery:

1. COVID19: Pandemic Related Restrictions

2. TWG: Change of Leaderships in LGU
3. COOPERATION: Silos in Inter-agency/LGU project implementations
4. DATA: Inaccessible or Obsolete data
5. EMERGENCY RELATED: Natural or man-made disasters
6. DELAYED IMPLEMENTATION OF RECOMMENDATIONS: Data becomes obsolete
7. CONFLICTING LAND USE: Land Use Plan vs Common Objectives

The entire duration of this project is still within the era of the CoVid19 pandemic, with the volatility of
government restrictions still present and clear. On that premise, the Cebu Delivery Team (CDT) ensures
with satisfactory levels of effort the continuity of the program amidst these uncertainties. As of this
writing, Cebu City is still under IATF CoVid19 Alert Level 1, the most unrestrictive category for all
establishments and institutions. However, both the beneficiary LGU and CDT do not discount the
possibility of the restrictions to become tighter in the coming months.

The current Local Chief Executive will assume office as the Mayor of Cebu City from July 1, 2022 until
June 30, 2025. Within that three-year term, there might be changes in the leadership and composition of
the City’s Departments and Divisions, respectively. There is also a possibility of shifts of leadership in
both the Legislative and Executive Offices of the City. These changes might affect the delivery of the
recommendations which shall transpire in the output/s of this project.

Project implementation in the Local Government Units is governed by the Government Procurement
Reform Act (RA9184). Large scale to mega projects are usually taken on through RA6957 as amended
by RA7718 (Philippine Build-Operate-and-Transfer (BOT) law), allowing LGUs to enter into contract with
the private sector through Build-Operate-and-Transfer (BOT) and Build-Transfer-and-Operate (BTO).
RA7718 and its Implementing Rules and Regulations (IRR) broadened proposal options for the Private
Public Partnerships (PPP). The process of budgeting and procurement however takes at least a couple
of years, which in turn bring consequences to the relevance of the data and recommendations as outputs
of this study.

In addition, as land is a scarce resource, especially for the case of Cebu City’s limited buildable lowland
areas, there could be a high rate of conflict in land use among the City’s stakeholders. The role of the
beneficiary LGU is to harmonize such conflicts through consistent consultations, dialogue, and vision
setting with the goal of attaining common objectives for the best use of the City’s lands. While this study
is limited to giving evidence-based recommendations in terms of disaster safe and climate resilient
infrastructure and housing for Cebu City, part of the sustainability of the recommended interventions will
be dependent on the executability of such primarily at the community level.

Finally, Cebu City is geographically located in a Tropical Cyclone Track during northeast monsoon
season annually. Its uplands are also critical to the threats of landslides due to its continuous
degradation. The City being an ecologically sensitive location, along with the entire Metro Cebu, where
the densest population reside, it is highly vulnerable to natural and man-made disasters. The delivery
team and the beneficiary LGU need to work together in buffering contingencies which may arise due to
these possible emergencies brought by man-made disasters and natural hazards.
Table 1. Risk Management Plan for the Cebu Delivery Team - Future Cities (Duration: April 01, 2022 until December 31, 2022)

Risk Management Plan

(as of June 22 2022)

RISKS Likelihood of Impact of the Severity Owner Mitigating Action Contingent Action
ID #
occurrence Risk
Category Description (Based on Impact (Person who manages (Actions to mitigate the risk eg. reducing (Action to be taken if the risk happens)
Low Low Low
Medium Medium Medium
High High High
001 COVID19: Pandemic Related Restrictions Restrictions in face to face meetings due to higher Team Lead Mitigation is limited to consistent 1. Deploy alternate meeting and data collection

002 TWG: Change of Leaderships in LGU 1. Change of Local Executive Functions FCDO / Team Lead Mitigation is limited to consistent 1. Realignment of relationships
1.1. Change of Department Heards monitoring of leaderships/plantilla as 2. Re-briefing of the incoming TWG/leaders
1.2. Change of Division Heads foresight for next steps.

2. Change of Local Legislative Functions

003 COOPERATION: Silos in Inter-agency/LGU Approval and implementation of Team Lead Consistent communication with Realignment of scopes of the CDT intervention/s.
project implementations projects/programs that are not properly stakeholders on updates of plans and
communicated among stakeholders programs.

004 DATA: Inaccessible data 1. Highly classified data Deputy Team Lead Setting parameters of qualifying data Realignment of scopes based on accessible data
2. Data with security implications Data Management based on outputs
3. Internal data which is yet premature to share

005 EMERGENCY RELATED: Natural or man Occurrence of any natural or man-made disasters FCDO / Team Lead Mitigation is limited to consistent 1. Deploy alternate meeting and data collection
made disasters which places the City or province in a state of monitoring as foresight for next steps. options
emergency 2. Secure health and safety protection of personnel
deployed in the field

006 DELAYED IMPLEMENTATION OF Gap of time from the recommnendations of CDT FCDO / Team Lead / Clarity in the delivery that the Levelling of expectations from the outputs with the
RECOMMENDATIONS: Data becomes until the actual implementation phase makes LGU recommendation principles are time project/program aspirations of the LGU within
obsolete some of the data / evidence irrelevant and/or bound. timeframes.
inacurate.

007 CONFLICTING LAND USE: Land Use Plan vs Unharmonized objectives in the best use of the LGU 1. Timely public hearing by LGU on Land This risk can only be managed within the duration
Common Objectives land. Use Plans. of the CDT's delivery. Beyong this timeframe, the
2. Timely and relevation Legislation by LGU can ensure conflict resolution by consistent
LGU to secure the proposed Land Use dialogue and updating the necessary Ordinances.
Plans.
References:

Amper. Z. (2021) “Surviving a Reclamation Project: Shifting Fisherfolk Provisioning Strategies in a

Metropolitan City”, Social Transformations: Journal of the Global South. 2020, Vol. 8 Issue 2, p227-258.
32p.
Viewed 19 June 2022, < https://ajolbeta.ateneo.edu/stjgs/articles/227/2540/read>

Bancom Realty Corporation, 1980. “Urban Expansion Through Reclamation: The Case of Cebu City”,
Philippine Planning Journal, Vol XII, No 1, page 1.

Fajardo. F. (2019). “The Galleon trade and Cebu”, Cebu Daily News, 07 April. Available at:
https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/226811/the-galleon-trade-and-cebu [Accessed: 19 June 2022].

Holman. I. and Palmer. R. (1999). “Groundwater protection incorporated into land use planning: a study
from Cebu City, the Philippines”. Impacts of Urban Growth on Surface Water and Groundwater Quality,
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VISAYAS AND PALAWAN (September 2003), pp. 135-155 (21 pages). Published by: University of San
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Miasco. M. and Ambrad. L. (2018). “CEBU NEWS: Other areas prone to landslide”, The Freeman, 24
October. [online] Available at: https://www.philstar.com/the-freeman/cebu-
news/2018/10/24/1862767/other-areas-prone-landslide [Accessed: 19 June 2022].

Montenegro. L., Diola. A., and Remedio. E. (2005). The Environmental Costs of Coastal Reclamation in
Metro Cebu, Philippines. Published by the Economy and Environment Program for Southeast Asia
(EEPSEA). Viewed 19 June 2022, < https://idl-bnc-
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Nationwide Operational Assessment of Hazards (NOAH) (2022). University of the Philippines Resilience
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