Muhammad Aslam et al ( 04 July 2017), Produces the Concrete by Using Oil Palm Boiler Clinker

(OPBC) is a Solid Waste from Oil Palm Industry and used as Lightweight aggregate in concrete
mixture, But the density of the lightweight aggregate is more, So to reduce the density of this type of
concrete, Oil Palm Shell (OPS) is also added with (OPBC) with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% by volume, It was
found that the slump value of the mixes was improved by the partial replacement of OPBC with OPS.
LWAC slump value of 50–75 mm is similar to the NWC slump value of 100–125 mm. Substitution of
OPBC with OPS in control mix in the substitution levels of 20%, 40% and 60% could reduce the dried
density about 2.8%, 5.5% and 9.5%, respectively. The dry density of every concrete made with OPS
aggregates is less than 2000 kg/m3. The Test result Shows that Contribution of OPS in OPBC concrete
reduces the density as well Mechanical Properties also, Based on Mechanical and water absorption
test it is recommended to substitute OPBC with OPS between 20% to 40%.

Physical properties of aggregates.

Physical properties Coarse aggregate

OPBC OPS

Specific gravity 1.69 1.19

Compacted bulk density (kg/m3) 860 610

24 h water absorption (%) 7.0 20.5

Details of the concrete mixes (kg/m3).

Mix code Cement Water w/c Sand Coarse aggregate SP Slump Density

OPBC OPS (% cement) (mm) DM OD

M-0 480 173 0.36 890 511 0 0.85 85 2080 2050

M-20 480 173 0.36 890 409 72 0.85 95 2045 1993

M-40 480 173 0.36 890 307 144 0.85 90 2005 1938

M-60 480 173 0.36 890 204 216 0.90 100 1995 1856

DM = Demoulded

OD = Oven-dried
Hui Wei et al (13 March 2020), Examine how the size of the aggregate affects the
mechanical characteristics of lightweight concrete (LC). Importantly, lightweight aggregate
(LWA) is essential for the characteristics of LC since the light and porous LWA, as compared
to the denser structures of aggregates in NWC is what gives LC its lightweight quality. It is
widely known that the grading of the aggregates in concrete impacts the compaction and
bond characteristics of NWC as well as the mechanical properties of the concrete. One of the
primary distinctions between LC and NWC is that the ruptured LWA under tensile stress
means that the fracture path in LC varies from that in NWC. The various aggregate sizes of LC
could signify various fracture pathways, which could subsequently affect the characteristics
of LC. Grade 900 expanded shale, the coarse LWA used in this investigation, Has a density of
1512 kg/m3, A water absorption of 2.2%, and a cylinder compressive strength of 6.9 MPa,
respectively. The fine aggregate used is normal weight medium sands with a bulk density of
1510 kg/m3, Ordinary Portland cement 42.5 was also used for all the mixes, Additionally, the
grade I fly ash (FA) and silica fume was used to produce the specimens . Coarse lightweight
aggregates were separated into three distinct size ranges: less than 4.75 mm, 4.75 to 9.5
mm, and 9.5 to 16 mm in order to examine the impact of aggregate size on the strength
characteristics of LC. In order to create a combination of gradation, aggregates from the
three ranges were blended after each range's aggregates had been used for a specific type
of concrete mixture. The four grading were represented by four sets of specimens that were
labelled as LC-I, LC-II, LC-III, and LC-IV. Results indicate The combinations including the
smallest size LWAs (LC-I) displayed the lowest oven-dried densities of all the investigated
specimens, with the oven-dried densities of all tested specimens being lower than 1950
kg/m3. Similarly, the concretes designated with LC60-III produced the second-lowest density.
It was suggested that the lack of medium-sized particles caused fresh concrete to compact
improperly, which is confirmed by the significantly higher densities of LC-II and LC-IV. The
strongest specimens, with compressive strengths of up to 95 MPa, had medium-sized LWA.
The lowest average splitting tensile strength was found in LC II, and the highest values were
found in LC IV. This leads to the conclusion that the splitting tensile strength of LC was
reduced by the absence of large and small sizes of LWA. In comparison to NWC, the tested
LC's splitting tensile strength and flexural strength were lower, with ranges of 3.2% to 4.7%
and 4.6% to 5.3%, respectively. These components barely vary when the aggregate size
changes.
Table 2. Cumulative passing for four aggregate grades.

Sieve Size (mm) Cumulative Passing (%)

Grade I Grade II Grade III Grade IV

16 100 100 100 100

9.5 100 100 0 61

4.75 100 0 0 31

Table 3. Mixture of lightweight concrete (LC) (per m3)

Cement (kg) FA (kg) SF (kg) SP (kg) Water (kg)

1 m3 440 66 44 4.2 148.5

Table 5. Test results of specimens

Groups Density (kg/m 3) fcu (MPa) fst (MPa) ffl (MPa)

3d 7d 28 d 90 d 120 d

LC60-I 1870 31.5 37.0 61.5 68.1 67.9 2.47 2.78

32.2 45.0 58.1 70.4 82.0 2.48 2.63

32.9 40.7 60.5 81.1 77.1 b 2.61 2.82

LC60-II 1910 43.8 54.5 72.1 95.5 N/A N/A 3.42

45.7 55.9 66.5 91.0 N/A 2.25 3.47

45.4 52.8 69.1 92.9 N/A 2.12 3.16

LC60‐Ⅲ 1902 43.3 52.6 67.5 90.2 84.7 2.94 3.43

39.9 52.6 71.4 72.1 b 84.7 3.00 3.44

43.5 49.2 67.6 67.6 89.8 N/A N/A

LC60‐Ⅳ 1911 45.5 53.1 69.5 69.5 72.4 3.15 3.64

37.4 50.8 67.4 82.8 86.0 3.07 3.38

41.7 35.3 a 65.1 54.6a 73.1 3.35 3.75

1. Pankaj Dhemla et al (2021) made an experimental investigation
on Sintered Light Weight Aggregate Concrete consisting of
Sintered Fly Ash (SFA) of different proportions as an
aggregate.SFA aggregate of sizes 8-12 mm and 4-8 mm were
used in varying proportions of 80:20 which was named as A₈₀
mix which means that this mix consist of 80 parts of 8-12 mm
SFA aggregate and 20 parts of 4-8 mm SFA aggregate and
respectively proportion of 60:40 was named as A₆₀ mix, 40:60
as A₄₀ mix, and 20:80 as A₂₀ mix.Compressive strength is seen
to rise when the number of smaller SFA aggregates increases.
The fresh density was found out to rise from Mix A80 to A20,
with only A80 < 2000 Kg/m3 and meeting the requirements for
light weight concrete.The findings indicate that tensile and
flexural strengths are gradually rising in accordance with the
findings for compressive strength. A20 mix has a 2.7% higher
flexural strength and a 1.59% higher tensile strength than A80
mix. It is concluded that lower SLWA in LWC improve concrete
characteristics but also increasing density. After adding A80
mix, the density crosses 2000 Kg/m3 in our analysis, defeating
the whole point of using lightweight concretes.
2. K Gowdham et al (2017) made a Study on the strength
characteristics of High strength concrete with Micro steel
fibres. The Compressive strength could be enhanced by altering
the percentages of an additional cementatious substance called
alocofine from 0 to 18%; the best value was discovered to be
13% for M50 grade. By adjusting the amount of micro steel
fibres added, from 0 to 1.25 percent, the concrete's
compressive strength initially increases and then decreases, but
the split tensile strength continuously increases until it reaches
its maximum value. Adding 1.5% fibre to concrete increased
strength to a maximum, and adding more fibre indicated a drop
in strength. However, split tensile strength revealed an increase
in strength with higher fibre volume fractions. Steel fibre is
added to Alccofine concrete to boost its compressive and split
tensile strength.
Pramod B. Salgar et al. (2019), Studied the behaviour of innovative high strength structural
concrete prepared by using light-weight aggregate (i.e., Sintagg). The Self weight of concrete cubes
was reduced by 27.42% due to Sintagg light-weight aggregate .This cubes consist of sintagg
aggregates were tested against fire effect, percentage reduction in compressive strength after fire
effect was calculated which is found be 0%, 4.25%, 12.35% and 23.70% for temperature ranges as
200ᵒC, 400ᵒC, 600ᵒC and 800ᵒC respectively .Similarly percentage reduction in compressive strength
of normal concrete for same temperature ranges was found 0%, 8%, 17% and 27%. Hence it showed
that Sintagg aggregate concrete have good fire resistant than normal concrete. The performance of
Light weight concrete cubes is checked against the chemical attack of HCL, it has been found that the
strength is reduced by 26% for light weight concrete and 18% for normal concrete, the difference is
just about 8%, it shows that the light weight concrete is considerably durable against acid attacks
(HCL).

JIN CHAI LEE et al. (2016), investigated the possibility of producing high strength lightweight
aggregate concrete (HSLAC) by including high volume solid waste materials namely oil palm boiler
clinker (OPBC) and fly ash as partial substitution of course and fine aggregates. OPBC is a waste and
by-product material generated by burning of solid wastes in the boiler combustion. OPBC
substituted as coarse aggregate in concrete to produce lightweight concrete. High strength light
weight aggregate concrete is produced by two types of waste materials, OPBC replaces 75% of total
volume of coarse aggregate and fly ash replaces remaining 25%. Concrete with 75% OPBC doesn’t
contain sufficient workability, to enhance the workability 25 % of fly ash is used in concrete mix. high
strength concrete has many advantages in construction field, it helps in reducing the dead load of
structure.