Basic operations on signals

• Operations performed on dependent variables

– Amplitude scaling, Addition, Multiplication,
differentiation
• Operations performed on independent variables
– Time scaling
– Reflection
– Time shifting

meiling chen signals & systems 1

 Amplitude scaling
1
x(t )  rect (t )

x(t )  2rect (t ) ????????

signals & systems 2

 Amplitude scaling
1
x(t )  rect (t )

2
x(t )  2rect (t )

signals & systems 3

 Amplitude scaling
1
x(t )  rect (t )

x(t )  0.5rect (t ) ????????

signals & systems 4

 Amplitude scaling
1
x(t )  rect (t )

x(t )  0.5rect (t ) 0.5

signals & systems 5

 Time Shifting
• The original signal x(t) is shifted by an
amount tₒ.

• X(t)X(t-to) Signal Delayed Shift to the

right
 Time Shifting Contd.
• X(t)X(t+to) Signal Advanced Shift
to the left
 Time Shifting Contd.
The area under an impulse is called its strength or weight. It is
represented graphically by a vertical arrow. An impulse with a
strength of one is called a unit impulse.

x(t )  5 (t  1) ????????
 Time Shifting Contd.
The area under an impulse is called its strength or weight. It is
represented graphically by a vertical arrow. An impulse with a
strength of one is called a unit impulse.
Time shifting

x(t-2)??????

signals & systems 10

 Time shifting

Signal Delayed Shift to the right

signals & systems 11
Time scaling

Compressed
12
Time scaling

Stretched 13
 Time scaling

Compressed Stretched

14
 Time scaling Contd.
Ex: Given x(t) and we are to find y(t) = x(2t)

??????
 Time scaling Contd.
Ex: Given x(t) and we are to find y(t) = x(2t)

The period of x(t) is 2 and the period of y(t) is 1,

 Time scaling
Contd.

• Given y(t),
– find w(t) = y(3t)
– and v(t) = y(t/3).
??????
 Time scaling
Contd.
• Given y(t),
– find w(t) = y(3t)
Compressed
– and v(t) = y(t/3).

Stretched
 Precedence rule for
time shifting and time scaling
y (t )  x(at  b)
 y (0)  x(b) 1)Time shifting
 x(0)  y ( ba ) 2) Time scale
Example:y(t)=x(2t+3)

19
 Time Reversal
• Time reversal is also called time folding
• In Time reversal signal is reversed with
respect to time i.e.
y(t) = x(-t)
Time reversal Contd.
 Time reversal Contd.

X(-t)?
??????

-2 3

22
 Time reversal Contd.

-2 3 -3 2

23
 x(t+1)??????

meiling chen signals & systems

 1)Time shifting
x(t+1)??????
meiling chen signals & systems
 x(-t+1)??????

meiling chen signals & systems

 1)Time shifting
x(t+1)??????

2) Time reversal
x(-t+1)????
 3
x( t ) ?????
2
meiling chen signals & systems
Time scale
 3
x( t  1) ?????
2

meiling chen signals & systems

 1)Time shifting
x(t+1)??????

2) Time scale
3
x( t  1)?????
2

31
Signal Expression
X(t)
5

2 4

32
Signal Expression
X(t)
5

2 3 4

x(t )  5tri(t  3)

33
Signal Expression
X(t)

2 4

-5

34
 Signal Expression
X(t)

2 3 4

-5

x(t )  5tri(t  3)
35
Signal Expression & Drawing
X(t)
5

2 4

 5x(t ) ?????

36
 Signal Expression
X(t)
5

2 4

 5x(t ) -2 -3 -4

-5
37
Signal Expression

-2 -3 -4

-5

38
 Signal Expression
 5tri(t  3)

-2 -3 -4

-5

tri (t )
tri (t  3)
 x(t )  5tri (t  3) 39