ATMOSPHERTC CORRECTIONS

A1moS.PHERICCORRE.CIIONS
The lange
longe amounds o inagety collected byb the batell te
ote
lagda condaminated bH the efeds o ad mobheuc
badicles thnough abbonpt ion ond catleung of the
nadiaton nom eadh pojace
Atmobphevc Couechon ib the pMo ceys o nemoving the
the
effectb of the atmosphene on the nefledane values of
image taken by satellite o aunbor1ne bensonb
Thene one bidinechional and enbixical
modelb fon doing
atmospheic covection on an image

Vantaas tenminaloaies
*RaoIANT tLox
Radiant flox on nadiand power ib the nadiant engd
emitted neflected, tnansmited on neceived. ben onit tme

* SoLID ANGLE

Sol id angle meabunhe o the amount o the

field ovie nom bome particulon point that a
8iven objed Covtb
Denoted b the bgmbol

REELECIION
Reflection s the change in dinedfon of a wawelrnont
ad an inleface between wo diferent media bo that
the wovefnont elons into the medium fnom whihit
onuginaded
AANS MITLANCE F
lhansmittonce of the b0ace of matoual ib its
efecivenesb in anbmilinA nadiand eney It the
raction o incident elednomagnetic bowel that is
tranbmitled thrnough a&omple, in condraast to the
tranbmisbion Coeficiend, which is the atio o the
tranbmi ted to inuident elecdicield
TRADIANCE
Irnadiance ib the nadiand flux 0 adiant powen
necoved by a bonace þen onit anea The SI onit o
i adiance the a t pe bquone metne (W - )

* RanIaNCE
Radiance ts the Madiant flox emited,
neflected,
anmited on neceived bu a given bunface. þen
unit bolidanle ben onit pojeced0nea

Remote suing
Totol nadiance gbtem
Solan at sensa
ivnadionce

iviadionce
Atmasphee

Reflecd once ?Iom RcSlectance rrom

neighbooung anea btudy anea

SgdVanioos paddhb ofradiadion in emote sensina

BIOIRELTLONALKeeLECTANCE D7STAT BTLON FONCITON
The Bidinectional Reflectance Disrubution Foncion (BROF) a
heonetical conccbt thal desoubeb the eloationship between
) the gcomeiic characteniadics of he bolan iriadionce, &
di) the nemote benbing Ayatem Viewing 8eomey
I i a funtion that defines hot lighd is nefleded
odt an
obague bonface
S . , , d A) dL(e;,d;, bA)
de ( , ) _

i s vey dijfiault to acqvine BRDF insonation about

a bujace beCaube
ci the bon ib conbtantlg movinA acob the bky, and lon
din it i dificolt to acquine moltiple imageb o the
eroain nom vau oob angles vie in a bhot
euod o time
Thib broblem neulted in the invention o the goniameten;
o speialized
specialized instnument that measones specral neflectarne
in bsbeijied numben o dinectionb distriboted throughcot
he hemibphene above o auticwlan nace in a vey
shod tie (5- 1o minutes)
The accornate compotation o BADF ib neqpined fen-
Making Conectionb to neflectance measunemends of featwne
meabuned fnom nadin on off nadin boindting nemote
bernsing sybtemb
To idetifg bando hat me least imbacked by BRDF
necognize optimal wnl stnson angle-of-viewb, and rovide
inbight into adionduially adjusting nemotely Berbed data
to
to minimibe DRDF efects
*
NeroOr AmoSPHERIC ORRECTLONS
Spectral neledance Cwweb e 0bed fon the ponpobc
o emote
benbing: However, nadiance-ad the sensarN s -

Contaminated by bodh nadiance due to he

henee
atmobph.ene
specdnal nefledance estimated nom 91emote berbina
data b incanetect We have to coutt the
nadiance at
the &MO to emovve admospheuc elfeds
the
h e need o admosphouc coection ib to
detomine tue
bonjace neflecdance valwes bg nemoving admospheuc effeds
nom bad ellite imageb
ALmobpheic cowtction is neqpined jo-
Change monitorung Ond detechion
Combosition mapping spedral onalyeib

ATmaSPuERTC ORRECTION ECHNT QUES

Thete one 3 0dmospheuc couection tedhniqves-
OHiokogram minimum method
Empiucal ine method
Radiadtive transhen modelb

Histoanam minimum method:

The extent to ohich he admasphene ates the tue
ON Cdigilal numbo ib bat seen b
ba eamunung the DN
histogam fon vauoob bands
Thene ane 2 au don thib
Dank object Bobirachion
Reanesbion
Dank objed sobbachion techniqves deuve th
the caunecked

ON values boldg nom he digita data oith no outbide

informadton
Man »centb Condain vey dak pixels Ican be due to decb
shadob, expobuneb of dak coloned noks, cleat odon, de)
and
itmight be asbumeda thal hthea shoold have a ON
o zeno

A Jinst onden atmasphouc Couecion mau be applied to

nemolelu benbed dadasets by abboming thad
the osfds
ane due bolely to 4he admotpheic efets and bb
Bubdaching a Consiant ON valoe nom the entine digital
image
Regne>bion method ib applied by plotting bixe values of
nean infnoned (NTR) bandith nesped to vaues o
othen bands. Then a beat it line is itted to ncbroent
e
the nelationship; shein the ofjsel / indencebt nebnebends
an
n estimate of the admobpheuc alh adiance

Empirnical Line Medhod

Embirical line method fenceb the image abeca to madch
neflecdance spedra collecded Snom he Seld
I i s the mob accorate medhodJon both sbecdral shape
and absolute neflectance valve, hotoeyen, it neqoincs on
Sield collecded data, bo it often becomes imprachical
This method nelees on þrion Knotslcdge about he the
9teflectanee of two tagets- one o cohich is light and
the othen ib darK Ihe same 2 taongels ane identified
in the imagch collecded nam airbonne nemote nAes
ouge spccdra e extucded fon negion of inderest (Ror)
A Linean 91Cgnesion ib Calcolated between the field neflectasee
sbectna and he image 1adiance pecdna to dekounine a
linean ansjonm nom ladiance to 9nelecdance fon each band
o collected dotaaels
 Kadiakive Iansen ladels :
Ihee ant bvena nomeucal nadiasive transfen madels
awailable uch 0b LOTRAN MoDTRAN, ATREM 5S6S
LSecond Simuladion of the Satelite
Signal in the Solan
Specdruum) edc ohich maKe e
,
of diffenend abonbtions
to model the
comble and dunamic atmasphee utem
The use o thebe
dato collection
modelbneaoines huge amound o
Somet imes. dve to the Qssociated high
cobib fon dato collection. the se
of standard admosphoe
Boch 0b mid laditvde omme ib nelied
80ch
opon
 RADIOMETRIC CORRECTTONS
*KADIoMETALC CoRRECTIONS
>Analog
Analgg
noibe
and digital
nenotely benbed imagey may ondain
on enon thal twOb indnoduced he benb0n
buslem Celecdnoni noue) on the envinonmend ea
atmospheuc bcadleouna o light into the benboris icld o
View)
The þorfonmance o the bensoub i
Continuousla
monitoed by abplying raduiometruc corneckion models on
digital image dada betb
One o he mobt imbortant nadiometruc doda
One
procebbin8
ackivitg involved many qpontitative applicakions o digital
in
image data ib
imag convesion o digital numberb to abbolote
bhyoical vaJues namely, nadiance and nelectance.

A KadLoMETRIC ERRORS
Ra diometic evuonb ae
broadlg clasbi sied into 2 categonies-
c Indeinal evons
Cin Exteuna evous

Intennak ennonb
These evons ane Caused hen individoal dckecdans do
not unchion brobouy o ane
inbroberdy alibraBed
Based on taboatoy cai bration on in-Jlighd measonemenls
these
these eos can be modelled, indentihied, and coveted
Intonal evons coucckions -
Aondom bad bieels
>Line on colomn dytopoutb
douopouts
Pawdia line on column
LIne stard /stop ptoblemb
Line on Colomn sdrubing
Indouna euon is albo Known bgatemadic onos
 Extenala unonb
Extennalb eeuos aie CQubed by natoral phenonenaa
Ahad va in sbace and time, and ane thub nefemed
to as non-8u
adlemattc evons
Thene are 2 boonce o exdoinak enous-
Atmabpheuc atenuation caused b 6codterinaadmospheie)
Topogabhie atlenvation lcaused by tervnain undulations)
The 3 atehb fon coecking estenak evans
OConvebion of DN Cdigital nomben) to at bensosn
bebednal radiance
The convesion o specdral 9adionce to appan ont
efledanece
The nonoval of atmospheuc ejjeds

KADIamELRIC ERsOR CoRAECIONS

Rand.om Bad Pixels
Whena binels eceived bignal is not necanded by bg
an
individ ual detecdon, thentis called bad þixel
When thee one numelous nandom bad bixels fourd
oithin the scene, it is called hot noike beatause
il apþea thot the image shot
The image abbeaus to hawe mang dank poke maks
due to the shot noise In geneal, these bad þi«els
have valwes in one on mone bandb 1angina nom 0
to 255 in 8-bit data)
Shot noise semoved bg iderntifqing bixeks in a
given band thad ane erthen o black) on 255 (while) in
the midat Madically difenent þixel valwes
The average bixel valeeb o thein ebecdive eighd
nüghbouung pixels ane then used to neblace noibe þixes
 Line an Column Diopouta:
T n indivi dua delecdon in an elecdno-mechanical bcanning
bcanning
blank
buatem Landbad 7 ETM+) Soils to Sondion ioberily. a
ow with no deeailb o featunes on the g1ound mqu be
been
line
The
The bad line column ib
on Commonly nefoved to ab o

on column dropout becaube it hab brughines valves eqoal

eqoal
to zeio on bome Conblant value thal ib ind cbendenl of
tenain changeb
The data ie improved b4 elimadin the b»ightness level
valuc fon each bad ean line T eslimaked by
by takirg
the
the avenage bixel valucs o bneceding ond bucceeding ine
This ib eryomed bixel by bixec

Line atand stop þproblems:

T i pobbible hod the scanne doc not begin necondin4
ab boon a new noto begins I i albo bossible thal
thc
he benbons will blace bixel dado at inconvenient localions
the line Also all o the bixels in Can line
alonA bCan a

Coold by 48skemati cally shifted to the uight by bixel

This
Thib is Known as line start noblem
T thc line atat þroblem ia aloaub ossociotcd with a

Sixcd nunmben o column horizendal bias, it can be

cowieted with a simble hoizonlal adjostenerdt
If it i not heuzontal bias, thon human inteactton on
ine-by-linc basib i ncquined
 N-Line Siruping :
Sometimeb detecton
a does not
Jail combledey. bot bimbly
goeb out onadiomcluc adjostmerdt fon example,a
detecton might necond sþectrol meabonementb oven a
dank, dee bodg
o coaten that ane amast onifoumly
20 bightness valee geaden than the othen detedorb
fon the ame band The nebolt oold be
coith syad
an
image
emattc,
notinble line that ane buighten
than adjeacent linsThtb ls
nefoned to a N-tine
stuiping
The
The maladjosted ine condains valoable infonmadion
but shoold be Connecded to have appMoximately the
bame nadiom etruc bcale ab the dada collected
ba the
pruopouly calibrated delectans abbociated wth the
the bame
band
 GREOMETRIC CORRECIIONS
*EOEIRIC CORRECTIONS
The
>Ihe transjonmation o into aa
mab toith a ale and
nemotelg
þrojeckion
Bensed image into
pro perd ies called
ib
0 geometuc cownectionb
Thebe CoUnedions e needed due to
to vouation in
altitude. atlitude. ond vdocity o the aincnaft nd
eastuwand notation o the easth
neomeduc enon can be clabbijied into two cadegories
) Inlona geomedruc enon
tis Extenal agomduc enon

Intennal Cneamctric Ennon1:

Intnd geomeue Rnonb ane indnoduced due to benson
elfectb on by n combinadion with eadh notation on
CUnvatue chanacdeniskics
Thtse dislontions ae often blemahic ( þncdiclable) and
may be idotijied and Come cted sing ne-launch o
in-flight bladfonm ephemeud
Geomduc distordionb in imagey that Can bonetimes be
conected thnough analois o benson chaactenvistics and
ephemeuis daka include
ske Caubed by eandh nolation esfects
bconning sudem induced
bcanning vauakion in gnound nebolution
cel
annung
Canning em one-dimenbional nelie displacement, and
banning bgtem tangential scale distosution
 Lxlenna Gieomchuc Eyonon
Exløna gcomekuc v ane Obually indnoduced y
phenomena thal vay in natone thnoogh space ond
ine
The
*The mobi impordanl elonal vouabeb that con cause
8eometuc evon in nemote benban data oe nandom
movemenlb by he aincrajt on badlellite ad the exact

ime dada collechion, which uboally involve-

aldilude changcb,and/on
alitude changes Lroll, þitth, gaw)
Gneomeluc diskodions intoduced by
by benbon bgstem
atlitude (noll, pickch, and gao) and lon altitude changes
be conecked 0bing n contnol þoints and
Can
gnoond
oond

abpropiate mathemadical modlels A Goond Control

Poind GCP) ib a location on he bonface o the
Cavdh thad con be idotified on the imqg ond
Locaded aconaely ona mab

YPES Or ne.omeLAIC ORAECLLON

Common geometic coection ocedenes ane
often obed b iendists to make digital nenote
Bonbo 0ne
c image to map nechificatian,and
c image to image negidration

mage lo mabnwdificakion