100

Vur 60100
x(-14)-28mV
Example 5.3
A Schmitt trigger with the upper threahold level Ver 0 V and hyster teresis width V.
8ne wave of amplitude 4Vao into a 8quare wave. Calculat
r t o n of the negative and positive portion of the output Waverom,

Solution
VUr0 2V

HVUT- Vir = 0.2 V

So Vir=-0.2 V
In Fig. 5.9, the angle 0 can be calculated as
0.2/
-0,2=Vm sin (t + 0)=-V sin 0=-2 sin 6
a r c sin 0.1 = 0.1 radian To
The period, T 1/f =1/1000 =1 ms
wT = 27 (1000) To = 0.1

Te (0.1/2 r) ms = 0.016 ms -T
So. T =TI2+Th =0.516 ms Fig. 5.9 Circuit for
and T =T2- Ta = 0.484 ms
Example s3

5.4 SQUARE WAVE GENERATOR (ASTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR)

A Simple op-amp square wave generator is shown in Fig. 5.10 (a). Also
calleda free runni-
oScillator, the principle of generation of square wave output is to force an op-amp to operat
in the saturation region. In Fig. 5.10 (a) fraction ß R,/Rt R) of the
=
output is
to the (+) input terminal. Thus the reference voltage Vref 1s Bu, and may take fed bate
values
R
. -
Vo

Vsat

BVsat - - -

Vo
Ri3
Vc -BVat
BV R
Vsal1-(1+B)e
(a)
(b)
Fig. 5.10 (a) Simple op-amp square wave generator (b) Waveforms
 BVsatThe output is also fed back to the (-)
ow-pass RC combination. input terminal after integrating
I 8Ofa
Whenever input at theinput terminal just exceeds oy
e
tching takes place resulting in a
hestales
quasi stable.
a r e
square wave outpu
tput. In astable multivibrator, both
Consideran ins nstant of time
when the
output is at +Vsat: The capacit
through resistance R, as shown in
citor now starts charging
Fig. 5.10 (b). The voltage
is held +5Vsat by R and R,
rminali s h e l d at ge at the (+) input
ha Combination. This condition continues as the
until it
it has just exceeded
until

+BVat, the reference

charge
CTIses,

)
erminal becomes just greater than this reference
m p u t
voltage. When the voltage at the
this instant, the voltage on the
ins this voltage, the output is driven to
at
At
capacitor is +BVt. It begins to discharge througn
that 18, charges toward Vsat When the
-

output voltage switches to -Vsat the capacitor

ore and more negatively until its
voltage
ha Vt The cycle repeats itself as shown injust exceeds -BVat The output switches
aCanency is determined by the time it takes Fig. 5.10 (b).
the capacitor to
san nd and vice versa. The voltage across the
charge from -BVsat to
capacitor as a function of time is given by,
v0) =
V +(V, -Vele-t/RC
the final value, V, = + Vat
(5.4)
hern
nd the
initial value,
V=-BVt
Therefore,

v0)= Vat+ -BVt-V) eRC

v)= Vat- Vat (1 + B)eR
(5.5)
Att= T, voltage across the capacitor reaches BVat and switching takes place. Therefore,
vT)= BVt Vat-Vat (1+B)e-T/RC
(5.6)
After algebraic manipulation, we get,

1= RCIn
1-B 5.7)
This give only one half of the period.
Total time period

T= 27, =
2RC In 1-B (5.8)
and the output wave form is symmetrical.
IfR R =
then B 0.5, and T
=
2RC In 3. And for
T=2 RC R =
1.16R, it can be seen that

fo 1
2RC
The output swings from+Vsat to
Vsat sO,
Upeak-to-peak = 2 Vt
(5.9)
 242
Linear Integrated Circults Ra10 ko
w

(V+Vp)
ww
741

w
Rsc RD
-(V,+V»)

R C-0.1 uF

Av
pV,
(d)
(C) square wave generator
Asymmetric
zener
diodes. (d)
back
(c) Use of back to
Fig. 5.10 the pOwer supDl
be varied by varying
shown in Fie
volta
he peak to peak output
amplitude can
to back
zener diodes as .10 e
u s e back diodes.
However, bettertechnique is to the zener
a
+ (V, + Vp) by
output voltage is regulated to
1he
+ Vp)
6.10
,peak-to-peak
= 2 (Vz
drawn from
the op-amp to,
esistor Rse limits the currents

6.11
Rsc
At higher frequencies, houWO
well at audio frequencies.
This circuit works reasonably wave.
the slope of the output square
slew-rate of the op-amp limits with different break do
w a v e is desired,
then z e n e r diodes down
t an asymmetric square either Vo or Vo2, where V
=
is Z1
used. Then the output
voltages Vz and V7 may be that the positive section is given by,
be
Vz2+ Vp. It can shown easily
Vp and Vo2
RC In 1+BVo2/V 5.12)
T1 =

1-B
T will be the same as given by Eq. (5.12) with V and
The duration of negative section
Vo2interchanged.
wave output is to add a de voltage source
An alternative method to get asymmetric square
as shown in Fig. 5.10 (d). Now
the capacitor C swings between the voltage
levels (BVsatRo+ V) and -BVsat+ V). If the voltage source V is made variable, voltage to
V in series

variation will not be linear.

frequency conversion can be achieved though the

5 . 5 MONOSTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR

Monostable multivibrator has one stable state and the other is quasi stable state. The eireut
is useful for generating single output pulse of adjustable time duration in response t0
triggering signal. The width of the output pulse depends only on external components connede
to the op-amp. The circuit shown in Fig. 5.11(a) is a modified form of the astable multivibrau
 w
()
o V
www
R
R

R
-V
()
TT V
-To
D

R (a)

(d)
Eia, 5.11 (a) Monostable multivibrator, (b) Negative going triggering signa,
(c) Capacitor waveform, (d) Output voltage waveform

omDs the capacitor voltage to 0.7 V when the output is at +V,nt A negative going
gnitude V passing through the differentiator R,C, and diode D produces
diodeD a
p a l s e

triggering impulse
s i g n a l

and is applied to the (+) input terminal

ng
the circuit, let us assume that in the stable state, the output u, is at +V, The
egatave going

V. The
d U the voltage a c r o s s the capacitor C gets clamped to +0.7
Toa n a l y s e

conducts and
terminal through Rik2 potentiometric divider is +BVt- Now, if
hode
the (+) input
oltage a t
to the (t) input terminal s o that the effective
r of magnitude Vi 1s applied
ve trigger
1negati is less than 0.7 V, i.e. (IB Vsat + -V)] <0.7 V), the output of the op-
terminal
this biased and the capacitor
al at t o - Vsat- The diode will n o w get r e v e r s e
sg11 from +
switch Vsat at the (+) input
to -Vsat through the resistance R. The voltage
Ampw i l l
charging expone entially
n

starts
- B Vsat: When the capacitor voltage uc becomes just sightly more negative
is now -
inal
the switches back to + Vsat: The capacitor C n o w starts
chan -Vsat the output of op-amp
the
until uc is 0.7V a s capacitor C gets clamped to voltage.
charging to + Vcat through R
are shown in Fig. 5.11 (b, c, d).
arious waveforms calculated a s follows:
width T of monostable multivibrator is
The pulse initial1
for a single time constant low pass RC circuit with V, and Ve
as
The general solution
and final values is,
= V+ (V - VJe tiRC (5.13)
and Vi Vp (diode forward voltage).
For the circuit, Vi ==
-Vsat =

The output ue 1s,

Ue-Vsat+(Vp + Vent) e RC (5.14)
st t= T,
(5.15)
Ue-BVsat
Therefore,
RC
-B Vsat = -

Vsat + (Vp +
244 Linear Integrated Circuits

After simplification, pulse width T is obtained as

T= RCIn+Vp/Vsat)
1-B 6
where B R/(R + R)
lf, Vsat>> Vp and R, = Ro so that B = 0.5, then

T 0.69 RC
6.
For monostable operation, the trigger pulse width T, should be much less than T
pulse width of the monostable multivibrator. The diode D, is used to avoid malfunctionm
by blocking the positive noise spikes that may be present at the differentiated trigger inp
It may be noted from Fig. 5.11 (b) that capacitor voltage
v, reaches its quiescent value
at T> T. Therefore, it is essential that a recovery time
T -T be allowed to elapse beto
the next triggering signal is applied. The circuit of
Fig. 5.11 (a) can be modified to achie
voltage to time delay conversion as in the case of square wave
generator. The monosta
multivibrator circuit is also referred to as time delay circuit as it generates a fast
transit
at a predetermined time T after the application of
input trigger. It is also called a gau
circuit as it generates a rectangular waveform at a ed
definite time and thus could be
ut
gate parts of a system.