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Titrimetric / Volumetric Analysis Definitions and Conditions Library

Chemical Analysis Types:

[1] Qualitative Analysis: deals with the identification of the constituents of the sample.
[2] Quantitative Analysis: is concerned with the amount of substance in the given sample.

Quantitative Analysis Classical Methods:

[1] Gravimetric Analysis: the process of converting the substance being determined into
an insoluble precipitate which is collected and weighed using an analytical balance.
[2] Titrimetry (Volumetric Analysis): is based on the accurate measurement of the volume
of a standard solution.
Standard Solution (titrant): is a solution is accurately known concentration.

Analyte: known volume of a solution of the substance to be determined.

Titration: is the process of carefully adding one solution from the burette into another
solution in the conical flask, until the reaction is just complete.

Equivalence Point: the point where both reactants have been consumed simultaneously.

End Point: the point at which the solution itself or the indicator gives a clear visual change.

Indicators:

 A substance used in a titration to signal the point at which the reaction is complete.
 Organic compounds of complex structure that change color in a solution as pH of a
solution changes, they’re either weak acids, or weak bases.

Methods of Expressing Concentration of Solutions:

The concentration of a solute: is the amount of solute dissolved in a unit volume of solution.
Molarity (M): number of moles of solute per dm3 (liter) of solution. mol/dm3(L)
Molar Solution: a solution which contains one mole of the substance dissolved in one dm3 of
solution.
Molality (m): number of moles of solute per 1000g (1kg) of solvent. mol/kg
Normality (N): number of gram equivalent weights of solute per liter of solution. g/dm3(L)
Mole Fraction: number of moles of component to the total number of moles of all
components in a solution.
Percent Composition (weight percentage): mass of solute over the mass of solution times
100.
Parts Per Million (ppm): a unit that is frequently used to express very small concentrations.
Neutralization Reaction: are acid – base reactions, that involve combining hydrogen and
hydroxide ions to form water.
Precipitation Reaction (double decomposition reaction): are reactions between two soluble
salts that form an insoluble product and a soluble one.

1|Mohammed Eljack
Complex - Formation Reactions: the standard solution forms soluble complex with the
analyte.
Oxidation - Reduction Reaction: the chemical species which lose electrons and thus oxidized
and these electrons are gained by other species which are reduced.
Reducing Agent: a species that donates electrons.
Oxidizing Agent: a species that accepts electrons.
Conditions of a Titration Reaction:
1. Should be well-defined and of a known reaction route.
2. Should be rapid.
3. Should be specific with no side reactions.
4. There should be a marked change when the reaction is complete.
Primary Standard Solution Conditions:
1. Must be easy to obtain, purify, dry and preserve in a pure state.
2. Should be stable in air while weighed, must maintain constant composition.
3. Should have high relative molecular mass.
4. Should be soluble.
5. Reaction with standard solution should be stoichiometric and instant.
Examples:
 Potassium Hydrogen Phthalate C8H5O4K
 Anhydrous Sodium Carbonate Na2CO3
 Hydrated Oxalic Acid H2C2O4 . 2H2O
Secondary Standard Solution: a less pure substance prepared by titration against a primary
standard solution.

2|Mohammed Eljack