CERTIFICATE of PRESENTATION

THIS ACKNOWLEDGES THAT

Emmanuel Rodriguez
FROM Tecnológico Nacional de México/IT Durango
HAS SUCCESSFULLY PARTICIPATED IN eBEER-2020 with a Poster Presentation

Dynamic Between Biomass, pH and Acid Lactic by Microorganisms in Fermentation of Fresh Milk
Presented at the Symposium on
BIOMATHEMATICS ECOLOGY EDUCATION AND RESEARCH

________________________  ________________________  ________________________  ________________________ 

Dr. Aditi Ghosh  Dr. Anuj Mubayi  Dr. Olcay Akman  Dr. Padmanabhan Seshaiyer 
Co‐Organizer,  Co‐Organizer,  Co‐Organizer,  Co‐Organizer, 
University of Wisconsin,  Illinois State University  Illinois State University  George Mason University 
Whitewater 
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Presentation for the Symposium on BEER November 2020

Dynamic between biomass, pH and acid lactic by

microorganisms in fermentation of fresh milk
Emmanuel Rodrı́guez1, *, Aurelio Castillo1 , Paul A. Valle2 , Yolocuauhtli Salazar1
1
Tecnológico Nacional de México , IT Durango. Maestrı́a en Ingenierı́a
2
Tecnológico Nacional de México , IT Tijuana. Posgrado en Ciencias de la Ingenierı́a, grupo de Investigación
BioMath
10040780@itdurango.edu.mx

In this research a mathematical model composed by a set of Ordinary Differential Equations (ODEs) is
formulated in order to describe the dynamics between biomass concentration (UFC), pH variation and acid
lactic (aL) produced by a strain of microorganisms during a batch fermentation of fresh milk under specific
culture conditions. Our mathematical model was constructed with a modelling software called Eureqa, it
was based on the logistic equation, the law of mass action and some biological suppositions. The design
considered that all three populations do not grow exponentially, they must have biological feasible limits and
are described by non-negative numbers, biomass tends to zero at large time if and only if the medium is not
contaminated and the temperature is constant. Positivity of the system was verified through the Leenheer
and Aeyels theorem to determine positivity for non-linear systems. In order to analyze its global dynamics,
the method of compact invariant sets proposed by Krishchenko was applied to calculate upper and lower
bounds of the localizing domain. Further, the structure and dynamics of the proposed model is consistent
with the literature regarding behavior of its solutions. Therefore, it is expected that the ODE system will
become a support tool for standardization of fermented milk production as well as the behavior prediction
of variables (UFC, pH, aL) will ensure the quality of fermented milk products. Further research is focused
to carry out the analysis of existence and uniqueness, moreover establish a control variable that allows to
bring the system to a desired state.
 Emmanuel Rodríguez1, Aurelio Castillo1, Yolocuauhtli Salazar1, Paul A. Valle2

A mathematical model has been formulated to describe According to literature, some biological assumptions The system was formulated with a modeling The mathematical model is as follows:
biomass growth [𝑥(𝑡)], pH variation [𝑦(𝑡)] and lactic were considered for the model formulation [2], [3]: software called Eureqa and it is based on the
2 2 2
acid production [𝑧(𝑡)] by a strain of BAL during batch following growth laws [4]: 𝑥ሶ = 𝛼𝑥 − 𝛽𝑥 − 𝛾𝑥𝑦 − 𝜏𝑥𝑧 (1) Parameter Value
fermentation of fresh milk. This variables are measured - Cells populations do not grow exponentially. 𝛼 8.96 × 10−2
to evaluate the quality of products made with - Logistic growth law 2
𝛽 3.12704 × 10−4
fermented milk [1]. - They must have biological feasible limits and are 𝑦ሶ = 𝛿𝑦 − 𝜗𝑦 − 𝜌𝑦𝑧 (2) 𝛾 2.1899 × 10−3
described by non-negative numbers. - Law of action mass 𝜏 6.49 × 10−4
𝑧ሶ = 𝜎𝑧 − 𝜑𝑧 2 − 𝜔𝑥𝑧 (3) 𝛿 1.76 × 10−2
- Biomass tends to zero at large time if and only if the 𝜗 4.4 × 10−3
medium is not contaminated and the temperature is 𝜌 2.47 × 10−4
The global dynamics of our system is
constant. 𝜎 6.7 × 10−2
located in the nonnegative octant [5].
𝜑 6.55 × 10−3
This implies that solutions of the
𝜔 1.5 × 10−4
system will be positive forward
A numerical simulation was made to illustrate the dynamics of the system. invariant for any nonnegative initial
Simulation of biomass 𝑥 𝑡 described four growth phases cited in literature conditions. The domain is as follows:
[2], which are shown below.
3
When the biomass grew, lactic acid was 𝑅+,0 = 𝑥 𝑡 ,𝑦 𝑡 ,𝑧 𝑡 ≥ 0 .
1. Lag phase produced, and it caused the pH in the culture
2. Exponential growth medium to decrease. Further, the death phase
3. Stationary state coincided with the stabilization of pH and lactic
Upper and lower bounds for our system were calculated by 4. Death phase acid concentration.
The structure and dynamics of the proposed model is consistent
applying the localization of compact invariant sets method [6]. Our with the literature regarding behavior of its solutions. Therefore, it
results are given as follows: is expected that the ODE system will become a support tool for
1 2 3 4
standardization of fermented milk production as well as the
Localizing function Localizing set behavior prediction of variables (UFC, pH, aL) will ensure the
quality of fermented milk products.
ℎ1 = 𝑥 𝛼
𝐾𝑥 = 0 ≤ 𝑥 𝑡 ≤ 𝑥𝑠𝑢𝑝 =
𝛽
ℎ2 = 𝑦 𝛿 [1] “NORMA Oficial Mexicana NOM-243-SSA1-2010, Productos y servicios.” [Online].
𝐾𝑦 = 0 ≤ 𝑦 𝑡 ≤ 𝑦𝑠𝑢𝑝 = Available: http://dof.gob.mx/normasOficiales/4156/salud2a/salud2a.htm.
𝜗 [2]M. Mandigan, J. Martinko, K. Bender, D. Buckley, and D. Stahl, Brock. Biología de los
ℎ3 = 𝑧 𝜎 microorganismos, 14th ed. Madrid, 2015.
𝐾𝑧 = 0 ≤ 𝑧 𝑡 ≤ 𝑧𝑠𝑢𝑝 = [3]E. Valbuena, J. Barreiro, E. Sánchez, G. Castro, W. Bríñez, and A. Tovar, “Modelos
𝜑 cinéticos aplicados al crecimiento de Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis en leche,” Rev.
Cient. la Fac. Ciencias Vet. la Univ. del Zulia, vol. XV, 2005.
[4] Murray, J. D., Mathematical Biology I: An Introduction, volume I, Springer-Verlag,
2003.
[5] De Leenheer, P. and Aeyels, D., Stability properties of equilibria of classes of
Localizing domain. All compact invariant sets of the system (1)-(3) cooperative systems, IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control, Vol. 46, No. 12, pp.
are located inside or at the boundaries of the domain: 1996.2001, 2001.
6] Valle Paul, Coria Luis N., Yolocuauhtli Salazar. Tumor clearance analysis on a cancer
chemo-immunotherapy mathematical model. Bulletin of Mathematical Biology 81.10
𝐾𝑥𝑦𝑧 = 𝐾𝑥 ∩ 𝐾𝑦 ∩ 𝐾𝑧 . (2019): 4144-4173. doi: 10.1007/s11538-019-00636-7

1TecNM / IT Durango. Master in Engineering. e-mail:

10040780@itdurango.edu.mx.
2TecNM / IT Tijuana. Postgraduate in Engineering Sciences Program,

BioMath Research group.