NAME : JULIA RHEINTANATA

(193306020035)
WETBY ALFNIA VALENTINI PIYUPI ZALUKHU
(163306020168)
CLASS : 3D – MORNING
LESSON : INTRODUCTION TO LINGUISTIC

Part A (SLIDE 1)

1. The Meaning of Linguistics in our opinion :

In our opinion, according to Bloomfield (1933: 20 – 34), linguistic is like science
that includes physics and chemistry. It means that linguistics in all aspect of
decittion (chemistry) nd motion (physics) will be outlined in the action and
language. This determines the shapes of the languge in a different way.

2. The History of Language :

The appearance of the language in the view of Michael C. Corballis (1933)
begins with a sign language, hence the statement that The staple of the language is
not entirely true. Because, overall everything starts from the cue, evidenced by the
existence of several sign languages that still exist until now and naturally understood
by all the people around the world, such as hand gestures to designate something,
eye cues for a particular code, a head cue to assented something and other cues that
indicate against certain sentences.

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3. The Branches of Linguistics :
Crystal (1987:82) in his book The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language divides
the linguistic type into six parts:
1. Morphology : the branch of grammar studies the structure of words.
2. Phonetics : the physical facts of pronunciation, as defined by the processes of
articulation, acoustic transmission and audition.
3. Phonology : the way different languages organize sounds to convey differences
of meaning.
4. Syntax : the way in which words are arranged to show relationship of meaning
within (and sometimes between) sentences.
5. Semantics : the study of meaning in language.
6. Pragmatics : studies the factors that govern our choice of language in social
interaction and the effects of our choice on others.

4. Difference between phonetics and phonology :

 Phonetics deals with the production of speech sounds by humans, often without
prior knowledge of the language being spoken.

 Phonology is about patterns of sounds, especially different patterns of sounds in

different languages, or within each language, different patterns of sounds in
different positions in words etc

 For example in English if someone says [riŋ], you will understand ring, even if
you pronounce it [ɹiŋ]. So we can consider that the differences between [r] and
[ɹ] are not distinctive. Thus, we call [r] and [ɹ] unbound variants of a phoneme
/r/.

Now if someone says [piŋ] it has a different meaning : it's ping. So [p] is not a
realisation of /r/, but rather of another phoneme /p/.

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5. The main features of pronunciation :

The main features of pronunciation is Phonemes. It is a basic unit of language’s

phonology, which is combined with other phonemes to form meaningful units,
morphemes. The phonemes can be described as the smallest unit which may bring
about a change of meaning.
Phonemes consist of two categories, Consonant and Vowels. Consonant is
sounds produced with some obstruction/restriction to the air flow.
/p/ /b/ /t/ /d/ /ʧ/ /ʤ/ /k/ /g/ /f/ /v/ /Ɵ/ /ð/ /s/ /z/ /ʃ/ /ʒ/ /m/ /n/ /ŋ/ /h/ /l/ /r/ /w/ /y/ (j)/
Sound of consonant has two types : Voiced and Unvoiced(Voiceless). Voiced
sound occur when the vocal cords are larynx and vibrated. Unvoiced sound is no
vibrted.

Vowels are articulated with relatively open configuration of the vocal tract (the
air goes freely). Vowels have 2 types : Single vowel and diphtong.
Single vowel is produced with a single perceived auditory quality by movement of
the tongue towards one the positions on the mouth.

/i:/ /I/ /ᶷ/ /u:/ /e/ /Ə/ /3/ /ɔ:/ /æ/ /Ʌ/ /a:/ /ɒ/

Dipthong consist of a movement from one vowel sound to another within the
same syllable.
/eƏ/ /uƏ/ /IƏ/ /aI/ /eI/ /ɔI/ /Əu/ /au/

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6. Phonemes are a basic unit of language’s phonology, which is combined with other
phonemes to form meaningful units, morphemes. The phonemes can be described as
the smallest unit which may bring about a change of meaning.
Vowels Diphtongs Consonants
/i:/ deed, mean /eƏ/ repair, bear /p/ pen, /s/ student,
put summer
/I/ lyric, electric /uƏ/ influence, /b/ bed, /z/ zebra, zoo
cure but
/ᶷ/ sugar, full /IƏ/ dear,near /t/ ten, /ʃ/ show,wash
tick
/u:/ suit, fool /aI/ like, minus /d/ dog, /ʒ/ jar, jail
doll
/e/ less, dress /eI/ mail, day /ʧ/ rich, /m/ moon,
chick tomorrow
/Ə/ lemon, /ɔI/ joy, soil /ʤ/ bridge, /n/ nine, tunnel
disaster wedge
/3:/ prefer, surf /Əu/ elbow, /k/ king, /ŋ/ ink, sing
wardrobe back
/ɔ:/ organ, dawn /au/ recount, /g/ goal, /h/ house, hat
round grey
/æ/ gallery,satisfy /f/ foot, /l/ lamp, bowl
flower
/Ʌ/ come, /v/ vowel, /r/ rush, more
hundred gave
/a:/ garden, car /Ɵ/ think, /w/ draw,
throw window
/ɒ/ prospect, /ð/ father, /j/ yellow,
sorry brother beauty

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7. The lips are positioned in articulating vowels like :

Examples:
Rounded Position : [o], [o:], [u],[u]
Spread Position : [i:], [i],[e],[әe]
Neutral Position : [˄], [a:], [з:]

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Part B (SLIDE 2)
1. The speech organs and label their names

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2. The articulation of vowels

FRONT CENTRE BACK

i: u:

CLOSE I ᶷ

MIDDLE e Ə 3: ɔ:

Ʌ ɒ
OPEN
æ a:

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 3. Consonants parts
Consonants can described in terms of the manner and place of articulation.
a. Manner of articulation
Manner of articulation
Plossive A complete closure at some point in the vocal tract,
behind which the pressure builds up and can be released
explosively, e.g : p,b,t,d,k,g.
Affricative A complete closure at some point in the mouth, behind
which the pressure builds up, separation of the organs is
slow compared with that of plossive, e.g : ʧ,ʤ.
Fricative two organs comes close enough together for the
movement of air between those organs to be heard, e.g :
f,v.
Nassal A complete closure at some point in the mouth but the
soft palate being lowered the air escapes through the
nose, e.g : m, n, ŋ
Lateral A partial closure at some point in the mouth, the air-
steam being allowed to escape on one or both sides of the
contact, e.g : l
Approximant Vocal organs come near to each other,but not so close s
to cause audible friction, e.g : r, w

b. Place of articulation
Place of articulation
Bilabial The two lips are the primary articulation, e.g :
b,p,m,w
Labio Dental The lower lip articulates with the upper teeth, e.g : f,v
Dental The tongue tip and rims articulate with the upper
teeth, e.g : Ɵ, ð
Alveolar The blade or tip and blade of the tongue articulte
with alveolar ridge, e.g : t,d,l,n,s,z
Palato Alveolar The blade or tip and blade of the tongue articulte
with alveolar ridge and there is at the same time a
rising of the front of the tongue towards the hard
palate, e.g : ʧ,ʤ.
Velar The front of the tongue articulate with the soft palate,
e.g : k,g, ŋ
Glottal An obstruction causing friction but not vibration
between the vocal cords, e.g : h

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Part C (SLIDE 3)
 The short text

Which English is the international language?This is essay gives arguments for

American English as the most common worldwide language and so it is the brand of
English that students should study. Of course the British will disagree with me.
There are only small differences in Grammar and spelling. The big difference is
the pronunciation I'm from the US and find englishman difficult to understand.
Before World War 2, British English was the international language of business,
French was used for diplomacy and German was used for science. The industrial
Revolution in America made its language more important,but it was still confined to the
US.
After World War 2 England, German and French were destroyed economically
and industrially. The same is true for Japan and most of Asia. However the US didn't
have a war within its border. Its industry and economy were very strong. American
banks made loans to the wrecked country for rebuilding. These banks is became very
powerful because money owed and the US dollar became the International currency.
The united nations organization was established in New York for diplomacy the
strength of American industry and inventiveness of its people made US English the
language of science.
Today American Banks are still The World's Leading Financers. If Bolivia
trades with Indian, the financing will be probably be done through an American bank.
England is still the leader in shipping insurance and many countries have more
merchants ships than the US, but financially the US banks are running the show. The
UN is still the Centre of diplomacy. Even the organizations like they the non-aligned
movements, uses in American kind of the English for the most part.
American English is the international language of entertainment. This can be
seen in the distribution of movies here in Indonesia. in the movie rental shop in my
neighborhood, it seems half of the films American made. there are a lot of Chinese films
; many of these are dubbed with American pronunciation. I believe we make the best
films because we have been making the longest, we spend the most Money On The
them and the US has more Acting Schools than any other country. International news on

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Indonesian Television uses film clips from American broadcast like CNN The Voice of
America radio Network has been worldwide for nearly fifty years. It features American
Music. a great number of music videos on Indonesian television are from the US.
American musicians make more world tours than any others.
All these factors lead me to believe US English is the International language

 Transcribe the articulations of each words above based on IPA to identify the
phonemes.

wɪʧ ˈɪŋglɪʃ ɪz ði ˌɪntə(ː)ˈnæʃənl ˈlæŋgwɪʤ? ðɪs ɪz ˈɛseɪ gɪvz ˈɑːgjʊmənts fɔːr ə

ˈmɛrɪkən ˈɪŋglɪʃ æz ðə məʊst ˈkɒmən ˌwɜːldˈwaɪd ˈlæŋgwɪʤ ænd səʊ ɪt ɪz ðə brænd ɒv
ˈɪŋglɪʃ ðæt ˈstjuːdənts ʃʊd ˈstʌdi. ɒv kɔːs ðə ˈbrɪtɪʃ wɪl ˌdɪsəˈgriː wɪð miː.
ðeər ɑːr ˈəʊnli smɔːl ˈdɪfrənsɪz ɪn ˈgræmər ænd ˈspɛlɪŋ. ðə bɪg ˈdɪfrəns ɪz ðə prə
ˌnʌnsɪˈeɪʃən aɪm frɒm ðə juːˈɛs ænd faɪnd ˈɪŋglɪʃmən ˈdɪfɪkəlt tuː ˌʌndəˈstænd.
bɪˈfɔː wɜːld wɔː 2, ˈbrɪtɪʃ ˈɪŋglɪʃ wɒz ði ˌɪntə(ː)ˈnæʃənl ˈlæŋgwɪʤ ɒv ˈbɪznɪs, frɛnʧ
wɒz juːzd fɔː dɪˈpləʊməsi ænd ˈʤɜːmən wɒz juːzd fɔː ˈsaɪəns. ði ɪnˈdʌstrɪəl ˌrɛvəˈluːʃən
ɪn əˈmɛrɪkə meɪd ɪts ˈlæŋgwɪʤ mɔːr ɪmˈpɔːtənt,bʌt ɪt wɒz stɪl kənˈfaɪnd tuː ðə juːˈɛs.
ˈɑːftə wɜːld wɔː 2 ˈɪŋglənd, ˈʤɜːmən ænd frɛnʧ wɜː dɪsˈtrɔɪd ˌiːkəˈnɒmɪkəli ænd ɪn
ˈdʌstrɪəli. ðə seɪm ɪz truː fɔː ʤəˈpæn ænd məʊst ɒv ˈeɪʒə. haʊˈɛvə ðə juːˈɛs dɪdnt hæv ə
wɔː wɪˈðɪn ɪts ˈbɔːdə. ɪts ˈɪndəstri ænd i(ː)ˈkɒnəmi wɜː ˈvɛri strɒŋ. əˈmɛrɪkən bæŋks
meɪd ləʊnz tuː ðə rɛkt ˈkʌntri fɔː ˌriːˈbɪldɪŋ. ðiːz bæŋks ɪz bɪˈkeɪm ˈvɛri ˈpaʊəfʊl bɪˈkɒz
ˈmʌni əʊd ænd ðə juːˈɛs ˈdɒlə bɪˈkeɪm ði ˌɪntə(ː)ˈnæʃənl ˈkʌrənsi. ðə jʊˈnaɪtɪd ˈneɪʃənz
ˌɔːgənaɪˈzeɪʃən wɒz ɪsˈtæblɪʃt ɪn njuː jɔːk fɔː dɪˈpləʊməsi ðə strɛŋθ ɒv əˈmɛrɪkən
ˈɪndəstri ænd ɪnˈvɛntɪvnəs ɒv ɪts ˈpiːpl meɪd juːˈɛs ˈɪŋglɪʃ ðə ˈlæŋgwɪʤ ɒv ˈsaɪəns.
təˈdeɪ əˈmɛrɪkən bæŋks ɑː stɪl ðə wɜːldz ˈliːdɪŋ faɪˈnænsəz. ɪf bəˈlɪvɪə treɪdz wɪð
ˈɪndiən, ðə faɪˈnænsɪŋ wɪl biː ˈprɒbəbli biː dʌn θruː ən əˈmɛrɪkən bæŋk. ˈɪŋglənd ɪz stɪl
ðə ˈliːdər ɪn ˈʃɪpɪŋ ɪnˈʃʊərəns ænd ˈmɛni ˈkʌntrɪz hæv mɔː ˈmɜːʧənts ʃɪps ðæn ðə juːˈɛs,
bʌt faɪˈnænʃəli ðə juːˈɛs bæŋks ɑː ˈrʌnɪŋ ðə ʃəʊ. ði ˌʌn ɪz stɪl ðə ˈsɛntər ɒv dɪˈpləʊməsi.
ˈiːvn̩ ði ˌɔːgənaɪˈzeɪʃənz laɪk ðeɪ ðə ˈnɒnəˈlaɪnd ˈmuːvmənts, ˈjuːzɪz ɪn əˈmɛrɪkən kaɪnd
ɒv ði ˈɪŋglɪʃ fɔː ðə məʊst pɑːt.

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 əˈmɛrɪkən ˈɪŋglɪʃ ɪz ði ˌɪntə(ː)ˈnæʃənl ˈlæŋgwɪʤ ɒv ˌɛntəˈteɪnmənt. ðɪs kæn biː siːn
ɪn ðə ˌdɪstrɪˈbjuːʃən ɒv ˈmuːviz hɪər ɪn ˌɪndəˈnɪzɪə. ɪn ðə ˈmuːvi ˈrɛntl ʃɒp ɪn maɪ
ˈneɪbəhʊd, ɪt siːmz hɑːf ɒv ðə fɪlmz əˈmɛrɪkən meɪd. ðeər ɑːr ə lɒt ɒv ˌʧaɪˈniːz fɪlmz ;
ˈmɛni ɒv ðiːz ɑː dʌbd wɪð əˈmɛrɪkən prəˌnʌnsɪˈeɪʃən. aɪ bɪˈliːv wiː meɪk ðə bɛst fɪlmz bɪ
ˈkɒz wiː hæv biːn ˈmeɪkɪŋ ðə ˈlɒŋgɪst, wiː spɛnd ðə məʊst ˈmʌni ɒn ðə ðɛm ænd ðə juː
ˈɛs hæz mɔːr ˈæktɪŋ skuːlz ðæn ˈɛni ˈʌðə ˈkʌntri. ˌɪntə(ː)ˈnæʃənl njuːz ɒn ˌɪndəʊˈniːzɪən
ˈtɛlɪˌvɪʒən ˈjuːzɪz fɪlm klɪps frɒm əˈmɛrɪkən ˈbrɔːdkɑːst laɪk siː-ɛn-ɛn ðə vɔɪs ɒv ə
ˈmɛrɪkə ˈreɪdɪəʊ ˈnɛtwɜːk hæz biːn ˌwɜːldˈwaɪd fɔː ˈnɪəli ˈfɪfti jɪəz. ɪt ˈfiːʧəz əˈmɛrɪkən
ˈmjuːzɪk. ə greɪt ˈnʌmbər ɒv ˈmjuːzɪk ˈvɪdɪəʊz ɒn ˌɪndəʊˈniːzɪən ˈtɛlɪˌvɪʒən ɑː frɒm ðə
juːˈɛs. əˈmɛrɪkən mju(ː)ˈzɪʃənz meɪk mɔː wɜːld tʊəz ðæn ˈɛni ˈʌðəz.
ɔːl ðiːz ˈfæktəz liːd miː tuː bɪˈliːv juːˈɛs ˈɪŋglɪʃ ɪz ði ˌɪntə(ː)ˈnæʃənl ˈlæŋgwɪʤ

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References

Bloomfield, Leonard. 1933. Language. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
Corballis, Michael C. (2002). From Hand To Mouth : The Origins of Language.
Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Crystal, David. 1987.The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language. Cambridge,
England: Cambridge University.
Larcom, David. L. 2013. English Is Fun. Jakarta Pusat: Kesaint Blanc.

http://www.phon.ox.ac.uk/jcoleman/PHONOLOGY1.htm
https://prezi.com/x0oyxmpspbli/the-main-features-of-pronunciation-and-the-
physiology-of-pro/
https://doclecture.net/1-8690.html

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