MID TERM EXAM

TOPOLOGY

Submitted To:

Mis Wizda Iqbal

Submitted By

Ghulam Mustafa

Roll No 117

DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS
MINHAJ UNIVERSITY
LAHORE
 TOPOLOGY

Let y be a non empty set and D: YX Y R be a metric on Y.

Then D' : YX Y  R

Defined by

D (x, y) = min ( 1, D (x, y)

' '

Sol: We check all axioms of metric space to prove above problem.

Axioms of metric space

A1 = d(x, y) ≥ 0 (non – negative)

A2 = d(x y) = 0 (reflexive property)

It means x = y

A3 = d(x, y) = d(y, x) symmetric property.

A4 = d(x, z) ≤ d(x,y) + d(y, z)

After knowing these axioms we will prove.

A1: since D' is metrix on Y

So D ' (x, y) ≥ 0

Thus D ' being the minimum of two non negative quantities is also non negative.

Therefore,

D ' (x, y) = min [1 D' (x, y)] ≥ 0

V x, y ε Y

A2: D ' (x,y) = 0 1=0

 x = y D ' is metric
Now, we know

X = y  D' (x y) = 0

D is metric
'

= min [l, D ' (x, y)] = 0  D' (x, y) = 0

Hence,

D ' (x,y) = 0  x = y

A3 D ' (x,y) = min [1, D' (x, y)] = min [1, D ' (y, x)

Where as

D is a metric
'

So,

D (y, x) V x, y ε Y
'

A4: (1) if min [1, D ' (x, y)] = 1, min [1, D' (y,z)] = 1

That why

Min [1, D' (x,y)] ≤ 1 < 1 + 1 = min [1, D ' (x,y)] + min [1, D ' [y,z)]

D (x,z) < D (x,y) + D (y,z)

' ' '

(ii) if min [1, D' (x,y)] = 1 , min [1, D' (y,z)] = D' (y, z)

Then

Min [1, D' (x,z)] ≤ 1 + D' (y,z)

Min [1, D' (x,z)] ≤ min [1, D ' (x,y)] + min [1, D ' (y,z)]

D (x,z) ≤ D (x,y) + D (y,z)

' ' '

(iii) if min [1, D' (x,y)] = D' (x,y), min [1, D ' (y,z)] = D ' (y, z)
So that why

Min [1, D' (x, z)] ≤ min D' (x,z) ≤ D ' (x,y)+ D ' (y,z)

Min [1, D(x, z)] ≤ min [1, D' (x,y)]+ min [1, D' (y,z)]

D (x,z) ≤ D (x,y) + D (y,z)

' ' '

Hence
'
D:YXyR

D (x,y) = min [1, D (x,y)]

' '

Is also a metric on y