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    FRENCH REVOLUTION 03 Feb 2021

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    FRENCH REVOLUTION 03 Feb 2021

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    FRENCH REVOLUTION 03 Feb 2021

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    Amrit Chowdhury

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    ; HISTORY (India and the Contemporary World-I) The French Revolution Key Points ~ « Nationalism: A patriotic feeling, country. + Revolution: A dramatic and wide-reaching change in conditions, beliefs, ways of working, etc. It refers to an attempt by a large number of people to ch: the arfecally by the use of force and blontchen People to change the system of a government, + Nation: A large body of people united by common descent, history, culture and language who inhabit a particular state or territory under one government Lea feeling of great devotion and extreme loyalty to one’s FRENCH SOCIETY First Estate Second Estate Third Estate (Clergy: owned vast amounts (Aristrocrats and nobles: occupied (Peasants, artisans, workers, agricultural of land and wealth; exempted all top positions in the government, labourers and middle class people: lacked from taxation) parliament, army and navy) politcal power and social position, burden of taxation fell heavily on them) Causes of the French Revolution | Political Causes Social Causes Economic Causes | Immediate Causes |- 1774: Louis XVI__ | - French society = Burden of taxation | - 1789: Increase in of the Bourbon divided into three | only borne by the French population | family of kings estates third estate | from 23 million in became the King | - Only members of | - Tithes: Tax imposed | 1715 to 28 million | of France the third estate by the Church on the | - Rapid increase in - France involved in had to pay taxes. peasants constituting | the demand for | numerous wars: | - 60% of land one-tenth of the | food grains draining of the owned by nobles, agriculture produced. | - Low production royal treasury and the Church and - Privilege of exemption | as opposed to | financial reserves | other rich people | from the payment demand | ~ Added expenses | - 90% of population | of taxes to the state | - Rise in the price of of maintaining consisted of enjoyed by the first | bread (staple diet the splendour and | peasants who and second estates of majority) | extravagance of owned very little - Low wages the royal Palace of | land of workers as opposed to the | Versailles. | _ rising prices Eee) = Members of the | - Separate payments of greatly influenced | first two estates taxation by the third by his Queen | enjoyed certain estate to the state, Marie Antoinette. privileges by birth the clergy and the - She interfered in| like exemption landlords the affairs of the | from paying taxes - Taxes paid to the state state, promoted to the state. | by the third estate: her favourites. |- Poor working Taille (direct tax) and Widespread and lived in | conditions ofthe several indirect taxes So luxury without | _masses (artisans, imposed on items of izes ane caring about peasants and everyday use like salt, | situation ee the miserable workmen) tobacco, ete. . conditions of the | - Emergence of a Feudal privileges and | oy livelihoog ‘common people. social group called | dues extracted from ae endangered ~ Cruel and corrupt | the ‘middle class’ | the peasants by the administration in the 18th century | nobles - France helped ~ Middle Class: ~ Peasants obliged to | the 13 American educated | work for the nobles colonies to gain | merchants, traders, | and landlords independence from | lawyers, etc. Britain: added ~ Understood the exponential debts | harmful effects to the pre-existing | of repression and debts social injustice; + The French believed that Government spent | nobody should be large amounts of | _ privileged by birth | money on interest | - Influence of payments intellectuals ~ Increase in taxes | like Voltaire, to meet the | Montesquiew and regular expenses | Rousseau such as costs of | maintaining an army, the court, Govt. offices, etc, | | | * Jean Jacques Rousseau: A French intellectual whose writings played a significant role in bringing about the French Revolution and encouraged people to fight for their rights. He former would guarantee the freedom and happiness of his subjects, * Voltaire: A famous and influential writer, he stressed on religious intolerance and the freedom of speech. He is credited with the famous statement on free speech, ‘I do not agree to a word You say but I will defend to death your right to say it’ He savagely attacked all things he considered as superstitious and was a vehement critic of the Cathelic Church, * Montesquieu: A French philosopher who wrote ‘The Spirit of the Laws’. In this, he proposed a division of power within the government between the legislature, the executive and the Iudiciary. This model of government was applied in the USA after the thirteen colonies declared their independence from Britain. : A French phil . eel Ree and the Eee Fane eee 2f Government, sought 19 refute the . Bs Ste Political body to which the three estates sent their representatives to pass rhe Outbreak of the Revolution: . sins May ae oe XVI convened a session of the Estates General to pass a proposal for - Held mR Seana aes a the first and the second estates had 300 members _ Each estate had one vote in the past. - Based on democratic principle, the third estate demanded that each member has one vote. « Rejection of the proposal by the King _ Walkout by the members of the third estate in protest - 20th June 1789: Oath of the Tennis Court; declaration of the National Assembly - National Assembly drafted a constitution for France that would limit the powers of the monarch; led by Mirabeau and Abbe Sieyes _ Storming and fall of the Bastille - Revolts by peasants (attacked the homes of feudal lords, looted and hoarded grains) « Recognition of the National Assembly: - Louis XVI finally recognised the National Assembly as a legal body - 4th August 1789: The National Assembly passed a decree abolishing the feudal system. = Members of the Church forced to give up their privileges - Abolition of tithes and confiscation of land owned by the Church + The Constitutional Monarchy of France: - 1791: Completion of the draft of the Constitution - Limits on the powers of the monarch - Powers demarcated and distributed among the legislature, the executive and the judiciary - Citizens voted for a group of electors who in turn, chose the Assembly (had the power to make laws) - Active citizens: People who were allowed to vote (only men above 25 years of age who paid taxes equal to at least 3 days of a labourer’s wages) - Passive citizens: The remaining men and all women who weren't entitled to vote. - The Constitution started with the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen. * The Declaration of the Rights of Man and en: In 1789, the French National Assembly adopted a set of basic principles called ‘The Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen’ that was proposed by Lafayette and based on the ideas of Locke, Montesquieu and Jefferson. This document states that ‘men are born free and remain free and equal in right’ and that the ‘source of power resides in the people’. It guaranteed all Frenchmen the basic rights of liberty, security, equal justice, fair taxes and the freedoms of speech, religion and thought. * The Abolition of Monarchy in France (France becomes a Republic): - April 1792: The National Assembly voted to declare war against Prussia and Austria. - Thousands of volunteers joined the army. - Viewed as a war of the people against kings and aristocracy all over the world - Marseillaise as the national anthem of France - Revolution to be carried forward as the Constitution accorded political rights only to the Ticher sections of society i and planning future actions - Political clubs as centres of Gbeusions P ; bin Clu / Toran cei of the Palace of the Tuileries, - 10th August nb OT 7 by the Assembly to imprison the royal family We by ye 21 years of age, - Elections held (all men above ys : d assembly - Convention: Newly electe - 21st September 1792: Abolition of the monarchy and France di - 2st January 1793: Execution of Louis XVI * The Jacobin Club: ; ~ Comprised members from the less prosperous secti ~ Included small shopkeepers, artisans, servants, d - Led by Maxmilian Robespierre - Wore long striped trousers (announcing the end of the power of the Robles Who Wore knoe breeches) and red caps (symbolising liberty) ~ Also known as sans-culottes * Reign of Terror: ~ 1793-94: Robespierre ruled over France ~ Followed a severe policy of control and Punishment “Arrests, trials and executions (public Suillotine) of his enemies and opponents by 4 revolutionary tribunal (included Queen Marie Antoinette and around 15,009 People) ~ sued laws placing maximum ceiling on Wages and prices ~ Peasants forced to transport their produce te the cities at fixed prices ~ Ban on the use of more expensive white flour; rationing of bread and meat - People Tequired to eat equality bread = au oe a oral were called Citoyen and Citoyenne Tespectively instead of ~ Relentless pursuit of hi ~ 28th July 1794: Execut King held as hostage regardless of wealth Bot the right to Vote) leclared as a Tepublic ions of society laily-wage workers, etc, S Policies; moderation di lemanded by supporters ion of Robespierre ~ Two legislative coun, ~ Directory: A committee of five ‘members which had executive pow 8 and whi with the legislative councils Peres and which often lashed ~ Led to political instability and the * ise of Napoleon Bonaparte * Role of Women in the Revolution: - Women were active © Participants of the French Revolution tionary government to j cils who appointed the Direct ion of laws by th _ introduction of y the revolution, the lives of Women **Y government in the early years to help improve “Laws included compulsory schooling, ; a '& no forced marriages, divorce as legal, training for jobs, _ Reign of Terror: closing of women’s ch : executions of many women activists» lubs and ban on their political activities, arrests and _ women’s struggle for political equality ¢o ‘ mitini Abolition of Slavery in the French Colonieg: nm tne Ye "1794: National Convention passed a lave tr ” pas: Slavery finally ended in the French care mouneed the freedom of slaves « Radical Changes in the Attitudes and Li abolition of serfdom ives of Men and Women: _ Assurance of religious toleration “Abolition of censorship “Establishment of the freedom of the Press - Assurance that women should enjoy equal rights as men « Napoleon as the Emperor: - 1804: Napoleon crowned himself the Emperor of France - Conquered the neighbouring European countries - Created kingdoms placing the members of his family as the kings - Saw himself as the moderniser of Europe - Introduced many laws such as the protection of rivate property and the uniform system of weights and measures based on the decimal system ropesty ange non - Viewed as a liberator initially but came to be seen as an invading force - 1814: Abdicated his throne - 1815: Finally defeated at Waterloo The Legacy and Results of the French Revolution: - New ideas of liberty, equality and fraternity - End of feudalism - Roused nationalist ideas in Europe, India and other Afro-Asian countries - The idea of equality paved the way for socialism. es A. FILL IN THE BLANKS 1. Louis XVI ascended the throne of France in’........ vous . The unit of currency in France, which was discontinued in 1794, is ... . The Spirit of the Laws is written by .. John Locke wrote .........++ absolute right to monarch. . The National Assembly voted to declare war against Prussia and Austria in... ccocuissssiiiiisiassessssesus Wrote the patriotic song Marsseillase, . One of the revolutionary social reforms of Jacobin regime was the abolition of in French colonies. Boren reintroduced slavery in France. sssse. to refute the doctrine of divine and now 9 Robespierre was executed in . 10. “What is the Third Estate” was a political pamphlet written by B. MATCH THE FOLLOWING Column A Column B 1, The work Spirit of the Laws (a) Duke of Wellington 2. The work Social Contract (b) Montesquieu 3. The song The Marseillaise (0) Rousseau 4. Guillotine (d) Roget de L'Isle 5. Battle of Waterloo. (e) Reign of Terror C. MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS + Who was the king when the Revolution took place in France in 17892 (a) King Louis XIV (b) King Louis XV (c) King Louis XVI (4) King Louis XVI 2. Whose name is associated with the Reign of Terror in France from 1793 to 17947 (a) Montesquieu (b) Mirabeau (©) Rousseau (4) Robespierre . Who issued and adopted the famous Declaration of the Rights of Man in France: (a) The National Assembly (b) The Jacobins (©) The National Convention (d) The Directory | The storming of Bastille took place on: (a) 14 July 1889 (b) 19 July 1789 (©) 14 July 1789 Direct tax levied on articles of everyday use was called: (a) tithes (b) taille () livres (d) Franc Louis XVI called an assembly of the Estates General on: (9) 20th June 1789 (b) 5th May 1789 (©) 14th July 1789 The Social Contract was written by: (a) Jean Jacques Rousseau (b) John Locke (c) Montesquieu (4) Mirabeau 8. The drafting of constitution of France was completed in: (a) 1789 (b) 1791 (c) 1792 Which of the following is not a right mentioned the Declaration Citizen? (a) right to life (c) equality before law 10. Identify the incorrect symbol: (a) (b) () (d) = LEN a ad ( ) 11. Who was the leader of Jacobin Club? (a) Mirabeau (b) Abbe Sieyes (6) Roget de L'lsle 12. France was declared a Republic on: (a) 21st September 1792 (c) 21st November 1792 (d) 19 July 1899 ” s (4) 4th August 1789 ~ (d) 1793 of Rights of Man an © (©) right to freedom of speech (4) right to acquire property () Robespierre (b) 21st October 1792 (d) 21st December 1792 43, Louis XVI was executed on: Ist 179 re Peace ys (b) 21st February 1793 (d) 16th December 1792 14, The period from 1793 to 1794 is known as: — (a) Golden period of France (b) French Revolution Reign of Terro: © i or he fait . (a) Drafting of French Constitution 1s ee ra Vote © W8S demanded by women during the French Revolution? (a) Rg (b) Right to be elected to the assembly (d) All of the above Emperor of France in: (©) Right to hold political office 16. Napoleon Bonaparte crowned himself (a) 1798 (b) 1800 (©) 1802 (a) 1804 17, Napoleon was defeated in the Battle of cc... im 1818 (yon (©) Waterloo (©) Martinique (4) Beaumont 18, Businessmen, merchants and lawyers were a part of: (a) Ist estate (©) 2nd estate (©) 3rd estate (d) All of these 19, When and where did the Tennis Court Oath (a) 20th June, Versailles (c) Ist April, Marseilles 20. Which of the following is a French port city regime? (a) Marseille (b) Bordeaux (c) Le Havre (d) Rouen take place? (b) 21st June, Bastille (d) 10th August, Prussia famous for flourishing slavery before Jacobin D. VERY SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS Q.1. What did the red cap wom by the sans-culottes in France symbolise? Q.2. Who was the common enemy of France and the thirteen American colonies? Q.3. In which country is Versailles located? Q4. In the context of France, what was ‘tithe’? Q5. On which date was Bastille destroyed by the French crowd? Q6. Who wrote the book The Spirit of the Laws? Q7. What is a guillotine? Qs. Quiz Q.13. Qua. Qs. Q.16. Q17. Q.18. Q.19. Nam Woman and Citizen’? ext the ‘Declaration of he Rights of d to the third estate in France. Who isstt people who belongs e any two classes OF

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