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Energy Reports 8 (2022) 1436–1445

www.elsevier.com/locate/egyr

2021 International Conference on New Energy and Power Engineering (ICNEPE 2021)
November 19 to 21, 2021, Sanya, China

Research on recovery and utilization of waste heat in advanced

compressed air energy storage system
Wen Xiankuia ,∗, Yang Dahuib , Zhong Jinglianga , Feng Tingyongb , Li Xianga
a Electric Power Research Institute of Guizhou Power Grid Co., Ltd, Guiyang 550002, China
b School of Electrical Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China

Received 4 January 2022; accepted 7 February 2022

Available online 26 February 2022

Abstract
In order to improve the efficiency of the advanced compressed air energy storage system, a method for recycling the system
exhaust gas and waste heat of heat exchange working medium is proposed. A low expansion ratio expander is added to the
original system. Residual heat enters the expander to work to increase the total output of the system. The Aspen Plus software
is used to establish a four-stage advanced compressed air energy storage system model under steady-state operating conditions
and perform simulation. The simulation results show the maximum increment of system output power is 4713.72 kW and its
corresponding increment of system efficiency is 7.34% in comparison with no waste heat recovery, and verifies the effects of
different expander exhaust pressures and pressure regulator valve outlet pressures on system efficiency and output power.
© 2022 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 2021 International Conference on New Energy and Power Engineering, ICNEPE,
2021.

Keywords: Advanced compressed air energy storage; Efficiency; Recovery and utilization

1. Introduction
In the process of China’s rapid economic development and energy structure transformation, the power industry
has a problem of the growing gap between peak and valley of power consumption. At the same time, with the
rapid development of new energy such as wind power and photovoltaic power, the replacement process of fossil
energy is going on in depth [1]. However, with the continuously increased share of new energy in power supply, its
own unstable characteristics of intermittence and volatility and so on have become increasingly prominent. These
shortcomings affect the safe and stable operation of power grid when the new energy is connected to the grid [2],
which leads to a large number of abandoned winds, abandoned light and other phenomena of resources waste in
some areas. Energy storage technology can solve these problems faced by the power industry at present.
Energy storage technology is an effective means to cooperate with the development of new energy technology,
which can play a role of peak shaving and valley filling, and is of great significance to the construction of smart
∗ Corresponding author.
E-mail address: 1057294604@qq.com (X. Wen).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egyr.2022.02.082
2352-4847/© 2022 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http:
//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 2021 International Conference on New Energy and Power Engineering,
ICNEPE, 2021.
X. Wen, D. Yang, J. Zhong et al. Energy Reports 8 (2022) 1436–1445

grid [3]. In energy storage technologies, compressed air energy storage (CAES) has the advantages of low cost, zero
emission, large capacity, high safety factor, fast response speed and so on, which has great commercial development
potential and application value. It is an important solution for the comprehensive utilization of clean energy and
conventional energy in the future [4]. In the energy storage process, the redundant power in power grid or new
energy drives the multistage compressor unit to compress air to a state of high temperature and pressure, and the
compressed air is stored in the gas storage tank after its compression heat is recovered from heat transfer fluid, and
the heat transfer fluid will enter the hot tank for storage. In the energy release process, high-pressure air is reheated
in heat exchanger, and then enters turbine for work. The turbine drives the generator to generate electricity [5].
The first commercial CAES power station in the world is the Huntorf power station, which was built in Germany
in 1978 [6]. In 1991, the US built the world’s second commercial CAES power station McIntosh in Alabama, which
is improved on the basis of the Huntorf power station. This power station was improved on the basis of Huntorf
power station and its system thermal efficiency was increased by 25% with adding a regenerative device [7].
The research on CAES technology in China started relatively late. The Institute of Engineering Thermophysics
of Chinese Academy of Sciences has built an advanced adiabatic compressed air energy storage (AA-CAES)
demonstration system with output power of 1.5MW [8], built the first integration experiment and demonstration
platform of 1.5MW supercritical compressed air energy storage (SC-CAES) system, and completed the design of
10 MW SC-CAES system [9].
Considering that the traditional CAES system will have an adverse impact on the environment, the current main
research direction has been changed to the AA-CAES system, which can realize power conversion by storing
air compression heat without environmental pollution [10]. AA-CAES system is composed of compressor, heat
exchanger, expander, gas storage tank, heat storage tank and other main components, and its principle diagram is
shown in Fig. 1. Li Pan et al. [11] established the simulation model of 10MW CAES system and its grid-connected
speed regulation system model, and verified their rationality.

Fig. 1. The principle diagram of Advanced compressed air energy storage system.

Compared with the traditional CAES system, AA-CAES system recovers the air compression heat which can
solve the environmental pollution caused by supplementary combustion. However, the efficiency of AA-CAES
system is still relatively low at present, and there is a certain room for improvement. Therefore, many scholars
focus on improving the efficiency of AA-CAES system.
Guo Huan et al. [12] studied the variational condition characteristic of AA-CAES system by establishing its
perfect components and system models. It was found that compared with the fixed pressure operation mode, the
system efficiency can be increased by 2.08% when adopting the slide pressure operation mode. Han Zhonghe
et al. [13] proposed a compression structure of non-equal compression ratio. Through the comparative analysis
of the compression structure in the previous literature, it was found that adopting this compression structure could
obviously improve system efficiency. He Qing et al. [14] controlled the valve opening of compressor and expander to
change their working pressure ratios, which reduced the compression power consumption and increased the output
power of expander, thus effectively improving the system efficiency. Beatrice Castellani et al. [15] tested the effect
of isothermal expansion on the expansion efficiency by air expansion experiments based on phase change materials,
and the results show that the participation of phase change materials can increase the expansion efficiency, up to
8.9%.
The above research mainly focuses on the system structure and materials, and does not involve the problem of
heat loss in the system. In the energy release process, the heat transfer medium enters the cold tank after participating
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in the expansion work process, waiting for participation in the next energy storage process. The heat carried by the
heat transfer medium itself will be lost, and the exhaust energy of turbine last stage will not be utilized. Therefore,
this paper proposes a method of heat recovery and utilization to increase the total output power of turbine unit and
improve the efficiency of AA-CAES system. The simulation process is simulated by Aspen Plus software.

2. System model
2.1. Advanced compressed air energy storage system

AA-CAES system is composed of compressor, heat exchanger, expander, gas storage tank, heat storage tank and
other main components. According to the AA-CAES model in Ref. [16], this paper adopts a four-stage AA-CAES
system, which is shown in Fig. 2a. When power is abundant, the air is compressed and boosted through four-stage
compressors to enter the gas storage tank for storage. When power is insufficient, high-pressure air works through
four-stage turbines to drive the generator to generate electricity.

Fig. 2. (a) The principle diagram of Four-stage advanced compressed air energy storage system; (b) Schematic diagram of waste heat
recovery and utilization method.

In the process of heat transfer medium flowing from hot tank to cold tank, the heat carried by the heat transfer
medium itself will be lost, and the exhaust energy of turbine last stage cannot be fully utilized. Therefore, this paper
proposes a method of heat recovery and utilization, which is shown in Fig. 2b. On the basis of the original system,
the heat exchanger is used to recover the waste heat of heat transfer medium which is used to improve the exhaust
temperature of system, and then put the heated exhaust air into a new turbine to do work, while the heat transfer
medium passes through the cooler into the cold tank to prepare for the next energy storage process. This method
can reduce exhaust temperature, increase the total power of expansion unit, and improve the system efficiency.

2.2. Mathematic model

According to the conservation law of mass and energy, ideal gas law and thermodynamic law, this paper
establishes the mathematical models of each component of AA-CAES system. Among them, the compressors
adopt adiabatic compression mode, and the intake air is compressed to a high-pressure state according to the set
compression ratio. The expanders adopt adiabatic expansion mode and use high-pressure air to do expansion work
according to the set expansion ratio.
From the conservation law of mass:
dm
= m out − m in (1)
dt
Where m is the quality of air, kg; m out is the quality of outlet air, kg; m in is the quality of inlet air, kg.
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From the conservation law of energy:

d (ρu)
V = m out h out − m in h in − Q + Ws (2)
dt
Where V is the volume of air, m3 ; ρ is the density of air, kg/m3 ; h out is the enthalpy of outlet air, J/kg; h in is the
enthalpy of outlet air, J/kg; Q is the heat loss, J; Ws is the work of the environment on the air, J.
Through the derivation of the formula, the expressions of compressor exhaust temperature Tc and power
consumption Pc are as follows:
k−1
Tc = Ti · εc k (3)
Where Tc is the exhaust temperature of compressor, K; Ti is the inlet temperature of the compressor, K; εc is the
compression ratio, and k is the adiabatic index.
( k−1 )
k
Pc = P · V · · εc − 1
k
(4)
k−1
Where Pc is the power consumption of compressor, kW; P is the air pressure, Pa.
The expander exhaust temperature Tt can be expressed by:
k−1
Tt = Ti · εt k
(5)
Where Tt is the exhaust temperature of expander, K; εt is the expansion ratio.
The output power of expander Pt can be expressed by:
( k−1 )
k
Pt = P · V · · εt k − 1 (6)
k−1
Where Pt is the output power of expander, kW.
The gas storage tank is used to store the high-pressure air from the compressor unit. The gas storage process
involves the pressure and temperature changes of air, and the convection loss with wall.
δ Q = dUcv + h out δm out − h in δm in + δW (7)
Where δ Q is the heat exchanged between air and inner wall of gas storage tank, J; dUcv is the internal energy
change of air, J; δW is the energy exchanged between air and environment, J.
From the conservation law of mass:
dρ m out − m in
= (8)
dt V
From the conservation law of energy:
d (mU )
= m in h in − m out h out − h A (T − Tw ) (9)
dt
According to the ideal gas law, through derivation and calculation, the relationship between air temperature and
pressure in the gas storage tank with time is obtained as follows:
dT m in dP hA
ρC p.a + C p.a (T − Ts ) − + (T − Tw ) = 0 (10)
dt V dt V
Where C p.a is the air specific heat capacity, J/(kg K); h is the convective heat transfer coefficient, W/(m2 K); A is
the heat transfer area, m2 ; T is the air temperature, K; Ts is the air inlet temperature of gas storage tank, K; Tw is
the wall temperature of gas storage tank, K.
Heat exchanger participates in the two processes of energy storage and release respectively. In the process of
energy storage, the compression heat of compressed air is absorbed to heat the low-temperature air in the process
of energy release to improve its working ability. In this process, the energy balance equation can be obtained:
The water side:
dT3
M p.w C p.w = qw C p.w (T1 − T3 ) + K A (T4 − T3 ) (11)
dt
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Where M p.w is the mass of water in the heat exchanger, kg; C p.w is the specific heat capacity of water, J/(kg K),
qw is the mass flow of water, kg/s; T1 and T3 are the temperature of inlet and outlet water, K; T4 is the air outlet
temperature, K; K is the heat transfer coefficient, W/(m2 K).
The air side:
dT4
M p.a C p.a = qa C p.a (T2 − T4 ) + K A (T4 − T3 ) (12)
dt
Where M p.a is the mass of air in the heat exchanger, kg; C p.a is the specific heat capacity of air, J/(kg K); qa is
the mass flow of air, kg/s; T2 and T4 are the temperature of inlet and outlet air, K.

2.3. Simulation model

AspenPlus is a large general software of process simulation. This software has a perfect physical property
database, unit operation module and system implementation, which can be used to simulate various operation
processes from a single operation unit to the whole process [17]. By using this software, we can obtain the
temperature, pressure, flow rate and other parameters of working medium through the mass and energy balance
calculation. At the same time, the power consumption of compressors and the output power of expanders are
obtained, and then the system efficiency is obtained.
This paper establishes the simulation models of energy storage and energy release process of four-stage AA-
CAES system in turn, calculates the system efficiency and output power, and analyses the changes of system
efficiency and output power under the conditions of different exhaust pressures of expander last stage and outlet
pressures of regulator valve. The simulation models of energy storage process, energy release process and waste
heat recovery system of four-stage AA-CAES system are shown in Fig. 3a, b, c.
The physical properties in the compression and expansion processes adopt the PENG-ROB method [18], and the
heat transfer working medium is water. In the energy storage process, it is assumed that the heat transfer medium
is distributed to heat exchangers in a certain proportion, and there is no pressure drop when passing through the
heat exchanger; In the energy release process, the high-temperature heat transfer medium is distributed to each heat
exchanger in an equal proportion. In the simulation experiment, both processes of compressors and expanders are
adiabatic, and the compression ratios of compressors are 4.2, 3.0, 3.0 and 3.0 respectively. According to the method
with the highest output power in Ref. [19], the expansion ratios of each stage is equal. In the waste heat recovery
process, HEATER is set as a counterflow regenerator whose end difference is 1 ◦ C, and its air pressure drop is
ignored. After heat transfer, the heated air enters the new added expander to do work, and the heat transfer working
medium enters the cold tank to prepare for the next energy storage process.

3. Simulation analysis
3.1. Initial parameters setting

In order to carry out quantitative simulation and analysis, it is necessary to set the component parameters, input
and output parameters of AA-CAES system, including air temperature, pressure and mass flow of compressor inlet,
and so on, as shown in Table 1.

3.2. Simulation results analysis

3.2.1. Impact analysis of system characteristics with waste heat recovery system
Fig. 4 shows the effect of waste heat recovery on the output power and efficiency of AA-CAES system. The
outlet pressure of pressure maintaining valve was set as 8.4 MPa, 8.8 MPa, 9.2 MPa, 9.6 MPa and 10 MPa, and
the exhaust pressure was set as 0.12 MPa, 0.14 MPa, 0.16 MPa, 0.18 MPa and 0.2 MPa, respectively, to study
the influence of the regenerative system on the output power and efficiency of the system. In this paper, the power
consumption in the energy storage process under various conditions remains the same, and the system efficiency is
the ratio of output power to power consumption. Therefore, it is only necessary to compare the output power in the
energy release stage, so the curve trends in Fig. 4a and b are consistent. As can be seen from Fig. 4, compared with
the system without heat recovery, the output power of the AA-CAES system with waste heat recovery increases to
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Fig. 3. (a) The system simulation model of the energy charge period; (b) The system simulation model of the energy discharge period; (c)
The simulation model of the waste heat recovery system.

Table 1. The parameters of the advanced compressed air energy storage system.
Parameters Value
Air inlet pressure of first stage compressor/MPa 0.1
Air inlet flow of first stage compressor/(kg s−1 ) 100
Air inlet temperature of first stage compressor/◦ C 25
Cold tank inlet pressure/MPa 1
Cold tank inlet temperature/◦ C 25
Cold tank inlet flow/(kg s−1 ) 100
Exhaust temperatures of each compressor/◦ C 32
Isentropic efficiency of each compressor 0.85
Mechanical efficiency of each compressor 0.9
End difference of each heat exchanger/◦ C 6
Pressure drops of each heat exchanger/MPa 0.03
Split ratios of heat exchanger working fluid for energy storage 0.3, 0.23, 0.23, 0.24
Gas storage tank pressure/MPa 10
Air outlet temperature of gas storage tank/◦ C 32
Air inlet flow of first stage expander/(kg s−1 ) 100
Hot tank outlet pressure/MPa 1
Hot tank outlet flow/(kg s−1 ) 100
Split ratios of heat exchanger working fluid for energy release 0.25, 0.25, 0.25, 0.25

varying degrees. Meanwhile its efficiency also rises, and the higher the exhaust pressure is, the greater the increase
in efficiency. According to the calculation results, theoretically when the exhaust pressure is 0.16 MPa and the outlet
pressure of pressure maintaining valve is 10 MPa, the output power and efficiency of AA-CAES system reach the
maximum value of 35646.28 kW and 55.15% respectively.
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Fig. 4. Effect of waste heat recovery link on characteristics of the system: (a) Output power; (b) System efficiency; (c) Increment of system
efficiency.

As shown in Fig. 4c, When the exhaust pressure is constant, the outlet pressure changes of pressure maintaining
valve has an effect on the system efficiency increment, but the trend is not obvious; When the outlet pressure of
pressure maintaining valve is constant, the influence of different exhaust pressures on the output power is obvious,
and the system efficiency increases significantly with the increase of exhaust pressure. For example, when the outlet
pressure of pressure maintaining valve is 8.8 MPa and the exhaust pressure changes from 0.12 MPa to 0.2 MPa,
the system efficiency increment increases from 2.04% to 7.32%.

3.2.2. Impact analysis of heat transfer medium temperature on system characteristics

Under certain heat transfer conditions, the heat transfer medium temperature directly determines the exhaust
temperature of new added expander, which will affect the output power of waste heat recovery link. In order
to quantitatively study this effect, this paper analyses the influence of exhaust pressure on heat transfer medium
temperature when the outlet pressure of pressure maintaining valve is selected as 8.4 MPa, 8.8 MPa, 9.2 MPa,
9.6 MPa and 10 MPa, and the results are shown in Fig. 5a. When the outlet pressure of pressure maintaining valve
is constant, with the increase of exhaust pressure, the temperature of heat transfer medium keeps increasing under
various working conditions, and it is the highest with the outlet pressure of 8.8 MPa. When exhaust pressure is 0.12
MPa, heat transfer medium temperature is 64.11 ◦ C, and when exhaust pressure is 0.2 MPa, heat transfer medium
temperature is 70.44 ◦ C.
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Fig. 5. (a) Effect of exhaust pressure on the temperature of heat transfer working medium; (b) Effect of the temperature of heat transfer
working medium on output power.

As is shown in Fig. 5a, under the above simulated operating conditions, the heat transfer medium temperature is
between 60 ◦ C and 72 ◦ C. Therefore, this paper study the influence of different heat transfer medium temperatures
on the output power of heat recovery link with the exhaust pressures of 0.12 MPa, 0.14 MPa, 0.16 MPa, 0.18 MPa
and 0.2 MPa. The simulation results are shown in Fig. 5b.
It can be seen from Fig. 5b that the output power of heat recovery link increases with the increase of heat
transfer medium temperature. Since the increasing trend of output power in Fig. 5b is relatively flat, it is impossible
to quantitatively see how much the output power has increased. The output power of heat recovery link is analysed
when the exhaust pressure is 0.12 MPa and 0.2 MPa, and the results are shown in Fig. 6.

Fig. 6. (The numbers of exhaust pressure are 0.12 MPa and 0.2MPa.) Effect of the temperature of heat transfer working medium on output
power.

As shown in Fig. 6, when the exhaust pressure is constant, the output power of heat recovery link changes linearly
with the heat transfer medium temperature, and the higher the exhaust pressure is, the greater the increase is. When
the exhaust pressure is 0.12 MPa and 0.2 MPa, the output power of heat recovery link increases by 3.91 kW/◦ C
and 13.88 kW/◦ C respectively with the increase of heat transfer medium temperature. Therefore, when the outlet
pressure of pressure maintaining valve is constant, the higher the exhaust pressure is, the higher the corresponding
heat transfer medium temperature and the output power of heat recovery link are.
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3.2.3. Impact analysis of exhaust pressure on system characteristics

In order to study the influence of expander exhaust pressure on the output power and efficiency of AA-
CAES system, this paper selects different outlet pressures of pressure maintaining valve to simulate the system
characteristics of AA-CAES system with waste heat recovery, and the results are shown in Fig. 7.

Fig. 7. Effect of the expander exhaust pressure on characteristics of the system: (a) System efficiency; (b) Output power.

As can be seen from Fig. 7a, when the outlet pressure of pressure maintaining valve is constant, the efficiency
of AA-CAES system increases first and then decreases with the increase of exhaust pressure, and the change trend
of output power is consistent with that of efficiency. The reason for this change trend is that when the outlet
pressure of pressure maintaining valve is constant, the expansion ratios of four-stage expanders decrease with the
increase of exhaust pressure, resulting in a decrease in the output power. Heat recovery link can reuse this part
of energy to do work, and the higher the exhaust pressure, the more the new output power, so the total output
power will peak under a certain exhaust pressure. In addition, it can be found from Fig. 7 that the higher the outlet
pressure of pressure maintaining valve, the higher the total output power and efficiency of AA-CAES system, so
increasing the outlet pressure of pressure maintaining valve is an effective way to improve the efficiency of AA-
CAES system. Meanwhile, according to the calculation results, under the condition of the same outlet pressure of
pressure maintaining valve, the output power and efficiency of AA-CAES system reach the peak value when exhaust
pressure is 0.16 MPa. When the outlet pressure of the regulator increases from 0.1 MPa to 0.2 MPa, the output
power is 34389.6 kW, 34373.09 kW, 35059.35 kW, 35359.99 kW, 35646.28 kW, and the corresponding efficiency
is 53.53%, 54.1%, 54.59%, 55.06%, 55.51%, respectively.

4. Conclusion
Under ideal conditions, this paper establishes a model of four-stage AA-CAES system, simulates it with
AspenPlus software, calculates the data obtained under the set working conditions, and then obtains the following
conclusions through plotting and analysing the change trend of the curve:
(1) Under the same parameter conditions, the output power and efficiency of the AA-CAES system with waste
heat recovery all increase, and the higher the exhaust pressure, the greater the increase.
(2) Under the same outlet pressure of pressure maintaining valve, the heat transfer medium temperature increases
with the increase of exhaust pressure, which is positively correlated. When other conditions are constant, the system
output power changes linearly with the heat transfer medium temperature, and the higher the expander exhaust
pressure is, the greater the variation amplitude is. When the exhaust pressure is 0.12 MPa and 0.2 MPa, the variation
amplitudes of system output power are close to 4 kW/◦ C and 14 kW/◦ C, respectively.
(3) Under the test conditions, the output power and efficiency of four-stage AA-CAES system increase first and
then decrease with the expander exhaust pressure, and their peaks respectively are 35646.28 kW and 55.51% when
the outlet pressure of pressure maintaining valve is 10 MPa and the exhaust pressure is 0.16 MPa.
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(4) From the above simulation results, it can be obtained that in the above test conditions, the maximum increment
of system output power is 4713.72 kW and its corresponding increment of system efficiency is 7.34% in comparison
with no waste heat recovery. Therefore, recovering and utilizing the waste heat from expander last stage exhaust and
heat transfer medium can increase the total output power of expansion unit, which is an effective way to improve
the efficiency of AA-CAES system.

Declaration of competing interest

The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could
have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

Acknowledgements
This work is financially supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China
(2017YFB0903600), and Science and Technology Supporting Program of Guizhou Province ([2020]2Y064).

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