C7 TRANSMISSION MEDIA

Can be divided into two categories:

Transmission
Guided Media media

Unguided Media
Guided Unguided
1 Guided Media

 Parallel wires
 Twisted-pair cable
 Coaxial Cable
 Fiber-optic cable
1.1 Parallel wires
Noise source

The total effect is

16 – 12 = 4
Noise effect = 16 units
16

Sender Receiver

12
Noise effect = 12 units

3 3 3 3
1.1 Parallel wires

 Advantages  Disadvantages
- Simplest - Electromagnetic interference
- Cheap - Crosstalk
- High attenuation
- Short distance
1.2 Twisted-pair cable

 UTP – Unshielded Twisted Pair cable

 STP – Shielded Twisted Pair cable
 Unshielded
1.3 Twisted Pair Cable – UTP

Twisted-pair cable
100 Hz 5 MHz

Outer insulator Solid copper

or PVC conductors
 Unshielded
1.3 Twisted Pair Cable – UTP

Twisted pairs
Plastic cover
(5 pairs)
 Unshielded
1.3 Twisted Pair Cable – UTP
Five categories of UTP cable developed by EIA
(Electronic Industries Association):
- Category 1: Twisted-pair cabling used in
telephone systems, inadequate for high-speed data
communication
- Category 2: Suitable for voice and for data
transmission of up to 4 Mbps
 Unshielded
1.3 Twisted Pair Cable – UTP
- Category 3: Required to have at least three 3
twists per foot (0.3048 m), can be used for data
transmission of up to 10 Mbps
- Category 4: Transmission rate up to 16Mbps
- Category 5: Used for data transmission up to
100 Mbps
 Unshielded
1.3 Twisted Pair Cable – UTP
- UTP Connectors: RJ11, RJ 45

4-conductor 8-conductor
 Shielded
1.4 Twisted Pair Cable – UTP
Metal shield
Copper

Plastic cover Insulation

Has a metal foil covering each pair of insulated

conductors
Eliminate electromagnetic noise and crosstalk
1.5 Coaxial Cable

Coaxial cable
800 KHz 500 MHz

Insulator

outer conductor
Plastic cover (shield) Inner conductor
1.5 Coaxial Cable

Different coaxial cable designs are categorized

by their Radio Government (RG)
 Each RG points out a specification function about:
- The wire gauge
- The thickness and type of the inner insulator
- The construction of shield
- The size and type of the outer casting
1.5 Coaxial Cable

 RG-8, RG-9, RG-11

 RG-58
RG-59
1.6 Optical Fiber

Structure of optical fiber

Outer jacket Buffer

Fiber
(core and cladding)
1.6 Optical Fiber

Propagation modes Mode

Multimode Single mode

Step-index Graded-index
1.6 Optical Fiber

 Multimode step-index fiber

- Some beams penetrate the cladding and are lost.
- Data transmission rate is limited
- Used for low-speed data communication. Low
precision.
Core Destination
Source
Cladding
1.6 Optical Fiber

 Multimode graded-index fiber

- Density is highest at the center of the core and
decreases to its lowest at the edge.
- The angle of beams are altered in order to reach the
destination at the same time
- More precise than step-index.

Destination
Source
1.6 Optical Fiber

 Single Mode
- All beams are close to the horizontal.
- Diameter is smaller than that of multimode fiber
- Propagation of different beams is almost identical
and delays are negligible

Destination
Source
1.6 Optical Fiber

Wavelengths:
850nm
1300nm
1550nm
1.6 Optical Fiber

Advantages
- Noise resistance
- Less signal attenuation  Greater transmission
distance
- Wide bandwidth
1.6 Optical Fiber
Disadvantages
- Expensive
- High manufacturing techniques
- Complicate for pairing
- Fragility (Easy to be broken)
- Generator is more expensive than electrical
signals generator
2 Unguided Media

 Infra-red
 RF
 Microwaves
 Satellite Communication
 2 Unguided Media
 Radio frequency is divided into 8 ranges (bands)
Band Frequency (f) Wavelength ()
VLF 3 Kz  30 Kz 100 Km  10 Km
LF 30 Kz  300 Kz 10 Km  1 Km
MF 300 Kz  3 Mz 1 Km  100 m
HF 3 Mz  30 Mz 100 m  10 m
VHF 30 Mz  300 Mz 10 m  1m
UHF 300 Mz  3 Gz 1m  1 dm
SHF 3 Gz  300 Gz 1 dm  1 cm
EHF 30 Gz  300 Gz 1 cm  1mm
 2 Unguided Media

 Radio wave transmission utilizes 5 types of

propagation:
- Surface
- Tropospheric
- Ionospheric
- Line-of-sight
- Space
2 Unguided Media
 Terrestrial microwave

Earth
2 Unguided Media

 Satellite communication
Satellite

22.000 miles

Sending earth Earth Receiving earth

station station
3
Specification of transmission media
 Noise
 Capacity
 Attenuation