CAPE COAST TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY

SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL / ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING

DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF A MICRO CONTROLLER BASED

THREE PHASE SEQUENCE CHECKER

BY

SETH DUODU BRAKO

NOVEMBER, 2022

i
 CAPECOAST TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY

SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL / ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING

DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF A MICRO CONTROLLER BASED

THREE PHASE SEQUENCE CHECKER

A PROJECT REPORT

Submitted by

SETH DUODU BRAKO – 0106400620

In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of

BTECH (ELECTRICAL / ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING)

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL / ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING

CAPE COAST TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY

SUPERVISOR - MR. RAZAK SULEMANA

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 CERTIFICATE

Certified that this project report entitled Micro Controller Based Phase Sequence
Analyser is the bonafide work of Mr. Seth Duodu Brako who carried out the
research under my supervision. Certified further, that to the best of my knowledge
the work reported herein does not form part of any other project report or on the
basis of which a BTECH or award was conferred on an earlier occasion on this or
any other candidate.

Signature of Student

Seth Duodu Brako(0106400620) ………………………………

Signature of the H.O.D Signature of Supervisor

Mr. Alhassan Mumuni Mr. Razak Sulemana

………………………… …………………………….

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I wish to express my sincere gratitude to Jehovah the Almighty God for giving me

the insight about this project. I also appreciate the logistics of Mr. Abdul Razak

who helped in diverse ways to let this project come to light. Then also I thank the

other lecturers for their contributions and support. Lastly, I thank my parents,

relatives, friends and anyone who helped us in the interest of this project. I say may

Jehovah richly bless you for your assistance

ABSTRACT

Phase sequence is the order in which the rotated voltage or current generated by 3-

phase system attain peak or maximum value. Each sequence voltage is 120 degree

apart. Therefore, the maximum value achieved by each sequence is at the definite

time interval. Based on this individual response time a technique of phase detection

system is discussed in this project. When phase sequences are reversed at that time,

a relay system operates and a three phase supply gets turns off. A micro-controller

is used to incorporate the algorithm into it.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE………………………………………………………………………ii

CERTIFICATION…………………………………………………………..……iii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT.. ………………………………………………………iv

ABSTRACT………………………………………………………………………iv

TABLE OF CONTENTS…………………………………………………………v

CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION…………………………………………………………1

1.1 OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT…………………………………………2

1.2 PURPOSE OF THE PROJECT……………………………………………...2

1.3 EFFECTS OF WRONG PHASE SEQUENCE ……………………….……2

1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PROJECT………………………………………2

1.5 SCOPE OF THE PROJECT…………………………………………………3

1.6 ADVANTAGES OF THE PROJECT………………………………………3

1.7 PROJECT ORGANISATION……………………………………………….4

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CHAPTER TWO

2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW………………………………………………….5

2.1 REVIEW OF ELECTRICAL PHASES ……………………………………6

2.2 REVIEW OF THREE-PHASE ELECTRIC POWER………………………7

2.3 REVIEW OF THREE-PHASE LOADS …………………………………..11

2.4 REVIEW OF SOME WORK DONE………………………………………13

CHAPTER THREE

3.0 DESIGN METHODOLOGY……………………………………………….19

3.1 SYSTEM BLOCK DIAGRAM……………………………………………19

3.2 SYSTEM CIRCUIT DIAGRAM…………………………………………..19

3.3 SYSTEM OPERATION…………………………………………………...20

3.4 SYSTEM MODE OF OPERATION……………………………………….21

3.5 COMPONENT DESCRIPTION…………………………………………21

3.6 POWER SUPPLY UNIT………………..…………………………………24

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CHAPTER FOUR

4.0 TESTING AND RESULT ANALYSIS…………………………………32

4.1 CONSTRUCTION PROCEDURE………………………………………...32

4.2 CASING AND PACKAGING……………………………………………..33

4.3 ASSEMBLING OF SECTIONS…………………………………………33

4.4 PACKAGING……………………………………………………………...33

4.5 MOUNTING PROCEDURE………………………………………………34

4.6 TESTING…………………………………………………………………..35

4.7 PROBLEM ENCOUNTERED…………………………………………….36

4.8 FUTURE SCOPE…………………………………………………………37

CHAPTER FIVE

5.0 CONCLUSION…………………………………………………………….38

5.1 RECOMMENDATION……………………………………………………38

5.2 REFERENCE………………………………………………………………39

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 CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION

In industry there is lots of machinery present. In this there are more in quantity

rotational Machinery presents. Phase sequence meter is used for detecting the

sequence of the supply in three-phase electric circuits, since the direction of

rotation of three phase electric motors can be changed by changing the phase

sequence of supply. Also the correct operation of measuring instruments like 3

phase energy meter and automatic control of devices also depend on the phase

sequence. Different types of phase sequence testers are available in today’s market

like contact or non-contact, static or rotating, etc., in a wide range of voltage or

power ratings. The main aim is to check incoming 3 phase supply sequence by

rotating LEDs in clockwise directions. If 3 phase supply is present in RYB state it

starts further circuits. Otherwise if 3 phase supply is not present in RYB (e.g.

RBY) state, it trip/stop the supply and show as a line fault indication with rotating

LEDs in anticlockwise directions.

1
1.1 OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT

The main aim is design a device that will check incoming 3 phase supply sequence

by rotating LEDs in Clockwise Directions which is carried out by relays. If 3 phase

supply is present in RYB state they start the further circuits.

1.2 PURPOSE OF THE PROJECT

In three-phase equipment such as motors and measuring instruments, the correct

phase sequence determines whether the motor will rotate in the right direction, or if

the instrument works as expected. However, the phase sequence may not be

obvious and it is important to have a means of verifying that the sequence is

correct, otherwise the system may not function properly or as expected. The

purpose of this work is to design a device that performs this function. The two

commonly used methods are the phase sequence meter or the static indicator. In

this work we are considering a micro controller based phase sequence meter

1.3 EFFECTS OF WRONG PHASE SEQUENCE

1. Reverse Rotation of Motors

2. Reverse Pumping.

3. Change in Efficiency of Motors.

4. Dry Running of large power motors.

5. Large running maintenance.

6. Overheating of Motors and Burning of Motors Winding

2
1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PROJECT

Phase sequence is required for the proper operation of any three phase system. It

ensures that the load works as desired, when incorrect, the equipment such as the

motor may malfunction, rotate in the reverse direction. The phase reversal may

damage the motor or the equipment the motor is driving.

The phase-sequence indicators are used in confirming the wiring in switchboards

with a three phase supply.

1.5 SCOPE OF THE PROJECT

A 3-ph supply of 220V AC 50Hz is fed to a logic circuit comprising of NAND

gates and OR gates to detect the sequence of R, Y, B by triggering a monostable

timer 555. When the sequence is not there the triggering to the timer is missed

which is indicated by an LED driven from the output of the 555 timer. If phase

sequence reverses tripping signal generates from NAND Gate and IC555 Timer.

The tripping signal feeds the integrated circuit (IC) or any relay circuit for

removing circuit against reverse phase sequence.

1.6 ADVANTAGES OF THE PROJECT

The phase-sequence checker is:

1. The most straightforward and commonly used tool for determining the phase

sequence.

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 2. The sequence checker made is digital using semiconductor devices.

3. The sequence checker is simple and easy to use, but is more costly

1.7 PROJECT WORK ORGANISATION

The various stages involved in the development of this project have been properly

put into five chapters to enhance comprehensive and concise reading. The project

is organized sequentially as follows:

Chapter one of this work is the introduction to this project. In this chapter, the

background, significance, objective, limitation and problems of the phase sequence

checker were discussed.

Chapter two is on literature review of a phase sequence checker. In this chapter, all

the literature pertaining to this work was reviewed.

Chapter three is on design methodology. In this chapter all the method involved

during the design and construction were discussed.

Chapter four is on testing and analysis. All testing and result for accurate

functionality was analyzed.

Chapter five is on conclusion, recommendation and references.

4
 CHAPTER TWO

2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 REVIEW OF ELECTRICAL PHASES

There is a major characteristic of an AC electricity supply that requires

explanation. [1] A DC circuit has two wires through which the current in the circuit

flows from a source of electricity through a load and back to the source. A single-

phase AC circuit also has two wires connected to the source of electricity.

However, unlike the DC circuit in which the direction of the electric current does

not change, the direction of the current changes many times per second in the AC

circuit. The 240 volt electricity supplied to our homes is single phase AC

electricity and has two wires - an "active" or “live” and a "neutral".

The distribution line supplying our homes may be single phase and have only two

wires strung between the poles. However, the distribution line may be made up of

4 lines. The other lines carry the currents from two other electrical circuits, making

a total of three circuits or phases. The reason why there are only 4 lines is because

the 3 phases have a common neutral line (i.e. 3 active lines and 1 common neutral

line).

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Because the magnitude and direction of the electricity flowing in each of the

phases is slightly displaced in time from the electricity flowing in the other phases,

the current flowing in the common neutral will be the sum of the neutral currents

from the 3 phases. The resultant current in the common neutral is smaller in a 3

phase system than in systems with other numbers of phases. This ability to use a

common neutral of relatively small capacity has large economic advantages and is

the main reason why 3 phases are used.

3 phase electricity has another advantage. For example in Ghana, the voltage

between the active and neutral in the single phase low voltage supply to our homes

is 240 volts and that this phase is only one of the phases in the 3 phase system. A

415 volt, 3 phase supply is able to deliver more energy than a 240 volt, single

phase supply. 3 phase supplies are normally restricted to large electrical loads,

such as large electric motors. Commercial buildings are often wired for three

phase power. Air conditioners for instance are run on the three phase power while

single phase power is typically used for most electrical, electronic and lighting

equipment.

A single phase supply must have a neutral, whereas a 3 phase supply does not

require a neutral. More complicated reason is how to deal with fixing the voltage

of the single phase supply relative to the ground (because domestic appliances

6
have their metal enclosures connected to ground) and for fault protection purposes.

3 phase, medium voltage, distribution systems and high voltage transmission

systems therefore use one wire for each phase and no neutral.

The above discussions focused on active and neutral conductors (wires) as being

the means to convey the electricity. One type of system uses the ground as the

return path, with only the active being conveyed by a conductor. This type of

single-phase supply system is called the Single Wire Ground Return system and is

use to supply small loads which are located far from the main distribution

networks.

2.2 REVIEW OF THREE-PHASE ELECTRIC POWER

[2] Three-phase electric power is a common method of alternating-current in

electric power generation, transmission, and distribution. It is a type of poly phase

system and is the most common method used by electrical grids worldwide to

transfer power. It is also used to power large motors and other heavy loads. A

three-phase system is usually more economical than an equivalent single-phase or

two-phase system at the same line to ground voltage because it uses less conductor

material to transmit electrical power. The three-phase system was independently

invented by Galileo Ferraris, Mikhail Dolivo-Dobrovolsky and Nikola Tesla in the

late 1880s.

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In a balanced three-phase power supply system (by far, the most common type),

three conductors each carry an alternating current of the same frequency and

voltage relative to a common reference (Typically such a reference is connected to

ground and often to a current-carrying conductor called the neutral) but with a

phase difference of one third the period; hence the voltage on any conductor

reaches its peak at one third of a cycle after one of the other conductors and one

third of a cycle before the third conductor. From any of the three conductors, the

peak voltage on the other two conductors is delayed by one third and two thirds of

one cycle respectively. This phase delay gives constant power transfer over each

cycle. It also makes it possible to produce a rotating magnetic field in an electric

motor and generate other phase arrangements using transformers (For instance, a

two phase system using a Scott-T transformer).

With a perfectly balanced three phase supply the instantaneous voltage of any

phase is exactly equal in magnitude but opposite to the sum of the other two

phases. This means that if the load on the three phases is balanced as well, the

return path for the current in any phase conductor is the other two phase

conductors.

Hence, the sum of the currents in the three conductors is always zero and the

current in each conductor is equal to and in the opposite direction as the sum of the

8
currents in the other two. Thus, each conductor acts as the return path for the

currents from the other two.

While a single phase AC power supply requires two conductors a three phase

supply can transmit three times the power by using only one extra conductor. This

means that a 50% increase in transmission cost yields a 200% increase in the

power transmitted.

Three-phase systems may also utilize a fourth wire, particularly in low-voltage

distribution. This is the neutral wire. The neutral allows three separate single-phase

supplies to be provided at a constant voltage and is commonly used for supplying

groups of domestic properties which are each single-phase loads. The connections

are arranged so that, as far as possible in each group, equal power is drawn from

each phase. Further up the supply chain in high-voltage distribution the currents

are usually well balanced and it is therefore normal to omit the neutral conductor.

Three-phase supplies have properties that make them very desirable in electric

power distribution systems:

 The phase currents tend to cancel out one another, summing to zero in the case

of a linear balanced load. This makes it possible to reduce the size of the neutral

9
 conductor because it carries little to no current; all the phase conductors carry

the same current and so can be the same size, for a balanced load.

 Power transfer into a linear balanced load is constant, which helps to reduce

generator and motor vibrations.

 Three-phase systems can produce a rotating magnetic field with a specified

direction and constant magnitude, which simplifies the design of electric

motors.

Most household loads are single-phase. Three-phase power might feed a multiple-

unit apartment block, but the household loads are connected only as single phase.

In lower-density areas, only a single phase might be used for distribution. Some

large appliances may be powered by three-phase power, such as electric stoves and

clothes dryers.

Wiring for the three phases is typically identified by color codes which vary by

country. Connection of the phases in the right order is required to ensure the

intended direction of rotation of three-phase motors. For example, pumps and fans

may not work in reverse. Maintaining the identity of phases is required if there is

any possibility two sources can be connected at the same time; a direct

interconnection between two different phases is a short-circuit.

10
2.3 REVIEW OF THREE-PHASE LOADS

An important class of three-phase load is the electric motor. A three-phase

induction motor has a simple design, inherently high starting torque and high

efficiency. Such motors are applied in industry for many applications. A three-

phase motor is more compact and less costly than a single-phase motor of the same

voltage class and rating and single-phase AC motors above 10 HP (7.5 kW) are

uncommon. Three-phase motors also vibrate less and hence last longer than single-

phase motors of the same power used under the same conditions.

Line frequency flicker in light can be reduced by evenly spreading three phases

across line frequency operated light sources so that illuminated area is provided

light from all three phases. The effect of line frequency flicker is detrimental to

super slow motion cameras used in sports event broadcasting. Three phase lighting

has been applied successfully at the 2008 Beijing Olympics to provide consistent

light level for each frame for SSM cameras. Resistance heating loads such as

electric boilers or space heating may be connected to three-phase systems. Electric

lighting may also be similarly connected.

Rectifiers may use a three-phase source to produce a six-pulse DC output. The

output of such rectifiers is much smoother than rectified single phase and, unlike

single-phase, does not drop to zero between pulses. Such rectifiers may be used for

11
battery charging, electrolysis processes such as aluminium production or for

operation of DC motors. "Zig-zag" transformers may make the equivalent of six-

phase full-wave rectification, twelve pulses per cycle, and this method is

occasionally employed to reduce the cost of the filtering components, while

improving the quality of the resulting DC.

One example of a three-phase load is the electric arc furnace used in steelmaking

and in refining of ores.

In Germany, a 1965 publication shows some "full size" stoves are designed for a

three-phase feed. However, the individual heating units may be connected between

phase and neutral to allow for connection by three individual circuits on the same

single-phase supply.

Phase converters

Phase converters are used when three-phase equipment needs to be operated on a

single-phase power source. They are used when three-phase power is not available

or cost is not justifiable. Such converters may also allow the frequency to be varied

(resynthesis) allowing speed control. Some railway locomotives use a single-phase

source to drive three-phase motors fed through an electronic drive.

12
2.4. SOME PREVIOUS WORKDONE

Two project works on Phase Sequence is being reviewed. They are

1. Rotating type phase sequence indicator

2. Static type phase sequence indicator

Rotating type phase sequence indicator

The rotating type phase sequence indicators show the direction of the phase

sequence by rotating the disc placed at the centre of the instrument. It has three

terminals which are connected to the terminals of the measuring devices.

The working principle of the rotating phase sequence indicator is similar to that of

the induction motor. The coils of the induction motor are star connected. The phase

sequence of the power supply is RYB. When the supply is given to the motor coils,

rotating magnetic fields induce in the coils. This rotating magnetic field induces

the eddy EMF in the aluminium disc.

13
 Fig.1

The eddy EMF causes the eddy current in the disc. The interaction of the eddy

current and the rotating magnetic field produces the torque of which the disc starts

rotating.

The direction of the disc shows the phase sequence of the supply system. If the

disc rotates in the clockwise direction, the phase sequence is RYB. The

anticlockwise direction of the aluminium disc is because of the reverse phase

sequence.

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Static Type Phase Sequence Indicator

The static phase sequence indicators consist of two lamps and an inductor. The

device whose phase sequence is used to be known is connected to the static phase

sequence indicators. If the lamp 1 is dim and the lamp 2 glows brightly, then the

phase sequence of supply is RYB.

Fig. 2 Static Type Phase Sequence Indicator

If the lamp 1 glows brightly and the lamp 2 is dim, the device has reverse phase

sequence. The brightness of the lamp depends on the voltage drop that occurs

across it. The working of the static phase sequence supply is understood with the

help of the following analysis.

15
If the phase sequence of the supply is RYB, and the relationship of the phase

concerning the voltage is VRY, VBY and VRB as shown in the figure below.

Fig.3

16
 Fig.4

The equation gives the value of current On solving the above

equations by the help of the images we see that the voltage drop across the lamp 1

is 27% and that of the lamp 2 is IY = 0.27 Ir. Thereby, the lamp 1 is dim, and lamp

2 glows brightly.

The neon lamp along with the resistance and the capacitor is also used in the phase

sequence indicators.

17
Fig. 5

The resistor is connected in series with the neon lamp for limiting the value of

current. If the phase sequence of the supply is RYB, the Lamp 2 will glow, and the

lamp 1 will not glow. And for the reverse phase sequence, the lamp 2 will be

darker, and 1 will glow.

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 CHAPTER THREE

3.0 CONSTRUCTION METHODOLOGY

Phase sequence meter is used for detecting the sequence of the supply in three-

phase electric circuits. The direction of rotation of three phase electric motors can

be changed by changing the phase sequence of supply. And also the correct

operation of measuring instruments like 3 phase energy meter and automatic

control of devices also depend on the phase sequence. Different types of phase

sequence testers are available in today’s market like contact or non-contact, static

or rotating, etc., in a wide range of voltage or power ratings. The main aim is to

check incoming 3 phase supply sequence by Rotating Project kit LED in

Clockwise Directions. If 3 phase supply is present in RYB state then start the

further circuits. Otherwise If 3 phase supply is not present in RYB (eg.RBY) state

then trip/stop of the supply and show as a Line fault Indication with Rotating

Project kit LED in Anticlockwise Directions. The design methodology of the

system is shown as below:

3.2 BLOCK DIAGRAM

Block diagram of any project describe the circuit arrangement of any project.

However, the block diagram of the phase sequence checker describes the

arrangement of the device. The block diagram of the work is as below:

19
 Fig.6 Main Block Diagram

3.3 SYSTEM CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

The circuit diagram of the system is as below:

Fig.7 Circuit diagram

20
3.4 SYSTEM MODE OF OPERATION

A 3-ph supply of 440V AC 50Hz is fed to a logic circuit comprising of NAND

gates and OR gates to detect the sequence of R, Y, B by triggering a monostable

timer 555.

While the sequence is not there the triggering to the timer is missed which is

indicated by an LED driven from the output of the 555 timer. If phase sequence

reverses Tripping signal generates from NAND Gate and IC555 Timer .The

tripping signal fed to PLC, Microprocessor or any relay circuit for removing

circuit against reverse phase sequence

3.5 DIAGRAM OF MAJOR COMPONENTS USED

The major components for the design are shown below:

NAND Gate

[3] In digital electronics, a NAND gate (negative-AND) is a logic gate which

produces an output which is false only if all its inputs are true; thus its output is

complement to that of the AND gate. A LOW (0) output results only if both the

inputs to the gate are HIGH (1); if one or both inputs are LOW (0), a HIGH (1)

output results. It is made using transistors and junction diodes. By De Morgan's

theorem, AB=A+B, and thus a NAND gate is equivalent to inverters followed by

an OR gate.

21
 Fig.8

IN4007 Diode

These diodes are used to convert AC into DC and are used as either half wave

rectifier or full wave rectifier. The key points needed for every diode are

maximum forward current capacity, maximum reverse voltage capacity and the

maximum forward voltage capacity.

555 TIMER

The 555 timer IC is an integrated circuit or chip used in as a timer delay, for pulse

generation, as a flip-flop element and some oscillator applications. Some varieties

22
provide up to four timing circuits cascaded in one package. Other typical

applications include LED/lamp flashers, pulse generation, logic clocks, tone

generation, security alarms, pulse position modulation etc. Also the 555 timer can

be used as a simple Analog to Digital Convertor, for converting an analog value

to a pulse length. For example, selecting a thermistor as timing resistor allows the

use of the 555 timer in a temperature sensor and the period of the output pulse is

determined by the temperature. [4]

Fig. 9 PIN DIAGRAM.

The 555 timer IC is a simple 8 pin Direct In Line (DIL) package Integrated

Circuit. It can be used as a monostable, astable, source or sink (100mA). Its

supply voltage ranges from 5v to 15v. To disrupt the power supply a decoupling

capacitor should be used.

Monostable mode IC 555

The IC 555 functions as a "one-shot" pulse generator. Its application includes,

timers, missing pulse detection, bounce-free switches, touch switches, frequency

divider, capacitance measurement, pulse-width modulation (PWM) and so on.

23
3.6 POWER SUPPLY UNIT

Power supply is a basic step in the designing of any electrical system. The power

supply unit consists of a 12V/500mA step down transformer, a bridge rectifier,

1000μf/35V capacitor, 7805 voltage regulator, status indicator LED; a 1K resistor

limits the voltage entering the LED. The 240V/50Hz input supply into the

transformer, passes through the rectifier which converts it to a D.C. voltage. The

capacitor smoothens the D.C. The 7805 chip is for voltage regulation to give a

voltage of 5VDC required as VCC. This VCC is delivered to various loads that

needs the supply .The characteristics of the power supply unit and distribution of

the D.C. voltage to various parts of the system have some effects on the

performance of the circuit. The essential function of the power supply unit

includes;

 isolation of the A.C. mains supply

 Output voltage regulation.

 Stability

D.C. voltage is isolated from the mains by the transformer which steps down 240v

input to 12v before delivering to the input of the bridge rectifier. The rectifier

circuit consists of four diodes configured into a full-wave bridge rectifier mode.

The regulator used in this design provides regulated and stable D.C. voltage

24
(5v+/_0.1%) And these outputs drive all chips in the circuit. The capacitor is

designed to filter and remove surges that appear on either the input or output of the

supply.

COMPONENT LIST:

1. Step down transformer

2. Voltage regulator

3. Capacitors

4. Diodes

TRANSFORMER:

[5] Selection of a suitable transformer is of great importance. The current rating

and the secondary voltage of the transformer is an essential factor.

 The current rating of the transformer depends upon the current required for

the load to be driven.

 The input voltage to the 7805 IC should be at least 2V greater than the

required 5V output, therefore it requires an input voltage at least close to 7V.

 A 6-0-6 transformer with current rating 500mA was chosen (Since 6*√2 =

8.4V). However any transformer which supplies secondary peak voltage up

25
 to 35V can be used but as the voltage increases size of the transformer and

power dissipation across regulator increases.

VOLTAGE REGULATOR:

For 5V output, LM7805 Voltage Regulator IC is prefferable.

[6] The 7805 IC Specifications are as follows :

 Input voltage range 7V- 35V

 Current rating Ic = 1A

 Output voltage range VMax=5.2V ,VMin=4.8V

 3-terminals.

LM7805 – Pin Diagram

Fig.10

26
 Pin 1 is the Input Pin. The output voltage from the voltage source is fed into

this pin. For example, if a 10 volts coming from a transformer is to be

regulated down to 5 volts, the output of the transformer (i.e. 10 volts) is fed

into the regulator input (pin 1) so that the regulator can regulate it down to 5

volts. The voltage regulator is always fed with a smooth DC signal to give

the best regulated output to regulate it down to its specified voltage. The

input voltage has to be larger than the voltage that the regulator regulates

out. When using a LM7805, the output is 5 volts. For the regulator to output

5 volts, the voltage entering is at least 2 volts higher, so it has to be at least 7

volts. However, for experimental purposes and ease of getting parts, a 9-volt

battery can be used as the input voltage.

 Pin 2 is Ground. It connects to the ground in our circuit. The ground makes

the circuit complete because the voltage is given electric potential and a

return path. Ground is an essential part of the circuit.

 Pin 3 is the Output Pin. This is the pin that gives out the regulated voltage, in

this project, is 5 volts. At the end of the project, the voltage when measured

with a multimeter should give out 5 volts.

27
RECTIFYING CIRCUIT

The best used in this work is a full wave rectifier.

[7]The advantages of the Bridge rectifier are;

 DC saturation is less as both cycle diodes conduct.

 Higher Transformer Utilization Factor (TUF).

1N4007 diodes are used as it is capable of withstanding a higher reverse voltage of

1000v whereas 1N4001 is 50V.

Center Tap Full Wave Rectifier

CAPACITORS:

[8] Knowledge of Ripple factor is essential while designing the values of

capacitors

It is given by

 Y=1/(4√3fRC) (as the capacitor filter to be used)

f= frequency of AC ( 50 Hz)

R=resistance calculated given by R= V/Ic

28
 V= secondary voltage of transformer

V=6√2=8. 4

R=8.45/500mA=16.9Ω, a standard 18Ω is chosen

C= filtering capacitance

To determine this capacitance for filtering

Y=Vac-rms/Vdc

Vac-rms = Vr/2√3 and Vdc= VMax-(Vr/2)

If, Vr= VMax- VMin ; then Vr = 5.2-4.8 =0. 4V

Therefore, Vac-rms =0.3464V and Vdc = 5V

Y=0 .06928

Hence the capacitor value is found out by substituting the ripple factor

in Y=1/(4√3fRC)

Thus, C= 2314 µF and a standard 2200µF is chosen

29
The Datasheet of IC 7805 prescribes to use a 0.01μF capacitor at the output side to

avoid transient changes in the voltages due to changes in load and a 0.33μF at the

input side of regulator to avoid ripples if the filtering is far away from regulator.

BASIC BLOCK DIAGRAM OF POWER SUPPLY

Fig.11

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

Fig.12

30
 OPERATIONS OF THE POWER SUPPLY [4]

This unit is the power source for the entire system. The power cable (Pn) is the

connector for the primary of the step down transformer (Ti) to the main socket

(240vac) via power switch (SWT). This transformer which is a 240/18Vac steps

the main voltage to 5Vac. The Bridge diode (BDI) further rectifies the step down

voltage to a dc voltage which is subsequently smoothened by the filter capacitor

c1. The resulting voltage is an unregulated voltage in the range of 14 to 16 Vdc.

This voltage is regular to 10V to provide the exaltation voltage. Since most digital

devices required standard 12v to operate, we supply a voltage regulator (Vreg) of

that order to regulate the voltage to + 5v. This further filtered by the ceramics in

the order of 0.1 MF.

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 CHAPTER FOUR

4.0 TESTING AND RESULT ANALYSIS

4.1 CONSTRUCTION PROCEDURE

In building this project, the following procedures were properly considered,

I. Purposing of the entire materials / Components needed

ii. Resistance check of the components bought with the help of ohmmeter

before making the necessary connection with the components

iii. Drafting out a schematic diagram or how to arrange the materials /

components.

iv. Testing the completed system to see if the design works and

v. Finally, implementation of design of the project.

With all materials at hand, they are processed into the arrangement of the

components into the Vero board, proper soldering of the components then

followed. The components were all soldered into the board after which it was

correctly confirmed done.

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4.2 CASING AND PACKAGING

The casing of this project comprises of internal and external packaging. Internal

parts of the circuit will be soldered and fixed inside the case. Then the external

components such as connectors and switches will be fixed as well.

4.3 ASSEMBLING OF SECTIONS

Having provided the casing and having finished the construction of the sections of

this system, the assembling into the casing will follow. The sections will be

properly laid out and assembled into the casing where the general coupling and

linkages into the peripheral devices took place.

Finally; the connectors and switch will be carefully brought out from the internal

part of the casing through the holes made on the body of the casing, the input cable

plug outlet mounted on the body of the casing where power source terminals will

be connected to.

4.4 PACKAGING

This is a very important aspect of the design work. It is the appearance given to the

final work. After soldering on the vero board, it has to be cased. Packaging could

serve two major functions.

1. Serve to protect the components used for the design.

33
 2. Serve to make the finished work look attractive.

A portable wooden casing covered with leather will be used in packaging the work.

The wooden case retain the heat generated by the components since wood is a poor

conductor of heat and electricity. The dimension and design of the box was arrived

at after considering various factors such as the width and length of the vero board

The dimension for the casing is:

Length --- 31.5 cm and 26.5cm

Height -- 14.cm

The vero board and the transformer will be held firmly by bolts and nuts.

4.5 MOUNTING PROCEDURE

The transformer is bolted directly to the bottom of the case. This was followed by

mounting of the power section of the circuit board. A gap is made between one

mounting and the successive ones. This is necessary to avoid overcrowding. The

vero board is also mounted at the upper side of the case. The resistors, transistors,

and other components used is mounted on the vero board. All the accessories will

be highly fixed to avoid slack that may result in the process of operations

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4.6 TESTING

Testing is one of the important stages in the development of any new product or

repair of existing ones. Because it is very difficult to trace a fault in a finished

work, especially when the work to be tested is too complex. For the purpose of this

project, two stages of testing are involved:

i. Pre-implementation testing

ii. Post-implementation testing.

PRE-IMPLEMENTATION TESTING

It is carried out on the components before they are soldered to the vero board. This

is to ensure that each component is in good working condition before they are

finally soldered to the board. The components used in this design are grouped into

two.

- Discrete components e.g. resistors, light emitting diodes, capacitors, transistors.

Etc.

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The discrete components are tested with a multimeter by switching the meter to the

required value and range corresponding to each discrete component to check for

continuity.

POST-IMPLEMENTATION TESTING

After implementing the circuit on a project board, the different sections of the

complete system is tested to ensure that they were in good operating condition. The

continuity test carried out is to ensure that the circuit or components are properly

linked together. This test is carried out before power is supplied to the circuit.

Finally, after troubleshooting has been done on the whole circuit, power is supplied

to the circuit. Visual troubleshooting is also carried out at this stage to ensure that

the components do not burn out.

4.7 RESULT ANALYSIS

The results obtained during the construction states after necessary troubleshooting

should be satisfactory. The system will be able to respond to its operation.

4.8 PROBLEM ENCOUNTERED

As we all know that every engineering work goes with one or more problem,

which enhances research and probably technological advancement to engineers

36
while endeavoring to resolve such problem. Therefore the project on discussion

suffers some noticeable drawback, which includes:

i. Mechanical problem: I found it difficult to install all the external

components. But after the effort is made, the aim will later be achieved.

ii. Cost problem: the high cost of components made it difficult to obtain and

build the circuits with all parts.

iii. Unavailability of materials: the microcontroller was unavailable and hence

could not be fabricated into the circuit.

4.9 FUTURE SCOPE

1. In future work of the system it can be connected to a number of rotating

machinery system such as cutting tool machinery.

2. Also a message of phase sequence fault can be given to respective operator

and technician.

37
 CHAPTER FIVE

5.0 CONCLUSION

In industrial sectors where there are large motors working in machinery, due to dry

running of motors large amount of heat is produced. This heat causes burning of

motor winding. This Three phase sequence checker can available in low price and

Reduces Motor winding Damages and running Maintenance cost.

5.1 RECOMMENDATION

While wiring, assembly and installation of the circuit, make sure that you:

1. Use good-quality, multi-strand insulated copper wire suitable for your current

requirement.

3. Use good-quality contactors and relays with proper contact and current

rating.

3. Mount the transformer(s) on a suitable cabinet. Use a Tag Block (TB) for

incoming/outgoing connections from mains.

38
5.3 REFERENCES

[1.] M. Young, The Technical Writer’s Handbook. Mill Valley, CA: University

Science, 1989

[2] J. Clerk Maxwell, A Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism, 3rd ed., vol. 2.

Oxford: Clarendon, 1892, pp.68-73.

[3] Chapter 8. Albert Lozano. "Introduction to Electronic Integrated Circuits

(Chips)" van Roon, Fig 3 & related text. Scherz, Paul (2000) "Practical

Electronics for Inventors", p. 589. McGraw-Hill/TAB

Electronics. ISBN 978-0-07-058078-7. Retrieved 2010-04-05

[4.] Ward, Jack (2004). The 555 Timer IC – An Interview with Hans Camenzind.

The Semiconductor Museum. 10) Tony R. Kuphaldt. "Lessons In Electric

Circuits: Volume VI - Experiments".

[5.] I.S. Jacobs and C.P. Bean, “Fine particles, thin films and exchange

anisotropy,” in Magnetism, vol. III, G.T. Rado and H. Suhl, Eds. New York:

Academic, 1963, pp. 271-350.

[6.] Y. Yorozu, M. Hirano, K. Oka, and Y. Tagawa, “Electron spectroscopy

studies on magneto-optical media and plastic substrate interface,” IEEE

39
[7.] G. Eason, B. Noble, and I.N. Sneddon, “On certain integrals of Lipschitz-

Hankel type involving products of Bessel functions,” Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc.

London, vol. A247, pp. 529-551, April 1955. (references)

[8.] customsiliconsolutions.co Engdahl, pg 1. Engdahl, "Circuit diagram of PC

joysyck interface" epanorama.net Eggebrecht, p. 197. Eggebrecht,

Transl. J. Magn. Japan, vol. 2, pp. 740-741, August 1987 [Digests 9th Annual

Conf. Magnetics Japan, p. 301, 1982].

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