Battery Management System To Estimate Battery Agin

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International Conference on Electronic Circuits and Signalling Technologies IOP Publishing
Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2325 (2022) 012004 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/2325/1/012004
BATTERY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM TO ESTIMATE

BATTERY AGING USING DEEP LEARNING AND
MACHINE LEARNING ALGORITHMS
S. Harippriya1, E. Esakki Vigneswaran2, S. Jayanthy3
Sri Ramakrishna Engineering College, NGGO Colony, Vattamalaipalayam,

Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu 641022, India.
haripriya.2057002@srec.ac.in, esakkivignesh@srec.ac.in, jayanthy.s@srec.ac.in
Abstract: One of the greatest challenges faced by Electric Vehicle (EV) manufactures is
insufficient charging stations. Estimating the aging of the battery in the electric vehicle helps the
driver to predict the driving range of the vehicle. This paper proposes a battery management
system that is developed to predict remaining battery charge of the Electric Vehicle. The aging
of the lithium-ion (Li-Ion) battery present in the electric vehicle is predicted using different
machine learning and deep learning algorithms. The parameters such as voltage, current and
temperature are taken from the sensors connected to the LPC2148 ARM board and the values
are given as dataset to the Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM), Decision Tree (DT), K-Nearest
Neighbors (KNN), Naïve Bayes (NB) and Support Vector Machine (SVM) Algorithms. The
experimental results indicate that for real-time data Naïve Bayes algorithm gave the best results
in terms of metrics such as Accuracy, Precision, Recall and F1-score. Naïve Bayes produced
results with the accuracy rate of 88% and used to calculate the Remaining Battery Capacity
which helps predicting the aging of the lithium- ion battery.
Keywords: Electric Vehicle (EV), Lithium-Ion (Li-Ion), State Of Charge (SOC), Battery
Management System (BMS), Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM), Decision Tree (DT), K-
Nearest Neighbors (KNN), Naïve Bayes (NB) and Support Vector Machine (SVM).
1. INTRODUCTION
The impacts of air pollution and global warming that is caused due to greenhouse gas emissions
from fuel based vehicles have increasingly attracted great attention towards the eco-friendly electric
vehicles (EVs). The transport industry accounts for the large amount of greenhouse gas emission and
pollution to the environment. The transport sector can be improved by the introduction of the
environmentally friendly Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV), Battery Electric Vehicle (BEV), Fuel Cell
Electric Vehicle (FCEV) and Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle (PHEV). Among these Battery Electric
vehicles (BEV) are currently the best choice in terms of public and personal transportation for the
environment. Because of high cell voltage, low self-discharge rate, high energy density, light weight,
long lifetime and low maintenance Li-ion batteries have gained high popularity when compared to other
batteries. Range, cost, and battery life cycle are the main challenges for the development of Li-Ion
battery systems for electric vehicles [4]. A battery can support only a finite, limited number of charge
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of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the title of the work, journal citation and DOI.
Published under licence by IOP Publishing Ltd 1
and discharge cycles. A sufficiently long battery life is necessary to avoid battery replacements during
the vehicle’s lifetime. To achieve this, a study on lithium-ion battery aging behavior in electric vehicles
are essential. Every battery at any instant has a capacity value known as state of charge (SoC) which
reduces with energy usage. Range of an EV depends on the SoC of the battery. Therefore, battery
management system (BMS) is important to make sure that the battery is operated in its specified safety
limits [3]. One of the most important tasks of the BMS is to predict the state of charge. SOC provides
percentage of the remaining battery charge. SOC can be calculated based on three battery parameters
such as voltage, current and temperature. Through SOC we can identify when the battery needs to be
recharged and how long the vehicle can be driven without recharging the battery [7].
2. RELATED WORKS
Prakash et al (2021) has proposed a work that establishes the effective method for identifying
the battery aging. Battery Aging provides the accurate estimation of battery health through real time
simulation. This paper estimates remaining useful life and state of health by calculating the SOC,
internal resistance and capacitance of Lithium-Ion battery along with the voltage transfer characteristics.
Various statistical model on battery and machine learning approaches are introduced to predict SOH and
RUL which are implemented on a hardware. The overall results produced by the neural network
approaches in predicting the SOH are within the error rate of ±5%. The RUL is predicted using long
short time memory neural network through which ±10 cycles of accuracy is obtained [2].
Kailong et al (2021) proposed a system which is used to predict remaining useful life (RUL) and
future capacity using uncertainty quantification. Advanced machine-learning techniques which uses
reliable uncertainty management technique to predict battery capacities and RUL for lithium-ion (Li-
ion) batteries is developed. Battery capacity is then completely decomposed into intrinsic mode function
(IMF) and residual value using the empirical mode decomposition (EMD) method. IMF and residual are
calculated using Long short-term memory (LSTM) and Gaussian process regression (GPR) with the
uncertainty level. The aging is calculated by implementing LSTM+GPR model which is then compared
with GPR, LSTM, GPR+EMD, and LSTM+EMD models. The accurate results are obtained in
LSTM+GPR. The proposed system shows better results in battery health diagnosis [3].
Rasool et al (2020) proposed a better management system for Lithium-Ion batteries to achieve safe
use and to increase the battery lifetime. SOC estimation technique is established. Here model-based
estimation method is used to find the accuracy of the model. The estimation of accuracy can be predicted
considering parameters such as aging, self-discharge and temperature. An extended Kalman filter is
performed to estimate better SOC. The degradation of battery capacity is evaluated using this approach.
In this paper noise covariance is optimized to improve the state estimation by particle swarm
optimization. The results produced are effective in both accuracy and computational simplicity [8].
Zhang et al(2020) proposed a novel sparse machine learning for real time state of charge estimation.
Least squares support vector machine (LS-SVM) is developed and the process dynamics is executed in
real-time for Li-Ion batteries. The computation and mapping functions are calculated using fast recursive
method. A weighted regularization scheme and the differential evolution (DE) method are implemented
that helps in optimizing the parameters which enhances the accuracy of the proposed system. State of
charge estimation in real-time is estimated using unscented Kalman filter (UKF) based on the proposed
model. The results produced by Federal Urban Drive Schedule (FUDS) test data creates an enhanced
absolute error which is less when compared with conventional LS-SVMs. The proposed system
produces 10 times less error when compared with conventional LS-SVMs [11].
Fen et al (2020) had proposed a model for the efficient use of energy in EV’s by frequently
monitoring the Li-Ion batteries. To determine the accurate lifetime of the battery a deep learning based
SOC prediction model was implemented and in addition to that recursive neural network (RNN) based
2
method was used to improve the data representation. Lithium-Ion Batteries SOC was accurately
predicted using the Convolution neural network (CNN) fed with the well trained vector representation.
Feature Extraction and Vector representation was used to improve the proposed model for SOC
prediction. The performance produced by the system is improved by 4.3% in prediction when compared
with RNN algorithm [12].
Carlos et all(2020) proposed the survey on battery state estimation using the machine learning
approaches like feedforward neural network(FNN) ,recurrent neural network(RNN) ,support vector
machine (SVM) ,radial basis function(RBF) and Hamming network. The comparisons are based in terms
of input, outputs, data quality, stated accuracy and battery types of ML landscapes for SOC and SOH
estimation. The RNN, FNN algorithms are trained 50 times while in each time 3000 epochs are obtained
to improve the efficiency of the system[10]. The errors appeared to be different because of the initial
values of the parameters, when the comparison must be made among the estimation techniques, the same
no of initial parameters must be present, and it has to be trained and tested with similar data within
proposed model [13].
Matteo et al (2019) proposes the capability to control the battery capacity degradation in terms of,
recharge time, driving range and drivability for battery aging management model whose vehicle
performance was guaranteed. In battery aging management, the parameters such as depth of discharge
and maximum battery current are used in construction of the framework. This paper proposes a solution
for a multi-input optimization problem, multi-objective which is an issue in battery management. The
algorithm used in this paper gives the present battery residual capacity and forecasting the behavior of
driver, also selects the best control variables over a suitable control discretization step. The Driving style
gives the best aging strategy. A Markov-chain-based driving style, self-learnt system is created for
producing accurate results for battery aging. The simulation of the proposed strategy produces the
battery life of 200 000 (km) [14].
Yohwan et al (2019) proposed a health management system to know about the risk of the failures
in advance and it has been implemented in battery systems. Depending on the charging profiles and
capacity of the battery the model is analysed and characterized using the neural network algorithms. To
estimate the state of health, a familiar algorithm such as Feedforward Neural Network (FNN),
Convolution Neural Network (CNN) and Long -Short Term Memory (LSTM) is used. The results
obtained in this of the experiment is efficient than the conventional method. The proposed multi-channel
technique is based on current, voltage and temperature profiles in which the mean absolute error is
reduced up to 25 to 58% [15].
3. METHODOLOGY
Fig.1 depicts the flow diagram of the proposed system where the data is split into training and
testing dataset.
3
Fig.1. Flow Diagram of the proposed model

The training data is fed into ML and DL algorithms. The data is split as 80% and 20% of training
and test data. The training is carried out with the machine learning and deep learning algorithm. The test
data is then feedback into the algorithms to obtain the model. Once the model is obtained the prediction
is performed based on the prediction formula by retraining the selected model.
3.1. BLOCK DIAGRAM

Fig 3.2.1 depicts the block diagram of the proposed system. The LPC2148 microcontroller is
the development board used. The LM395 is the temperature sensor used to measure the temperature of
the battery. The current sensor ACS712 measures the current discharge from the battery and the voltage
sensor senses the voltage of the lithium-Ion battery. All the sensor values are stored in a spreadsheet
with the help of LPC2148 which is connected to all the sensors through GPIO pins. A CPC2102 USB
to TTL module is connected to ARM MC which collects the data from MC and to feds to excel in PC.
Various machine learning algorithms are implemented in python IDLE to predict the aging of battery.
The LPC2148 controllers main purpose is to acquire Realtime data and fed the data to the machine
learning model.
4
Fig.2. Block Diagram of the proposed model
4. MACHINE LEARNING ALGORITHMS

Machine learning algorithms are meant to learn from experience, it trains the computer to
provide the output from the set of given input data. Machine learning algorithm are trained by datasets
and provides the output for test data [9]. Computational methods are using by these algorithms for
training the model. It learns the information and provided by existing data. As the number of samples
increases, algorithms improve their performance. Two techniques are used in machine learning.
Supervised learning predicts the future outputs by training the model on known input and output data.
Unsupervised learning finds the hidden patterns in input file [1]. The classification algorithms used in
this paper helps in identifying the class of data and provides metric analysis such as Accuracy, Recall,
F1score and Precision.
4.1 GAUSSIAN NAÏVE BAYES
The naive Bayes classifier are designed using Bayes theorem. It considers that the existence of
the feature in a class would be varying to other features. it can provide better performance when it comes
to multi class predictions. this algorithm constructs the machine learning models quickly which helps
in making fast predictions. this classifier is also known as probabilistic classifier. It makes prediction
based on the probability of the object.
5
4.2 K-NEAREST NEIGHBOUR(KNN)
The K-nearest neighbours has data points that belongs to the class it shares the greatest number
of common points with respect to its distance. K numbered nearest points that are present around the
data point which must be predicted are taken into consideration. These K points then it belongs to a
particular class. The data points belong to the class with the greatest number of points. Euclidean
distance method is used to identify the distance between the points in KNN algorithm.
4.3 DECISION TREE(DT)

The Decision tree algorithm forms a tree structure to build classification or regression. The
datasets are broken down into smaller combined to develop an decision tree algorithm. Finally, a tree is
obtained comprising of decision nodes and leaf nodes. A decision tree algorithm uses branching method
to demonstrate all the possible outcomes from a decision that forms a flow-chart-like tree structure. The
nodes in the tree represents a test and the branch is the resultant of that respective test.
4.4 SUPPORT VECTOR MACHINE (SVM)

Support vector is used in both classification and regression models. It uses decision boundaries
to predict the decision planes. The decision planes can be otherwise called as hyperplane. It separates
two different a set of objects that are having different class of memberships in the plane. The
classification is performed by finding out the hyperplane which maximizes the exact margin in a plane.
By transforming the problem with the help of linear algebra the hyperplanes can be easily calculated.
4.5 DEEP LEARNING

Deep Learning is providing a framework for designing and implementing deep neural networks
with algorithms and pretrained models. The neural network algorithms present in deep learning
algorithms such as RNN, CNN, ANN and FNN are used to perform regression and classification on
time-series, image and text data. Deep learning models can achieve accuracy in a model that can be
greater than the conventional calculation or estimation methods. Large set of datasets is required to train
the models in deep learning. In this project the battery aging model is trained using LSTM algorithm
where the actual and predicted data’s can be compared to obtain the accurate prediction results[5].
4.6 LONG- SHORT TERM MEMORY ALGORITHM(LSTM)

An LSTM network is a type of recurrent neural network (RNN) which is capable of long-term
dependencies between time steps of sequence data. LSTMs are designed especially in avoiding the long-
term dependency problem. The perform a chain like structure but they have their repeating modules with
different structures. Long period information can be easily remembered by LSTM algorithm. The LSTM
algorithm is mainly used for applications that requires long-term dependencies.
5. EXPERIMENTATIONS
The experimental setup of the Battery Management System is shown in Fig.3. The LPC2148 is
connected to sensors through GPIO pins. AC5712 current sensor, Voltage sensor and a Current sensor
are used to measure the Battery parameters. Parameters such as current, voltage and temperature are
6
monitored, and the data is collected from the Battery that is connected to the setup. A CPC2102 USB to
TTL module is connected between ARM MC and PC which collects the data from MC and to feds to
excel in PC. The dataset is collected by measuring the parameters at different conditions. The acquired
datasets are then fed into the machine learning and deep learning algorithms.
Fig.3. Experimental setup of the battery management system
6. RESULT AND ANALYSIS

The real time data sets that are acquired from the experimental setup are fed and trained in the
machine learning algorithm and the various metrics like accuracy, F1-Score, Recall and Precision are
analysed for the Machine Learning algorithms and the following results are obtained.
The result part also shows the metrics of the Naïve Bayes algorithm which is helpful in
determining the efficiency of the algorithm. From the metrics analysed it is clear that the NB algorithm
has the high accuracy of 88%
Fig.4 shows the data’s such as Initial Temperature, Voltage, Current and State Of Charge in the form of
graph obtained at a particular time when the battery is set to run. The real time dataset values acquired
from the Li-Ion Battery is shown in the form of graph.
7
Fig.4. Data collected from Li-Ion battery
Fig.5 shows the losses obtained through number of passes. val_loss is the value obtained for cost
function by cross validating the data. The cost function obtained for the training data is the loss. The
loss doesn’t improve from epoch 16 and thus the training of the dataset completes and early stopping
occurs.
Fig.5. The epoch calculated during training of dataset in LSTM algorithm
8
Fig 6 shows the battery voltage, current, state of charge and temperature plotted against predicted values
and actual values trained for about 26 epochs. The actual and predicted values are same which indicates
that the LSTM has produced high accurate results.
Fig.6. Predicted and actual battery voltage, current, state of charge and temperature through LSTM
algorithm
Fig.7 shows for the Naïve Bayes algorithm the rate of accuracy achieved is around 88 %. Among 25
total test labels 22 labels are predicted correctly indicating true positive and negative values.
Fig.7. Results of naïve bayes algorithm
9
Fig.8 depicts for Decision Tree algorithm the rate of accuracy achieved is around 72 %. Among 25 total
test labels 18 labels are predicted correctly indicating true positive and negative values.
Fig.8. Results of decision tree algorithm
Fig.9 depicts for KNN algorithm the rate of accuracy achieved is around 80 %. Among 25 total test
labels 20 labels are predicted correctly indicating true positive and negative values.
10
Fig.9. Results of KNN algorithm
Fig.10 depicts for SVM algorithm the rate of accuracy achieved is around 76 %. Among 25 total test
labels 19 labels are predicted correctly indicating true positive and negative values.
Fig.10. Results of SVM algorithm
11
Coulomb Counting Method

The Coulomb counting method measures battery’s discharging current and integrates the discharging
current over time in order to estimate SOC. To estimate the SOC(t), Coulomb counting method requires
discharging I(t) and previously estimated SOC value SOC(t-1). The SOC equation is given as [6]
I(t)
SOC(t) = SOC(t-1) + ∆t (1)
Qn
ANALYSIS REPORT
Table.1 infers that by comparing results of Classification report we can observe Naïve Bayes
produces high Accuracy with high precision, Recall and F1 score values. Thus, the Naïve Bayes
algorithm is best suitable to estimate remaining charge of the lithium-ion battery.
ALGORITHM ACCURACY PRECISION RECALL F1-SCORE

Naïve Bayes 88% 95% 91% 93%
Decision Tree 72% 84% 80% 82%
KNN 80% 90% 86% 88%
SVC 76% 79% 95% 86%
Table.1. comparison of classification metrices
Fig.11 depicts the battery aging prediction obtained after testing in Naïve Bayes algorithm. The
Naïve Bayes algorithm produces high accuracy of 88% in Analysis2 of the project. So, the prediction
results are taken for analysis from KNN algorithm. Here 1 indicates for the obtained battery voltage,
current and temperature, the time for which the remaining battery capacity will be true and 0 indicates
false. By this we can conclude that the battery aging can be predicted accurately through Naïve Bayes
algorithm.
12
Fig.11. Prediction result of Naïve Bayes algorithm
7. CONCLUSION
In this paper the battery management system to predict the battery capacity was developed and
the method was implemented using different machine learning and deep learning algorithms. The four-
classification metrics such as accuracy, precision, recall and F1-score are calculated and the naïve bayes
algorithm is found to be best to predict aging of the battery by producing high accuracy of 88% while
analysing real-time data. This method will allow us to predict the battery life and helps the driver to
estimate the driving range of the vehicle. The real-time implementation of this technique will be highly
applicable for the estimation of lithium-ion battery capacity in electric vehicles.
REFERENCES
[1] Yichun Li, Mina Maleki, Shadi Banitaan, Mingzuoyang Chen, “Data-Driven State of Charge
Estimation of Li-ion Batteries using Supervised Machine Learning Methods”, IEEE International
Conference on Machine Learning and Applications, January, 2022.
[2] Prakash Venugopal, S. Siva Shankar , C. Phillip Jebakumar, Rishab Agarwal, Hassan Haes Alhelou,
S. Sofana Reka, And Mohamad Esmail Hamedani Golshan, “Analysis of Optimal Machine Learning
Approach for Battery Life Estimation of Li-Ion Cell”, IEEE Access, November, 2021.
[3] Thiruvonasundari Duraisamy, Deepa Kaliyaperumal, “Machine Learning-Based Optimal Cell
Balancing Mechanism for Electric Vehicle Battery Management System”, IEEE Access, September,
2021.
[4] Kailong Li, Yunlong Shang, Quan Ouyang, and Widanalage Dhammika Widanage, “A Data-Driven
Approach With Uncertainty Quantification for Predicting Future Capacities and Remaining Useful Life
of Lithium-ion Battery”, IEEE Transactions On Industrial Electronics, Vol. 68, No. 4, April 2021.
[5] Tsung-Wen Sun and Tsung-Heng Tsai, “A Battery Management System with Charge Balancing and
Aging Detection Based on ANN”, IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems, April, 2021.
13
[6] Yizhao Gao;Kailong Liu;Chong Zhu;Xi Zhang;Dong Zhang,“Co-Estimation of State-of-Charge and

State-of- Health for Lithium-Ion Batteries Using an Enhanced Electrochemical Model”, IEEE
Transactions on Industrial Electronics, March, 2021.
[7] Yuanliang Fan; Jing Wu; Zitao Chen; Han Wu; Jianye Huang, “Data-driven state-of-charge
estimation of lithium-ion batteries”, International Conference on Power Electronics Systems and
Application, February, 2021.
[8] Rasool M. Imran, Qiang Li, And Firas M. F. Flaih, “An Enhanced Lithium-Ion Battery Model for
Estimating the State of Charge and Degraded Capacity Using an Optimized Extended Kalman Filter”,
IEEE Access, November, 2020.
[9] Liang Zhao, Wei Yao, Yu Wang, Jie Hu, “Machine Learning-Based Method for Remaining Range
Prediction of Electric Vehicles”, IEEE Access, November, 2020.
[10] Nitikorn Junhuathon, Guntinan Sakunphaisal, Keerati Chayakulkheeree, “Li-ion Battery Aging
Estimation Using Particle Swarm Optimization Based Feedforward Neural Network”, International
Conference on Power, Energy and Innovations, October, 2020.
[11] Li Zhang, Kang Li, Dajun Du, Yuanjun Guo, Minrui Fei, And Zhile Yang, “A Sparse Learning
Machine for Real-Time SOC Estimation of Li-ion Batteries” ,IEEE Access, August, 2020.
[12] Fen Zhao, Yinguo Li, Xinheng Wang, Ling Ba, And Tailin Liu, “Lithium-Ion Batteries State of
Charge Prediction of Electric Vehicles Using RNNs-CNNs Neural Networks”, IEEE Access, May, 2020.
[13] Carlos Vidal, Pawel Malysz, Phillip Kollmeyer, And Ali Emadi, “Machine Learning Applied to
Electrified Vehicle Battery State of Charge and State of Health Estimation: State-of-the-Art”, IEEE
Access, March, 2020.
[14] Matteo Corno and Gabriele Pozzato, “Active Adaptive Battery Aging Management for Electric
Vehicles”, IEEE Transactions On Vehicular Technology, Vol. 69, No. 1, January 2020.
[15] Yohwan Choi, Seunghyoung Ryu, Kyungnam Park,and Hongseok Kim , “Machine Learning-
Based Lithium-Ion Battery Capacity Estimation Exploiting Multi-Channel Charging Profiles”, IEEE
Access, June, 2019.
14

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Journal of Physics: Conference Series

PAPER • OPEN ACCESS You may also like

Algorithms - Use of Naïve Bayes classifier algorithm to

- Karawo Motifs Identification based on The

This content was downloaded from IP address 180.149.23.103 on 02/09/2022 at 02:09

BATTERY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM TO ESTIMATE

S. Harippriya1, E. Esakki Vigneswaran2, S. Jayanthy3

Sri Ramakrishna Engineering College, NGGO Colony, Vattamalaipalayam,

haripriya.2057002@srec.ac.in, esakkivignesh@srec.ac.in, jayanthy.s@srec.ac.in

Fig.1. Flow Diagram of the proposed model

3.1. BLOCK DIAGRAM

Fig.2. Block Diagram of the proposed model

4. MACHINE LEARNING ALGORITHMS

4.1 GAUSSIAN NAÏVE BAYES

4.2 K-NEAREST NEIGHBOUR(KNN)

4.3 DECISION TREE(DT)

4.4 SUPPORT VECTOR MACHINE (SVM)

4.5 DEEP LEARNING

4.6 LONG- SHORT TERM MEMORY ALGORITHM(LSTM)

Fig.3. Experimental setup of the battery management system

6. RESULT AND ANALYSIS

Fig.4. Data collected from Li-Ion battery

Fig.5. The epoch calculated during training of dataset in LSTM algorithm

Fig.7. Results of naïve bayes algorithm

Fig.8. Results of decision tree algorithm

Fig.9. Results of KNN algorithm

Fig.10. Results of SVM algorithm

Coulomb Counting Method

ALGORITHM ACCURACY PRECISION RECALL F1-SCORE

Decision Tree 72% 84% 80% 82%

KNN 80% 90% 86% 88%

SVC 76% 79% 95% 86%

Table.1. comparison of classification metrices

Fig.11. Prediction result of Naïve Bayes algorithm

[6] Yizhao Gao;Kailong Liu;Chong Zhu;Xi Zhang;Dong Zhang,“Co-Estimation of State-of-Charge and

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