CONFIRMATION PAGE

Complete report of basic chemistry practicum entitled “Making

Solution " made by
Name: Muh Iqbal Hasan
NIM : 200103501001
Class: physics education A
Group: 2 (two)
After being examined and consulted by Assistant and Assistant Coordinator
then this report is accepted
Makassar, November 2020
Assistant Coordinator
Assistant
Resky Awalia Azis
Indah Wahda
NIM. 1613142004
NIM. 1613141008
Known by,
Lecturer In Charge
Dr Eng Sulfikar, S.Si.,M.T
NIP. 19701201 199802 2 001
A.
TRIAL TITLE
Solution Making
B.
PURPOSE OF THE EXPERIMENT
1.
Students learn to make a solution with a certain polarity
of the solute of its crystals
2.
Students learn to make a solution with a certain polarity
of the solute of a solution of greater concentration
C.
THEORETICAL FOUNDATION
Solution is a mixture ofhomogenes consisting of two or more
substances in varied composition (Petrucci.1985). Substances whose amount is more
little in the solution called (Substance) dissolved, while the amount of substance more
banyakdaripada zat-zat lain dalam larutan disebutpelarut.Laili Mei AP et al
2017:1)
The properties of a solution are strongly influenced by the composition of its composition.To
express the composition of the solutionthe term is used concentratesolubility
which shows the comparisonthe amount of solute to the solvent. Laili Mei
AP et al 2017:2)
Concentration
solution
iscomposition
yang
show
with
clearly the ratio of the amount of solute to the solvent. Solubility can be small or
enormously, and if the amount of solute passes through thesaturation point, the substance will come
out
(precipitates under solution). Under certain conditions, a solution can
contains more solute than in a full state.Laili Mei
AP et al 2017:2)
Solubility is important in other respects. For example, because the pesticide DDT dissolves
in fat, the pesticide is retained and concentrated in the tissue
animals, which cause adverse effects. This is why DDT,
although effective at killing mosquitoes, it has been banned in the United States.
In addition, the solubility of various vitamins is important in determining the dosage
exactly.
(Zumdhal dkk, 2010: 766)
The solubility of a substance at a given temperature is the amount of substance that can
dissolved in a certain amount of solvent at a certain temperature. In our discussion, zat
anything with less solubility than that would be referred to as insoluble.
In such cases, the attraction between oppositely charged ions in a solid
too large for water molecules to separate ions to the limit
significant; the substance remains largely insoluble
.(Brown, dkk, 2012:120)
Solutes and solvents can be solids, liquids, or gases. The solution
formed has the same physical state as the solvent
.(Gammon dkk, 2009:
479)
Solutions are everywhere around us. Mostly it consists of one substance
dissolved in other substances. The air we breathe is a solution whose main ones are
oxygen and nitrogen gases. Carbon dioxide gas dissolved in water makes
carbonated drinks.
(Timberlake, 2012:246)
A solution is a homogeneous mixture in which one substance called solute
it is uniformly dispersed in other substances called solvents. Because the solute and
solvents do not react with each other, they can be mixed in proportions
different. A little salt dissolved in water tastes slightly salty. Seconds
more salt dissolves, water tastes very salty. Typically, the solute (in terms of
salt) is a substance that is present in smaller quantities, while
the solvent (in this case, water) is present in larger quantities. In solution,
particle
substance
dissolved
scattered
evenly
in
antara
molecular
in
solvent.
(Timberlake, 2012:246)
In the solutions discussed to date, the solute is dissolved as
small particles are evenly dispersed throughout the solvent to produce a solution that
homogeneous. When you observe a solution, such as salt water, you cannot
visually distinguish the solute from the solvent. the solution appears transparent.
The particles are so small that they go through the filter and through
semipermeable membranes are like the cell membranes of the body.
(Timberlake, 2012:269)
A solution may exist in one of three states of matter; that is, it can be
gas, liquid, or solid. The terms solute and solvent refer to the components
solution. Solutes, in the case of gaseous solutions or solids dissolved in liquids,
is a gas or solid; in other cases, the solute is a component in
smaller amount. Solvent, in a solution of gas or solid dissolved in
liquid, is a liquid; in other cases, the solvent is a component in the amount of
a bigger one. Thus, when sodium chloride is dissolved in water, sodium
chloride is the solute and water is the solvent
. (Gammon dkk, 2009: 479)
The solubility of a substance with another can be described in two factors.
One of them is the natural tendency of substances to mix. This is sometimes-
it is also sometimes referred to as a natural tendency towards disorder.
Solubility of a solute in a solvent (i.e., the degree to which the solute mixes
and solvent) depends on the balance between the natural tendency to
solute and solvent to mix and the tendency of a system
has the lowest possible energy
.
(Timberlake, 2012:248)
Solubility is a very important phenomenon. The fact that such a substance as sugar
and water-soluble table salt allows us to Season Food
easily. The fact that calcium sulfate is less soluble in hot water than
in cold water causes it to coat the tubes in the boiler, reducing efficiency
thermal. Tooth decay involves solubility
.
(Zumdhal dkk, 2010: 759)
Water is one of the most common solvents in nature. Inside the molecule,
oxygen atom shares electrons with two hydrogen atoms
.
(Timberlake, 2012:247)
The solubility of a substance at a given temperature is the amount of substance it can be dissolved
in a certain amount of solvent at a certain temperature. In our discussion, any substance
with a solubility less than that would be referred to as insoluble. In the case of
such, the attraction between oppositely charged ions in solids is too great
ability for water molecules to separate ions to a significant extent;
most of it remains insoluble.(Brown, dkk, 2012:120)
The solubility of a substance with another can be described in two factors.
One of them is the natural tendency of substances to mix. This is sometimes
also referred to as a natural tendency towards capriciousness. Solute,
in the case of a solution of gas or solid dissolved in a liquid, is a gas or
solids; in other cases, the solute is a component in greater quantities
small. The solvent, in solution of a gas or a solid dissolved in a liquid, is a liquid;
in other cases, the solvent is a component in larger quantities.
Thus, when sodium chloride is dissolved in water, sodium chloride is a substance
dissolved and water is the solvent.(Gammon dkk, 2009: 479)
Colligative properties are properties of a solution that do not depend on the type of solute
but it depends on the number of particles of solute in the solution. Nature
colligative solution consists of two types, namely colligative properties of electrolyte solutions and
colligative properties of non electrolyte solutions. This is due to the solute in the solution
electrolyte increases in number because it breaks down into ions in accordance with the
that thing. Colligative properties of nonelectrolyte solutions are lower than the properties of
colligative electrolyte solution.(Susi Rusdiani dkk,20117:1)
A pure solution (Water) has the properties of freezing point, boiling point, and vapor pressure.
When
non-electrolyte substances such as sugar, urea, and glycerol incorporated into
in a pure solvent, it will change the properties of the solution. Changes
these include a decrease in freezing point, increase in boiling point, decrease in pressure
steam, and raises the osmotic pressure. (Susi Rusdiani dkk,20117:1)
Substance
liquid has the property of variable shape and volume
stay. .(Laili Mei AP et al 2017:1)
Temperature and heat energy are two things that cannot be separated. Temperature
is a quantity that expresses the degree of heat or cold of a
thing. Heat energy is something that, things 147-153 flows from that thing
higher temperature to a lower temperature thing, and that something
cause low-temperature objects had increased or fixed temperature objects
but undergoes changesexistent.(Laili Mei AP et al 2017:1-2)
D.
TOOLS AND MATERIALS
1.
Tools
a)
Balance sheet
b)
Measuring flask 100 mL
c)
Measuring cup 50 mL
d)
Stirring rod
e)
Measuring pipette
f)
Spray flask
2.
Material
a)
Solid NaOH
b)
HCL Solution 6 M
E.
WORKING PROCEDURE
1.
Preparation of 2 M NaOH solution from Naoh crystals (solid)
a)
Calculate the mass of NaOH that will be used to make 100 mL of NaOH 2 solution
M
b)
Weigh as much NaOH solids as calculated on a 50 mL Beaker
(first weigh the empty Beaker)
c)
Dissolve the NaOH solids that have been weighed with a little aquades, stir
until late
d)
Place in a 50 mL measuring flask, rinse the Beaker used
with aquades and put the rinsing water in the measuring flask
e)
Add aquades using a spray flask before the boundary mark.
Then with a dropper add drop by drop until it squeezes
with boundary signs. Shake the solution by flipping through the measuring flask
2.
Pembuatan larutan HCl 2 M, 1 M, 0,1 M dari larutan HCl 6 M
a)
Calculate the volume of HCl 6 M to be taken to make 100 mL of solution
HCl 2 M
b)
Measure the volume of HCl as much as Yan has been calculated using pipetukur
and put in a 100 mL measuring flask
c)
Add aquades using a spray flask before the boundary mark.
Then using a drip pipette add drop by drop
sempai berimpit with measuring limits. Shake the solution by flipping-
flip the measuring flask
d)
Calculate the volume of HCl 2 M to be taken to make 100 mL of solution
HCl 1 M
e)
Measure the volume of HCl as much as Yan has been calculated using pipetukur
and put in a 100 mL measuring flask
f)
Add aquades using a spray flask before the boundary mark.
Then using a drip pipette add drop by drop
sempai berimpit with measuring limits. Shake the solution by flipping-
flip the measuring flask
g)
Calculate the volume of HCl 1 M will take to make 100 mL of solution
HCl 0.1 M
h)
Measure the volume of HCl as much as Yan has been calculated using pipetukur
and put in a 100 mL measuring flask
i)
Add aquades using a spray flask before the boundary mark.
Then using a drip pipette add drop by drop
sempai berimpit with Measure limit. Shake the solution by flipping-
flip the measuring flask
F.
OBSERVATION RESULTS
No.
Treatment
Results
1.
Preparation of 2m NaOH solution
4 grams of Naoh + H Crystal
2
O
Solution
bening
and
hot
2.
Preparation of HCl solution 2M, 1M, 0.1 M
16,6 mL HCl 6M + H
2
O
25 mL HCl 2M + H
2
O
5 mL HCl 1 M + H
2
O
Clear solution
Clear solution
Clear solution
G.
DATA ANALYSIS
1.
Preparation of 2m NaOH solution from Naoh crystals (solid)
Says: Volume NaOH
= 50 mL
MrNaOH
= 40 g/mol
M
= 2 mol / Liter
Dit :
massaNaOH . . . ?
Answer: Molar NaOH =
Mass
Mr
×
1000
V
2M
=
Mass
40g / mol
×
1000
50 mL
Mass
=
2 M ×40 g/mol
20 mL
Mass
=
8
2
gram
= 4 grams
2.
Pembuatan Larutan HCl 2M, 1M dan 0,1 M dari larutan HCl 6 M
a.
Dilution of HCl solution 6 M to 2 M
Dik: M
1
=6 M
M
2
=2M
V
2
= 50 mL
Dit :
V
1=...
?
Answer: V
1
×M
1
=V
2
×M
2
V
1
④6 M
= 50 mL
④2M
V
1
=
50 mL X 2M
6M
V
1
= 16.6 mL
b.
Dilution of the solutionhcl 2 M to 1 M
Dik: M
1
=2 M
M
2
=1M
V
2
= 50 mL
Dit :
V
1...
?
Answer: V
1
×M
1
=V
2
×M
2
V
1
④2 M
= 50 ml
④1M
V
1
=
50 mL X 1M
2M
V
1
= 25 mL
c.
Dilution of 1m HCl solution to 0.1 M
Dik: M
1
=1 M
M
2
= 0.1 M
V
2
= 50 mL
Dit :
V
1...
?
Answer: V
1
×M
1
=V
2
×M
2
V
1
④1 M
= 50 mL
⑴ 0.1 M
V
1
=
50mL X 0,1 M
1M
V
1
= 5 mL
H.
Discussion
In practice we can not be separated from the name of the solution. Solution is
homogeneous systems containing 2 or more substances. In this experiment, we will
making 2m NaOH solution and preparation of 2m HCl solution, 1M, 0.1 M of solution
HCl 6M.
The main component of the solution is called the solvent and the other components are called
substances
dissolved. The solvent is seen as a medium for the solute. In general, substances that
larger part in the solution referred to as the solvent while the substance
its fewer parts are called solutes. There are several other concentrations
such as percent ( % ) and parts per million (ppm) or part persejuta (bpj) (lecturer team
chemistry, 2018) in the preparation of this solution NaOH and HCl release heat
(exothermic). When NaOH and HCl react, NaCl is formed and
H
2
O accompanied
heat release. This released heat is absorbed by the environment. Finally temperature
neighborhood ride. The increase in ambient temperature is indicated by the increase in the
temperature of the solution
(Sunarya, 2007: 5). In addition, NaOH is a caustic soda that will release
heat when dissolved in water so as to form a strong alkali (Reliantari, 2017:
71)
The first experiment was the preparation of a solution with 2m NaOH crystals. Principles
its basis is the manufacture of solutions from crystalline substances. Working principle of
manufacture
solid NaOH solution is weighing and dissolving. Weighing is carried out
by weighing as much as 4 grams of solid NaOH while the dissolution is
making a solution from a pure solid by mixing a solute and a solvent
in a certain amount, so that the concentration is fixed. Which becomes a solvent substance
is aquades and solute is 2m NaOH solution. In making the solution
NaOH 2m as much as 50 ml, first do the weighing, namely
weighing NaOH solids. First empty Beaker weighed for
the weight of Beaker and NaOH solids can be distinguished. Then, NaOH solids
which has been weighed dissolved by adding a little aquades to
the NaOH solids dissolve and are stirred using a stirring rod. Rod function
stirrer is to speed up the reaction. At the time of stirring, the NaOH solution
feels hot, this happens due to an exothermic reaction, which is heat transfer
from NaOH solution to Beaker. Understanding the concept of systems and environment, namely
as follows: the system is crystal NaOH + water (the reason is because both
become the center of attention when mixed, the system is NaOH (the reason karna
NaOH is inserted first), the environment is a beaker and stirrer
because it is outside the system other than NaOH crystals and water, the environment is a stirrer
because as a place of energy change when stirred (Sugiawati,
2013: 29) when NaOH is dissolved into aquades, there is a change in color, namely
initially turbid colored solution, this happens because the NaOH has not been dissolved
perfect. But after constant stirring, the solution becomes color
clear, this indicates that NaOH has dissolved completely. The reaction
what happens is:
NaOH
(s)
+H
2
O
(l)
Na
+
(aq)
+ OH
-
(aq)
NaOH can be ionized perfectly in water because NaOH has
great solubility so it is easily ionized in water. After stirring in
in a beaker, it will get a liquid solution and then put into
in the flask measure out 50 mL by using a funnel above it so that the solution does not
spilled. Beaker that was the place to dissolve NaOH solids are still there
NaOH solution so it needs to be rinsed again using aquades kemuadian water
rinse was put in a measuring flask, this is done so that the content
The NaOH that will be made remains at its level. Add aquades to the pumpkin
measure before the boundary mark through a spray bottle and then add more aquades with
use a drip pipette until the boundary mark coincides. Then homogenized.
The second activity is the manufacture of a solution of high concentration to
lower concentration. The basic principle is the manufacture of a solution from a solution
great concentration. The working principle in this experiment is dilution.
The procedure for the preparation of a less concentrated solution from a more concentrated solution
called dilution (dilution) (Chang, 2004: 108). Dilution is carried out if a
a given amount of liquid with another liquid. Dilution that occurs
then have a certain concentration of a given fluid (Stevens, 1999:
352) on dilution it is necessary to understand that the number of moles of substance before dilution
it is always equal to the number of moles of the substance after dilution. The equation is
V
1
M
1
=V
2
M
2
where
V
1
= volume of solution before dilution,
M
1
= molarity of substances
dissolved before being diluted,
V
2
= volume of solution after dilution and
M
2
=
molarity of the solute after it is diluted. Examples of its use are in
penguraian pectin dalam albedo, dimana HCl yang berisfat asam kuat sehingga ion
H
+
faster release causes degradation resulting in bonding
the chain of galacturons is detached. This extraction process is carried out with variations in
concentration
HCl (Rustianingsih, 2014: 33).
The preparation of the solution is carried out in stages, that is, from 6 M to 2 M, 2
M to 1 M, and 1 M to 0.1 M. Before making a 2m HCl solution of
mother liquor first dissolve 16.6 mL HCl 6M with aquades to
in the measuring flask before the limit mark through a spray bottle and then add more
aquades by using a drip pipette to squeeze the boundary mark.
Then homogenized, by shaking or flipping
measuring flask, then formed 2m HCl solution. After that do another dilution
by taking 2m HCl solution of 25 mL and added aquades
until the boundary mark and homogenized then formed a solution of HCL 1m, and
taken again 1m HCl solution of 5 mL and added aquades until
boundary mark and homogenized it will form a 0.1 m HCL solution.
I.
CONCLUSION AND ADVICE
1.
Conclusion
a.
A solution is a homogeneous system containing two or more substances. Solute
is a small amount of substance and the solvent is a substance with an amount
bigger. A solution can be gaseous (such as Air), solid (such as
mixed metals), and liquid (such as sea water).
b.
The basic principle in the manufacture of NaOH solution of solid (crystalline) NaOH is
preparation of a solution with a certain solubility of the solute from its crystals. As for
the working principle in this experiment is weighing and dissolving. And at the end
experiment didaptkan clear colored NaOH solution and react
exothermic.
c.
The basic principle of making HCl solution in this experiment the manufacture of a solution of
mother liquor. And the working principle in this experiment is the process
dilution. And at the end of the experiment obtained a clear solution of HCl
and react endothermically.
2.
Suggestions
a.
Next Praktikan expected to be more thorough in doing practicum
so that the data obtained in accordance with the data in theory.
b.
To minimize errors, the Assistant is expected to be more active in
provide guidance to praktikan to avoid data errors.
c.
Laboratory workers are expected to replace the tools pratikum already unfit for use
so that the results obtained pratikum more leverage.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Brown, Theodore L., et al. 2012. Chemistry The Central Science Twelfth Edition.
USA : Pearson Prentice Hall.
Ebbing, Darrell D., et al. 2009. General Chemistry Ninth Edition. USA : Charles
Hartford
Prihandono, Trapsilo, dkk. 2017. Effect Of Solution Concentration On The Rate Of
Increase In Solution Temperature. Journal Of Physics Learning. 6(2).
Timberlake, Karen.2012 Chemistry, An Introduction to general,organic and
biological chemistry
Rusdiani, Susi, et al. 2017. Comparison Of Colligative Properties Of Mixtures Ofsalt Solutions
with Zamazam water by specific gravity
Zumdahl, Steven S., et al. 2014. Chemistry Ninth Edition. USA : Mary Finch
Attachments
Questions and answers.
1.
What is a mother tincture?
2.
To dilute concentrated sulfuric acid, no water should be added to
sulfuric acid. Explain why this is so?
3.
A total of 0.04 g of solid is dissolved in aquades to a volume of 1 L. If the mass
the density of the solution is considered equal to the density of water, express the concentration
NaOH itu dalam (a) persen massa; (b) bagian persejuta (bpj); dan (c) molar.
Answer:
1.
Mother liquor is a solution that can be prepared by diluting a solution
whose concentration is greater.
2.
To dilute sulfuric acid, no water should be added to the acid
sufic due to mixing sulfuric acid with watervery exothermic and density
concentrated sulfuric acid is greater than water. If water is added to the acid
sulfate, it will form a layer with sulfuric acid in the bottom layer. When
sam sulfate and water mixed, formed heat that can cause water
at the top overflow.
3.
Dik :
NaOH mass = 0.04 grams
ρ air = 1 gram/mol
Mr NaOH = 40 gram/mol
Volume NaOH = 1 L = 1000 ml
Dit: (a) % massa ……?
(b) bpj.............?
(c) molar………...?
Solution:
Mass of Water = ⑴ Water . V
= 1 gram/ml . 1,000 ml
= 1,000 grams
(a)
mass % =
solute mass
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�����������������������������������������
�
x 100%
=
0,04 ������������������������
0,04+1000 ������������������������
x 100%
= 0,004%
(b)
bpj =
solute mass
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�����������������������������������������
�
=
0,04 ������������������������
1000 ������������������������
= 40 ppm
(c)
molar (M) =
massa NaOH
������������������������������
������������������������������
������������������������
=
0,04 ������������������������
40 ������������������������/������������������
= 0.001 mol
M=n/V
= 0.001 mol / 1 L
= 0.001 M
Documentation
A.
Manufacture of 2 M NaOH solution from Naoh crystals
penimbanganNaOH NaOHdilarutkan
solutionadded
the solution is shaken
With aquades
with aquades
untill one
The boundary between NaOH
dan aquades