EnvSci Week1 Week 8

HISTORY OF ENVIRONMENTAL
SCIENCE and THE COMPONENT
OF ENVIRONMENT-Part 1
NS
EAC313B - ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE

Describe the history of environmental, basic biological and
chemical foundation of life
Differentiate biotic and abiotic categories of environment

Explain the elements of the earth and its atmosphere
Categorize the biological molecules the life on earth made of.
a FF WN
Enumerate the most common composition of elements of living

things
QUEZON CITY UNIVERSITY | COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING | INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING

Environmental Science
Definition:
It is a multi-disciplinary science that

combines the fields of biology, chemistry,
earth science, forestry, life science, physics
and others.
It is a study of how the natural world works

and how the environment affects human and
vice versa.

Environment
Environment - is the sum of all the external forces influences and conditions,
which affect the life, nature , behavior and the growth, development, and
_ maturity of living organisms - Boring
Environment - is the complex of physical, chemical, and biotic factors that act
upon an organism or an ecological community and ultimately determine its
form and survival - Britannica
Environment - is the complex of Pivesy th chemical, and biotic factors
(such as climate, soil, and living things) that act upon an organism or an
ecological community and ultimately determine its form and survival

History
» Inthe primitive age, the environment consisted of only physical aspect

of the planted earth’ land, air and water as biological communities.
» As the time passed on man extended his environment through his

social, economic and political functions.

» Early scientist were interested in
exploring new species and concepts in
order to understand the natural
processes of the earth.
» This exploration was especially

beneficial to improve quality of lives.
> 1800 - new discipline of science was

developed that examined not only
specific species, but why they lived,
where. What type of environmental
factors affected them This was the
early formation of ecology. Both
biological and non-biological factors
that affect the ecosystem.

> 1960’s and 1970’s - It was when it
first merged in the United States
out of environmental movement.
_» There was a great emphasis on the
environment ; its protections and

concern for its human and wild in-
habitat.

George Perkins Marsh is the Founder of
Environmental Science . He wrote a book, Man And
Nature , alerting the public about the potential loss
and degradation of the environment.
The Father of the Environmental Movement.
Dr. Rex N. Olivares - a professor of University of the

Philippines is considered to be the Father of
Environmental Science in the Philippines. He
proposed that the sanitation and hygienic measures
are necessary to prevent spread of microorganism.

3 Elements of Environment
1.) Physical elements
Physical elements are as space, landforms, water bodies, climate soils, rocks and
minerals. They determine the variable character of the human habitat, its
opportunities as
well as limitations.
(2) Biological elements- are the living organisms in the Earth.
Biological elements such as plants, animals, microorganisms and men constitute the
biosphere.
(3) Cultural elements
Cultural elements such as economic, social and political elements are essenti
man-made features, which make cultural and social environment

1) Provides the supply of
resources
2) Sustain life
3) Assimilates waste
4) Enhances the quality of life

1).Biotic- all the living things around us
(plants, animals..etc.)
2) Abiotic - all non-living part of an
, ecosystem that shapes its environment.

(example: temperature, light,, clouds,
water...

Basic Biological and Chemical Foundation of Life
Life’s primary made-up of four major classes of biological molecules or

biomolecules
1. Carbohydrates
2. Lipids
3. Nucleic Acids
4. Proteins

1. Carbohydrates (also called carbs) are types of macronutrient found in
certain foods and drinks. They help fuel your brain, kidneys, heart
muscles, and central nervous system.
During cellular respiration, energy is released from glucose, and that energy is
' use
2. Lipids - are molecules that contain hydrocarbons and make up the

building blocks of the structure and function of Wing cells. "Lipids is
sometimes used as a synonym for fats, fats are a subgroup of lipids
called triglycerides.
These lipids have important roles in energy storage, as well as in the buildin
cell membranes throughout the body.

3. Nucleic acid
an,
.— Nucleobases
Two Main Types of Nucleic Acids
a) Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) - isa

enetic material raging from single-celled
acteria to multicellular mammals. DNA
controls all of the cellular activities by turning
Base pair
the genes “on” or “off”.
. b) Ribonucleic acid (RNA) — is mostly . othe of

involved in protein synthesis. It transfers sugar-phosphates
information from the genome into proteins by

translation. RNA DNA
Ribonucleic acid Deoxyribonucleic acid

4. Proteins are large, complex molecules that
play many critical roles in the body.
They work in cells and are required for the

structure, function, and regulation of the body's
tissues and organs.
Proteins are one of the most abundant organic

molecules in living systems and have the most
diverse range of functions of all
macromolecules.

ACTIVITY
In computerized form, answer the following ;

1. Site your own ideas why environmental science is an important course.
- Enumerate at least five sentences .
2. One of the functions of environment is to enhance the quality of life, give

three
reasons why is it so.
3. Why do you think the environment is the complex of physical, chemical, and
biotic
factors that act upon an organism?
4. Give the 4 spheres of the earth and describe each. 146

5, Give the 5 chemical elements common to all living organisms.

re
HISTORY OF ENVIRONMENTAL
SCIENCE and THE COMPONENT
OF ENVIRONMENT-Part 2
NS

1. Describe the history of environmental, basic biological and
chemical foundation of life
2. Differentiate biotic and abiotic categories of environment

3. Explain the elements of the earth and its atmosphere
4. Categorize the biological molecules the life on earth made of.
5. Enumerate the most common composition of elements of living

things

4 Spheres of Parts of the Earth
Lithosphere — solid earth Atmosphere — gases (the air)
Hydrosphere — all water Biosphere — all life

The Earth and Atmosphere
1. Atmosphere: is all air on Earth. The word atmosphere originates

from the Greek prefix atmos- which means "vapor." Like the
geosphere and hydrosphere, the atmosphere is abiotic because it

— contains no living organisms.
2. Biosphere: all living things on Earth; biosphere originates from

the Greek prefix bio- which means "life." Because the biosphere
contains organisms, it is the only one of the four spheres

considered biotic.

3. Geosphere: all solid land in Earth's crust.
The word geosphere originates from the Greek prefix geo- which means
"earth." The geosphere is considered abiotic because it does not contain
any living organisms.
_ 4.Hydrosphere: is all water on Earth;
The word hydrosphere originates from the Greek prefix hydro- which
means "water." The hydrosphere is also considered abiotic because it
does not contain any living organisms like the geosphere.

The Earth and Atmosphere
The atmosphere is rich in nitrogen and oxygen but contains little carbon
and hydrogen,
| The earth’s crust, although it contains oxygen and a small amount of

hydrogen, has little nitrogen and carbon. All elements and the chemical
reactions between them obey the same chemical and physical laws
regardless of whether they are a part of the living or non-living world.

Earth's prebiotic atmosphere
fH)
ey reducing .
© 2008 Encyclopzedia Britannica, Inc.

Table 1.1. Approximate percentage of elements in living organisms (from
bacteria to humans) compared to the non-living world. Trace represents less
than 1%.
aoe Atmosphere | Lithosphere
Oxygen ( 65% 21% 46%

Carbon (C) 18% Trace Trace
Hydrogen (H) 10% Trace trace
Nitrogen (N) 3% 18% Trace
Phosphorus trace trace >30%

Biological organization
All living things are made of cells; the cell itself is the smallest fundamental
unit of structure and function in living organisms. In most organisms, these cells
contain organelles, which provide specific functions for the cell.
Living organisms have the following properties:

a. All are highly organized,
b. All require energy for maintenance and growth,
c. All grow over time and respond to their environment.

d. All organisms adapt to the environment and
e. All ultimately reproduce contributing genes to the next generation.

: The five (5) elements common to all living organisms
1.0xygen (O), 4. Nitrogen (N)

2. Hydrogen (H) 5. Phosphorus (N)
Protein

ACTIVITY
Answer the following in computerized form.

1. How are the organisms adapt to the environment. Give 3 reasons.
_ 2. How are water formed in the hydrosphere? Enumerate them
3. What are the gases present in the atmosphere?
4. Define Ecology of life.
5. Draw/Illustrate the Ecological Hierarchy and give a brief description of | each

ECOLOGY OF LIFE
Part 1

1.Explain the concept of ecology
2.Describe the flow of the energy of the ecology of life
3.Differentiate animal ecology from plant ecology
4. Explain the process of food chain and ecological pyramid

< Se
ECOLOGY OF LIFE
Ecology of Life
- is the science that deals with the relationships between living

organisms with their physical environment and with each other.
el Ee The environment in which

= a particular organism
lives is called its habitat.

Levels of Ecological Organization
* The study of how organisms interact with each other and

with their environments
* Scientists study ecology at various levels of organization.
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a V” ¥
re
74. f
=_— |
d Bea
Ss my /
Individual aa a
Population Community
Ecosystem Biosphere

POPULATION
Several of the same
species
ORGANISM
A single member of
a species

Animal Ecology vs. Plant Ecology
Animal ecology is the study of animals and how they are related to each
other as well as their environment or defined as the scientific study of
interactions that determine the distribution and abundance of organism.

Importance of Animal Ecology
» For the application of knowledge about ecosystems so that actions

can be taken to create a better balance and harmony between people,
animal (living organism) and nature in order to reduce some
unwanted impact on living things and _ their habitats.
>» To provide breeding populations of plants and animals for
reintroductions, and maintain a classified biodiversity invent

specimens and genetic resources.

The various forms of animal ecology are: & ut nh
Diet of
1. Behavioral ecology- the study of the «6.
behavior of the animals with relation to — \ gh %+<essnedsmun (Ge,
their environment and others ‘ @:@e
2. Population ecology - the study of the effects on

the population of these animals
3. Marine ecology -is the scientific study of marine-

life habitat, populations, and interactions among
organisms and_ the surrounding environment.
4. Evolutionary ecology - is the study of how animals

evolve over time to meet the demands on them

Plant Ecology
Plant ecology is a sub-discipline of ecology focussed on the

distribution and abundance of plants, and their interactions ,
with the biotic and abiotic environment. a
/ Enargy Flow ina
fined Rainforast Ecosystem

2 Categories of the Environment Te
_ 1. Biotic- all the living things around us (plants, Se

animals..etc.)
2.Abiotic - all non-living part of an ecosystem that

shapes its environment. (example: temperature,
light,, clouds, water,...

Importance Plant Ecology
They provide oxygen for us, play a role in
the carbon cycle, control global warming,

etc.
Plants are the most important producers.
Plants use energy from sunlight to convert

CQ2 into glucose (or other sugars).
Plants with roles in the ecosystem are

called ecological services. They keep us
and the rest of the ecosystem alive.

FOOD CHAIN
A food chain is a simple food relationship Food Chain
between organisms. A series of organisms

A food chain cannot really exist as a single that depend on each
. ; ef as sources of food.
series of connections, isolated from any
others he eagle ate /MIMANS,
lions, and
Food chain shows how each living things get its Z ir ae
food. 1 frog, of the food

. ; Es hich ate chain.
Energy and nutrients are passed from organism = Re a wali Binion
to organism. Through the food chain as one md 0s oy at the
organism eat another. | & Ite leat potion.

FOOD WEB
meus
A model describing the relationship between
organisms in many different food chains is

called a food web.
The food web demonstrates the complex
patterns of energy flow inan ecosystem. It is

believed that the more complex a food web is,
the more resistant it is to outside interference

FOOD CHAIN
In an ecosystem the living organisms (biotic community) have a pattern of feeding.

>» The producers are eaten by the herbivores.
>» Herbivores in turn are eaten by carnivores.
» Carnivores may further be eaten by other larger carnivores.
» In this process the food energy is transferred from plants to herbivores to

carnivores to larger carnivores who feed on them.

Forms of Energy in the Ecosystem
Living organisms may use energy in two basic forms;
1) Radiant energy is electromagnetic radiation,
such as solar light. For example, green plants use this

energy to synthesize glucose molecule
2.) Fixed energy - energy is the chemical energy

stored within the carbon bonds of organic molecules,
such as glucose.
solar energy
Th e p rOCeSS of sto ri Nn g O l p rod U ci Nn g fixed € Nn € rgy by == Energy

flowing through the system == Heat energy lost from the sysiem |
© Encydopancda Britannica, inc
organisms is referred to biological production. WF

ENERGY FLOW
Energy flow is the movement of energy through an

ecosystem from the external environment
through a series of organisms and back to the

_ external environment.
Every ecosystem resources energy for its survival.
The supply of energy has to be continuous to.

maintain the biotic structures and their function.
The energy flow refers to a cyclic movement of

energy comes from the environment which is
external to the ecosystem, passes through a
series of organism, and then return to same
external environment from where it has come.
ly
Plants,
yan (CA
ASBin &
\ ff
i}
l Th
/
Primary consumor ry ¢/
Energy Flow
ah
\
‘\
y A
Consumer,

ENERGY FLOW
¢ The flow of energy through an

ecosystem is very essential
requirement. The quality and
quantity of energy flow helps to

tell or decide the richness or
poorness and shortness of life.
The Biosphere, the sun is

ultimate source of energy.

h
AUTOTROPH
An autotroph is an organism that

produces its own food.
Plants
Some
Bacteria

Autotrophs
- these are organisms with an ecosystem that produce their own

food.
» These organisms are also called primary producers.

_» The group includes all organisms in an ecosystem that
can synthesize and store their own chemical energy
in the form of organic molecules from inorganic raw

materials.
» Green plants, multicellular algae, photosynthetic protests,

bacteria and blue greens are under this category.
» They have chlorophyll or other pigments like carotinoides

that help them to absorb the sun light energy.

Heterotrophs
This category includes all organisms other than autotrophs that cannot synthesize
their own food. Organisms that get energy requirements by consuming other
_ organisms called consumers
They are, therefore, dependent on primary producers for organic food.

Two broad categories are identified under this group:
|. CONSUMERS
Consumers are organisms that derive their nutrient from primary producers.
Consumers depend upon other organisms for their source of energy. 49)

a) Primary consumers: consumers that
Bct their energy directly from producers. _
rimary consumers include cows and rabbits.
b) Secondary consumers: consumers that

get their energy directly from primary
- consumers. Secondary consumers include fish
and hawks.
c) Tertiary consumers: consumers that

get their energy directly from secondary
consumers. Tertiary consumers include wolves
and hawks
Food ve
huenrd
| SOooNe at
Ficus tongamer) — {eruiary

Qonuuret) vonsumer')
| ow {WpeX
(produce) aT = Eo reste

2 Kinds of Nutrition
1) Holozoic Nutrition
This is a kind of nutrition upon which the organisms feeds

relatively larger piece of organic matter (plant or animal) by killing.
a) Herbivores- are those animals that feed on plant

materials. Consumer that eats only other autotrophs
Ex: cow, rabbit, grasshopper, cattle, sheep and goats, gazelle

elephant and giraffes.

b) Carnivores are consumer that preys on other heterotrophs.
. The carnivore could be predator that kills a living animal or

scavenger that eats (dead animals).
Mammals like tiger, crocodile, fox,
Fish like sharks

Birds like vulture, eagle
Insects like dragon fly

c). Omnivores
This includes those animals thatfeed on both plants and animals.

They are generalistic feeders that have no special feeding
preference. Consumer that feeds on both Producers and other
' consumers.
Examples include humans, pig and many other apes

rv, O ennvores 5 that feed
is includes those animals that feed on
: DP Ba oe OE
both plants andanimals. They are
Aardvark Aya-Aye Aunt Badger
generalistic feeders that have no special

feeding preference. Consumer that feeds on Re Sigs. & ign
Box Turtle Brown Rat Cassowary
both Producers and other consumers.

“3 ww e LV
Chicken Chimpanzee = Chipmunk
Examples include humans, pig and many al "R AR me
other apes
Civet Coatis Cockroach
About Engiehl anguage
24

d). Detritivores - Consumers that feed on pieces of dead organic
matter
Ex. Earthworm, insects at the bottom of ponds

2. Parasitic Nutrition
This is a kind of nutrition by which the parasite derives its organic food
from a living host.
| They are usually much smaller in size than the host.
The group includes a number of protozoa, parasitic insects, and

none chlorophylous plants.
There are different forms of parasitism
Endoparasites - are those organisms that dwell in side the

body of the host,
h ectoparasites - are those that dwell on the external body of the

Os

Il DECOMPOSERS (Saprophytic Nutrition
These are organisms that feed on fallen leaves, EL
twigs, and other dead organic materials including

remains of plans and animals.
This group includes most of the bacteria and iy ‘2 Fi
mushrooms that degrade complex dead organic
matter of all categories into simple inorganic INSECTS
compounds, and restore minerals to the environment nee
(Biology

ACTIVITY
Differentiate and give example each of the ff.

1. Food chain from food web 8. Herbivores from Carnivores
_ 2. Biotic from Abiotic
3. Radiant energy from Fixed energy
4. Holozoic nutrition from Parasitic nutrition
5. Consumers from Decomposers
6. Plant ecology from Animal ecology
7. Autotrophs from Hetertrophs (28)
Note: Do it in Engineering Lettering.

B. Give the various forms of animal ecology
C. What is energy flow? Give the diagram of energy flow.
D. Draw a sample diagram of a food chain.

ECOLOGY OF LIFE
Part 2

1.Explain the concept of ecology
2.Describe the flow of the energy of the ecology of life

3.Differentiate animal ecology from plant ecology
4. Explain the process of food chain and ecological pyramid

5.Describe the population pyramid and its type
6.Classify the types of population

ECOLOGICAL PYRAMID
Energy Pyramid Biomass Pyramid -
Top Cornivore
Primary Carnivore
Merbivores
Producers
Decreasing Rate of Energy

Flow
Pyramid of Energy

ECOLOGICAL PYRAMID
Energy Pyramid - shows relative amount of energy

available at each tropic level
Biomass Pyramid - represent the amount of living organic matter at

each tropic level
Energy and Biomass Pyramid - represent the amount of energy

available at each as well as amount of living tissue - both decrease
with each increasing tropic level.
Tropic Levels - each step in a food chain or food web

POPULATION PYRAMID
Population pyramids are important graphs for visualizing how

populations are composed when looking a groups divided by age and
SEX.
A population pyramid is a graph that shows the distribution of ages
across a population divided down the center between male and female
members of the population. The graphic starts from youngest at the
bottom to oldest at the top.

https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/population-pyramid ©:

Population Pyramid or Age-Sex pyramid" is a graphical illustration o
the distribution of a population by age groups and sex; males are
usually shown on the left and females on the right and usually in
the shape of pyramid.
It is also used in ecology to determine the overall age

distribution of a population; an indication of the reproductive
capabilities and likelinood of the continuation of a species.
Population - a group of people or animals living in a certain ect

There are three trends in population pyramids:
1) Expansive,
2) Constrictive,
3) Stationary.
_1. Expansive - creates a sharp triangle shape

in the graph. Expansive pyramids mean that
the population does not increase much in
total number and has many young people.
This is when there are both high fertility and

high mortality rates among younger
members.
Countries : India, Indonesia, Nigeria, Mexico,

Brazil, Bangladesh, and Pakistan. The
population is fast growing.

2. Constrictive - these population pyramids are wider in the
middle of the graph as the population has high numbers of Age

middle aged and elderly people, but fewer young people. 80+
This is when there is a lower mortality rate with the fertility =
rate remaining constant. i

: This is a typical pattern for a very developed country, with a as
40-44
high level of education, easy access to and incentive to USe gz ag
birth control, good health care, and few negative environmer 323%
factors. =
10-14
United States has a constrictive population pyramid. The —
country has long life expectancy, a low death rate, but also ¢ 6 4202 4 6
low birth rate. Percent of population

3.Stationary - These graphs have a square or
“pillar” shape rather than a pyramid one. These
population pyramids represent a stable populatior
| that will not change significantly barring any
sudden changes to fertility or mortality rates.
This is when a population has low mortality and

low fertility rates, the numbers of births and death
roughly balance one another.
Austria has a stationary population pyramid.
20-24
15-19
10-14
5-9
O-4 ,
6 4 2 0 2 4
Percent of population

CLASSIFICATIONS OF POPULATION
1. Finite Population
A population is called finite if it is possible to count its individuals.
It may also be called a countable population.

: Ex. books ina library, tables in room, cars in a town...
2. Infinite Population
Infinite population is a collection of objects or individuals that
have no boundaries or we can not measure about the total number of
individuals in the occupied territories.
Ex. birth of insects or fishes ®

3. Existent Population
The existing population is defined as the population of concrete

individuals. In other words, the population whose unit is available in
solid form is known as existent population.
Ex. Students, books, laptops.,...
4.Hypothetical Population
The population in which whose unit is not available in solid form

is known as the hypothetical population.
The population of heads and tails obtained by tossing a coin on

infinite number of times is an example of hypothetical population.

ACTIVITY
1. Define Population.
2. Define Population Pyramid
3. Differentiate Energy Pyramid from Biomass Pyramid
4. Give the three trends of population pyramid and define each

5, What are the three classifications of population? Explain.
6. Give 5 disadvantages of over population growth.

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BIOGEOCHEMICAL
NX
CYCLE

1. Describe the biogeochemical cycles
2. Explain the types of biogeochemical cycles
3. Draw the process of biochemical cycle
4. Give the effects of biogeochemical to the society
5. Explain how the human affects the biogeochemistry cycle

Biogeochemical cycles
- mainly refer to the
~ movement of nutrients/energy
and other elements between pra
. . . . i
biotic and abiotic parts of the ere
ecosystem.

2 Types of Biogeochemical Cycles
1. Gaseous cycles - are a type of biogeochemical cycle in which the

reservoir is the air or the oceans (via evaporation).
It includes Carbon, Oxygen, Nitrogen, and the Water cycle.
2. Sedimentary cycles - are a type of biogeochemical cycle, in which

the reservoir is Earth's crust.
It includes Sulfur, Phosphorus, and etc. 0:

GASEOUS CYCLES
Water cys
The Water Cycle (

Hydrologic Cycle)
the pathway of water as o~, —- _
it moves in its various phases

to the atmosphere, to the
earth, over and through the
land, to the ocean and back
to the atmosphere’.

>» Ona geographical level, the biogeochemical cycle
of water is responsible for weather patterns. The
temperature, the amount, and the movement of
water, have an effect to all weather systems.
>» As water in its various forms (vapor, liquid and ice)

interacts with its surroundings, it alters the
temperature and pressure of the atmosphere,
creating wind, rain and currents, and is responsible
for changing the structure of earth and rock
through weathering.

>» The various processes that
occur during the cycling of water

are illustrated . The processes
include the following:
| __a) evaporation and

sublimation
_ b) condensation and
precipitation
c) subsurface water flow
d) surface runoff and

snowmelt
e) streamflow
tet ee ee
“byt

» Water Cycle or Hydrologic Cycle, -
The Hydrologic Cycle (Water Cycle)
Condensation
Transpiration Precipitation Evaporation

ate >
Evaporation

The water cycle is driven by the Sun’s energy as it warms the oceans and other
surface waters. This leads to evaporation (water to water vapor) of liquid surface
water and sublimation (ice to water vapor) of frozen water,
thus moving large amounts of water into the atmosphere as water vapor. Over
time, this water vapor condenses into clouds as liquid or frozen droplets
eventually leads to precipitation (rain or snow), which returns water to Earth’s

surface.
Rain reaching Earth’s surface may evaporate again, flow over the surface, or
passed into the ground
Most easily observed is surface runoff: the flow of fresh water either from rain or
melting ice
Runoff can make its way through streams and lakes to the oceans or flow
directly to the oceans themselves.

>» Rain and surface runoff are major ways in which minerals, including carbon,
nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur, are cycled from land to water.
Carbon Cycle
It is one of the biogeochemical cycles in which carbon is exchanged
among the biosphere, geosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere and pedosphere (

the soil part of the Earth)
All green plants use carbon dioxide and sunlight for photosynthesis.
Carbon is thus stored in the plant. The green plants, when dead, are buried into
the soil that gets converted into fossil fuels made from carbon.
These fossil fuels when burnt, release carbon dioxide into the ®
atmosphere.

» Also, the animals that consume plants, obtain the carbon stored
in the plants. This carbon is returned to the atmosphere when
these animals decompose after death.
The carbon also returns to the environment through cellular

respiration by animals.
Huge carbon content in the form of carbon dioxide is produced

that is stored in the form of fossil fuel (coal & oil)
This can be extracted for various commercial and non-

commercial purposes. When factories use these fuels, the
carbon Is again released back in the atmosphere during

combustion.

Sunlight Carbon Cycle
“a
Photosynthesis
Respiration auto and
Animal ; actory
™ Respiration ome Emission
eo: ly
> ‘4 Va ZR Oe; aS
eee esa ee
rc
Fossil and Fossil Fuel

Nitrogen Cycle
It is the biogeochemical cycle by

which nitrogen is converted into several
| forms and it gets circulated through the
atmosphere and various ecosystems such
Green Plants
as terrestrial and marine ecosystems. & Algae
Nitrogen is an essential element of

life. The nitrogen in the atmosphere is fixed
by the nitrogen-fixing bacteria present in
the root nodules of the leguminous plants
and made available to the soil and plants.
Animals
De-Nitrifying
Bacteria
THE NITROGEN CYCLE

Pond Ecosystem

Nitrogen Cycle
The bacteria present in the roots of the plants convert this nitrogen gas
into a usable compound called ammonia. Ammonia is also supplied to plants in
| the form of fertilizers.
This ammonia is converted into nitrites and nitrates. The denitrifying

bacteria reduce the nitrates into nitrogen and return it into the atmosphere.

Nitrogen Cycle
atmosphere
“ Absorption of
: Tap ah Nin animals
Nitrogen-fixina
bacteria
Denitrifying
bacteria
oD
Co
Let's Shed Some Light on the Nitrogen Cycle
Ammonification

OXYGEN CYCLE
| This biogeochemical cycle moves through the atmosphere, the lithosphere

| and the biosphere. Oxygen is an abundant element on our Earth. It is found in the
elemental form in the atmosphere to the extent of 21%.
Oxygen is released by the plants during photosynthesis. Humans and other

animals inhale the oxygen exhale carbon dioxide which is again taken up by the
plants.
They utilize this carbon dioxide in photosynthesis to produce oxygen, and
the cycle continues.

Oxygen Cycle
O2 in the
atmosphere
Sunlight
Industrial
ERO Ue the hy combustion
Animal
Cee | _ COs ee wWMSL_CO>

‘= ’ oe CcO.z
Decomposition
=

SEDIMENTARY CYCLES
Phosphorous Cycle
In this biogeochemical cycle, phosphorus moves through the hydrosphere,
lithosphere and biosphere. Phosphorus is extracted by the weathering of rocks. Due

to rains and erosion phosphorus is washed away in the soil and water bodies.
Plants and animals obtain this phosphorus through the soil and water and
| grow. Microorganisms also require phosphorus for their growth.
When the plants and animals die they decompose, and the stored
phosphorus is returned to the soil and water bodies which is again consumed
plants and animals and the cycle continues.

eathering
yoefrocks B=
Absorption
by plants
Underground| Leaching Phosphate
phosphate eee sediments _
reserve
' ~ e*.
Decomposers Underwater phosphate reserve
SBR Science Facts «4

SULFUR CYCLE
This biogeochemical cycle moves through the rocks, water bodies and living
systems. Sulfur is released into the atmosphere by the weathering of rocks and is
converted into sulphates. These sulphates are taken up by the microorganisms

_ and plants and converted into organic forms.
Organic sulphur is consumed by animals through food. When the animals
die and decompose, sulphur is returned to the soil, which is again obtained by the
plants and microbes, and the cycle continues.
20,

Sunlight
s 2 é
i. 8 6"
Precipitation
(acid rain,
snowfall),
a oa e
oe pm —
See West heFing ©
>of rocks” .
a C
_--
—
Sulfide (S7*)
in sediments
Sulfur Cycle
an Sulfur (SO,,. HS)
im the atmosphere
Volcanizatiaon
oo
Sulfate
(SO,?>)
Sulfate
(SO,7)
in soil
Bacterial Bacterial
oxidation reduction
Reduced
sulfur
(H,S. HS)
Smelting & urning
of fossil fuels
(ee fa
JAnimal
uptake
-&, eo
Piant & animal

remains/wastes
Organic
sulfur
Decomposition

Importance of Biogeochemical Cycles and its Effects
Biogeochemical cycles are important because they regulate the elements

necessary for life on Earth by cycling them through the biological and physical
aspects of the world.
Biogeochemical cycles are a form of natural recycling that allows the

continuous survival of ecosystems.
Biogeochemical cycles enable the flow of nutrients and energy between living
organisms, dead organisms, and the abiotic environment.
It demonstrates the way in which the energy is used. Through the ecosystem,
these cycles move the essential elements for life to sustain.

Importance of Biogeochemical Cycles and its Effects
The biogeochemical cycle involves external transfers of elements among

different components of a forest system.
It uptake of nutrients from the soil and return of these nutrients in

leaf fall, branch shedding, root growth and death, or through tree mortality is a
major component of the biogeochemical nutrient cycle.
Learning the mechanisms, helps us restrict and stop their dangerous

impacts.
When we cut down forests, make more factories, and drive more cars
that burn fossil fuels, the way that carbon and nitrogen move around the
Earth changes. These biogeochemical cycles will change. The changes ad
more greenhouse gases in our atmosphere and this causes climate c

Activity:
1. Define biogeochemical cycles.
| 2. What are the two types of these cycles. Define each.
3. Give 4 examples that belong to gaseous.
4. Give 2 examples that belong to sedimentary.

4. Draw the hydrologic cycle and phosphorus cycles indicating
| the process and their flow using the arrow .

QUEZON CITY UNIVERSITY UNIDOS Rear GUI tt i On Dl V ant
ECOSYSTEM
WEER

1.Define ecosystem
2.Enumerate the categories of environment
3.Explain the different functions of ecosystem

4.Classify the type and functions of different ecosystem
5,.Explain the reproduction process of an ecosystem
6. Explain effects of habitat destruction

ECOSYSTEM
-a biological community of interacting organisms and their physical

environment
- lt is a structured functional unit in equilibrium characterized by energy

and material flows between Its constituent elements
Ecosystems are divided into natural and artificial.
A.Natural ecosystems are those that are existing in nature and not made by
uman.
Classification:
1) Terrestrial
2) Aquatic

ECOSYSTEM
a) Terrestrial
It includes; desert, grass land , rainforest, tundra

ECOSYSTEM
b) Aquatic
It includes; ponds, river, streams, lakes,

oceans, mangroves, Swamps and bays etc.
These two ecosystems are self regulating,

open system with a free exchange of inputs
and outputs with other systems.

B. Artificial ecosystems
These are simple, human-made, unstable and subjected to human

intervention and manipulation.
Ex. Garden, aquaria, zoo, crop fields

4 MAIN COMPONENTS OF ECOSYSTEM
1. Productivity - is biomass production of the producers or the

rate of capture of solar energy.
Gross primary productivity - the rate of production of

organic matter during photosynthesis .
Secondary productivity - the rate of formation of new

organic matter by consumers

2. Decomposition - It is the process of breaking down organic matter into inorganic
substances such as carbon dioxide, water, nutrients, etc.
| STEPS IN DECOMPOSITION 1
a. Fragmentation - breaking down of detritus (dead plants and

Fragmentation animals remain, fecal matter) into smaller particles by detritivores
(decomposers)
Leaching
b. Leaching - the process by which these organic matters enter the

Catabolism soll.
Humification c. Mineralization - the process by which humus further degrades to

release minerals into the soil
Mineralization
Humus - is dark, organic material that forms in soil when plant

and animal matter decays.

These nutrients
are usable by
ee ; nd
Mineralization , eee ae
Mineralization
immobilization
+
——> "NAG
Organisms retain nutrients as they grow.
What Are Mineralization and Immobilization?
Soil nutrients generally occur in two forms: inorganic compounds dissolved in water
or
attached to minerals, and organic compounds part of living organisms and dead
organic
matter. Bacteria, fungi, nematodes, protozoa, and arthropods are always
transforming
nutrients between these two forms. When they consume inorganic compounds to
construct cells, enzymes, and other organic compounds needed to grow, they are said
to
be “immobilizing” nutrients. When organisms excrete inorganic waste compounds, they
are said to be “mineralizing” nutrients.

d. Catabolism is the break down of complex molecules. Catabolism is the
breakdown of complex substances to their constituent parts
(glucose, amino acids and fatty acids) which form substrates for
metabolic pathways.
Catabolism

e. Humification is the process by which dead
and decaying organic matters are converted
to humus by decomposing bacteria, fungi and

other microorganisms.
Humification implies humus formation

3. Nutrient cycling
The storage and movement of nutrient elements through the various

| components of the ecosystem. The nutrients are repeatedly used through this
| process.
Organisms of different trophic levels in nature are connected to each

_ other for food or energy relationship forming a food chain.
4. Energy flow
First, plants capture solar energy and then, food is transferred from the
producers to decomposers.
Energy flow- Energy is the primary force responsible for all activities in an
ecosystem. The flow of energy from producers to top consumers is called energy
flow which is unidirectional.

REPRODUCTION
Types of Reproduction
There are two major forms of reproduction:

1) Sexual
2) Asexual.
Sexual reproduction requires two parents. Each parent

contributes a gamete - a sex cell that has half of the normal
DNA of a regular body cell. In males, the gametes are sperm
and in females, the gametes are eggs.
When these two gamete combine during fertilization, the result

is a zygote, which then continues to develop into an embryo.

9. Asexual
Asexual reproduction requires only one parent. | . yi

Production does not involve fertilization between Ay VOT FQ 7 sow
male and female gametes By | ey om
Four major types : i ) yo
AB Daughter Cytopta ae
1) Binary fission: yy ers ieee ‘

Parent Cell retest seagate sila tting
Single parent cell doubles its DNA, then divides Binary fission in Amocba re psi 2
mays
into two cells to produce two new individuals.
Both individuals are similar to the parent cell
| | BUDDING IN YEAST eo
Usually occurs in bacteria.
2) Budding he
A small part of the parent’s body separates from

the rest and develops into a new individual, ¢°
Chromosome
Idantical
/Daughtar
Be Colls
upon detachment from the parent becomes a

self supporting individual.
fas cal ey sig i m Chain buds

a |
3) Fragmentation or Regeneration ee Te
Organisms break into two or more

fragments that develop into a new
individual.
Occurs in many plants, as well as some

animals like coral, lizards, and starfish
PETE CC ela
4) Parthenogenesis
An embryo develops from an

unfertilized cell. Reproduction
happens without fertilization of
male gamete.
Ex. Bee, aphids, wasp , and ants
Occurs in invertebrates, as well as

in some fish, amphibians, and
reptiles.

5. Sporulation - it involves formation of |
oe Sporangium _ Spore case
spores by the spontaneous division by /, bursts
’
) the cell into two or more daughter cells. ee Spores being

a> hx J cispersed
| Spores are usually microscopic and light. pinto air

It is produced in large amount to
increase the increase the change of

successful reproduction. Spores would
grow into new individual
Ex. Fern, fungi, algae, moss, protozoa

6. Vegetative propagation
In plants new , new individuals are

develop from specialized multicellular
structure that eventually detach from the
parent plant .
Ex. Tubers, bulbs, strawberry , ginger

EFFECTS OF HABITAT DESTRUCTION
1.Habitat destruction is the leading cause of extinction for various species and is
the reason
that many animals are endangered.
2.There is no time to adapt to such drastic changes.
3. It changes their entire way of living.
4. The ultimate result of this is death and the inability to reproduce offspring
that carry on the
species.
5. Many plants can no longer grow because the composition and soil quality is
instantly
changed, taking away the nutrients and the space that plants need to grow.
6. Runoff is another issue that contributes to the pollution that leads to habitat
degradation.
/. Underwater systems are disrupted because we are siphoning water and changing the
way it
flows.
8. Destroy natural habitats contributes to global warming and climate change. 48)

ACTIVITY
1. Give the two divisions of ecology. Explain using two sentences
2. Give the steps of decomposition. Describe each briefly.
| 3. Give the types of reproduction.
4. Tabulate the differences between sexual and asexual . Give 4 for

each.
5. Name 4 Asexual type of reproduction and define each.

re
WATER POLLUTION
AND ENVIRONMENT

1.Define water pollution and types of water pollution.
2.Give the natural sources of water pollution
3.Explain the human activities that contribute to water pollution
4.Enumerate the chemicals that pollute the water
5. Identify the microbe and bacterial growth in polluted water

6.Explain water availability and scarcity
7. Give the causes and solution to water scarcity

POLLUTION
Pollution
may be defined as an undesirable change in the physical, chemical

— or biological characteristics of air, water and land that may be
harmful to human life and other animals, living conditions, industrial
processes and cultural assets.
Pollution can be natural or man-made. The agents that pollute are

called pollutants.

WATER POLLUTION
Water pollution is the contamination of

water sources by substances which make
the water unusable for drinking, cooking,
cleaning, swimming, and other activities.
Pollutants include: chemicals, trash,

bacteria, and parasites. All forms of
pollution eventually make their way to

water.

a ¥
j
— |
oy) t f
Ay | 7
ae ee
—_
=
. — SS
PROPERTIES OF WATER
» Chemical formula H,O, is an inorganic,

> Tasteless,
>» Odorless,
> Colorless,

TYPES OF WATER POLLUTION
1. Chemical pollution
2. Groundwater pollution
3. Microbiological pollution
4. Nutrient pollution
5. Oxygen-depletion pollution
6. Surface water pollution

1. Chemical pollution -
» Chemical contamination comes from

the pesticides and fungicides used in
farming, but metals and solvents from
industrial sites are also leading
contributors.

2. Groundwater Pollution
> Fertilizers and pesticides applied to crops

can flow into the ground and contaminate
underwater rivers and waterbeds, which
compromising the quality of wells, boreholes
and other places.

3. Microbiological pollution
is a naturally occurring form of water

contamination.
Microorganisms such as bacteria,

protozoa and viruses can infiltrate water
supplies, causing diseases like cholera.

4. Nutrient pollution
Fertilizers contain a high concentration of

nutrients which, if they contaminate rivers, lakes and
coastal areas, can cause algal blooming that can
block out sunlight and inhibit the growth of other
organisms.
Algal blooming is the rapid growth of microscopic
algae in water, often resulting in a colored scum on the

Surface

5.Oxygen-depletion pollution
consumed. Harmless aerobic

microorganisms die and anaerobic
microorganisms begin to thrive.
When oxygen levels in the water are
Some anaerobic microorganisms are An anaerobic organism or

anaerobe is any organism that
capable of producing ammonia, sulfides and does not require molecular

other harmful toxins, which can make the water oxygen for growth. It may react
negatively or even die if free
even more dangerous to animals and humans, oxygen is present. In contrast, an
too.
aerobic organism (aerobe) is an

organism that requires an
oxygenated environment.

6. Suspended matter
Improperly discarded waste, such

as fragments of plastic, rubber or other
manmade materials, can find
themselves into water sources and
persist for a long time.
They are too robust to dissolve in the

water and too big to mix effectively
with the molecules, they simply float
on its surface and prevent oxygen and
sunlight from penetrating below.

oR WNP
SOURCES OF WATER POLLUTION
Cohaet 82 Ontos pore scerte Docherges cf sodsleth 50 waters of the in ted Seems
Domestic sewage
Industrial effluents
Agricultural source
Pesticides
Pathogenic organisms Sewage

6. Thermal pollution Power plants and nuclear power stations
f. Mineral oils
8 Underground water pollution

9. Marine water pollution

EFFECTS OF WATER POLLUTANTS
1. Poisonous and chemically harmful are compounds of mercury, arsenic and lead,
as they even affect water treatment plants e.g. organic sulphur compounds
interfere with nitrification.
2. Lead impairs metabolism and brings about congenital deformities, anemia etc.
_ 3. Cadmium damages kidneys and liver.
4. Inorganic nitrates and phosphates promote growth of oxygen-consuming algae,

which result in the death of fishes and other aquatic animals.
5. Presence of dyes and compounds in the discharged water changes the color of
water.

6. Soap, detergents and, alkalis result in foam formation.
/. Industrial effluents containing iron, free chlorine, phenol, manganese,

| oils, hydrocarbons, ammonia, algae and microorganisms impair the taste
|, and odours of water.
8. The nitrates and phosphates dissolved in water accelerate the growth of

microorganisms, which consume much of the dissolved oxygen depriving
fish and other aquatic life

9. Biomagnifications is the increase of toxic materials at each tropic level
of a food chain.
Biomagnification is the concentration of toxins in an organism as a result

of its ingesting other plants or animals in which the toxins are more widely
disbursed.
Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) is an insecticide used in

agriculture.

CONTROL OF WATER POLLUTION
1.Separate ponds and tanks to be used for cattle and animals.
| 2. Use of pesticides, insecticides and fertilizers should be done wisely.

Rapid biodegradable substitutes for pesticides should be employed.
3. Septic tanks should be made in the houses where sewage facilities are
not available,
4. Rivers and lakes should not be used for bathing or washing as it

contaminates water. .
5. Domestic sewage and industrial wastes should be treated before

discharging them into drains. 48)

_ Video to watch for the process: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=|qzZ84FilaA
TREATMENT OF WASTE WATER
Domestic Sewage and industrial wastes should be properly treated before

these are drained in the mainstream water.
Sewage treatment It involves following steps:
A. Primary treatment.
It involves physical processing of sedimentation, flotation and filtration where

sewage
water is passed through screens to remove larger particles and then through
grinding
mechanism to reduce the larger particles to smaller size. The sewage is finally
passed
through settling tanks to remove suspended impurities. ©

B. Secondary Treatment.
Sewage obtained after primary treatment is sent to aeration

tank where it is mixed with air and sludge laden with bacteria and
algae.
The algae provide oxygen to the bacteria and decompose
organic matter into simple compounds. Chlorination is finally done

to remove bacteria.
Video to watch for the process: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lqzZ84FilaA (20)

c. Tertiary treatment
In the third and last step water is passed through ion exchangers to
remove dissolved salts.
Treatment of industrial effluents involves;
a) neutralization of acids and bases,

b) removal of toxic compounds,
)
c) coagulation of colloidal impurities,
d) precipitation of metallic compounds and
)
e) reducing the temperature of effluents to decrease thermal pollution.

Microbiological water pollution is usually a natural form of water
pollution caused by microorganisms.
Many types of microorganisms live in water and cause fish, land
animals and humans to become ill. Microorganisms such as:
a) Bacteria
b) Viruses
c) Protozoa

MAIN CAUSES OF WATER POLLUTION
1. Global warming.
2. Household waste
3. Industrial waste
4. Agriculture and livestock farming. @=-aemmes
5. Rubbish and fecal ee
6. Marine dumping.
7. Fuel spillages.
8. Radioactive waste

WATER SCARCITY
Water scarcity is defined as a water deficiency or a lack of safe

water supplies.
Water scarcity involves water crisis, water shortage, water deficit

or water stress.
Physical water scarcity refers to a situation where natural water resources

are unable to meet a region’s demand
Economic water scarcity is a result of poor water management resource @)

CAUSES OF WATER SCARCITY
1. Overuse of Water
2. Pollution of Water
3. Drought
4. Global Warming
5. Illegal dumping
6. Groundwater Pollution
¢. Natural Disasters
8. Conflict over the land area

9. Distance
10. Governmental Access

SOLUTION TO WATER SCARCITY
Save Water Whenever Possible

Advance Technology Related to Water Conservation
Recycle Water
Improve Sewage Systems
Better Water Distribution Infrastructure
Support Clean Water Initiatives
Less Use of Chemicals in Farming
Improve Practices Related to Farming
SHONOTARWNHE
Education

Activity:
1. Enumerate 4 causes of water pollution that may come from your house.
2. Do you think the waste water management in the Philippines is

effective “Support your answer, give 3 brief reasons.
3. As a student, how can you help in reduction of water pollution?

Enumerate 4 brief reasons.
4. How do you save water during water scarcity? List down 4.
5. Draw unpolluted water (ocean) and compare it by drawing a polluted

ocean. (10)

DID YOU LEARN FROM THIS LESSON?
THANK YOU FOR LISTENING !

re
AIR POLLUTION AND
ENVIRONMENT
\

1. Define air pollution
2. Explain the difference sources of air pollution.
3. Enumerate outdoor and indoor pollutants
4. lIdentify the different health risks and issues caused by air

pollution
5. Explain the effects of UV rays.
6. Explain the Montreal Protocol

AIR POLLUTION
Air pollution is contamination of the indoor or

outdoor environment by any chemical, physical or
biological agent that modifies the natural
characteristics of the atmosphere
Common Sources of Pollution
1. Household combustion devices.

2. Motor vehicles,
3. Industrial facilities
4. Forest fires

Pollutants of major public health
concern includes:
1. Particulate matter, PM
PM stands for particulate matter (also ,
called particle): the term for a mixture of solid Natura
particles and liquid droplets found in the air. Some Sources

particles, such as dust, dirt, soot, or smoke, are : Mobite tionary
large or dark enough to be seen with the naked eye. Sources Sources
2. Carbon monoxide, \
3. Ozone,
4. Nitrogen dioxide
5. Sulfur dioxide.

The most common indoor air pollutants include:
1. Asbestos insulation materials , roofing shingles, and as a fire

retardant.
2. Biological Pollutants include bacteria, viruses, pet dander/saliva,

dust, mites, and pollen.
3. Carbon Monoxide: kerosene lamps and gas heaters

. Cookstoves and Heaters
. Formaldehyde
. Lead (Pb)
. Nitrogen Dioxide (NO,)

/. Pesticides are used to control insects, pests,
microbes, termites, and rodents.
8. Indoor Particulate Matter: dust, dirt, sand, and

smoke
9. Secondhand Smoke/Environmental Tobacco

Smoke:
cigarettes and cigars.
10. Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs):paints,

wood _ preservatives, aerosol sprays, cleansers
and disinfectants, moth repellants, air
fresheners
11. Wood Smoke: use wood stoves for warmth

and cooking.

The combined effects of outdoor and household air
pollution
1. Stroke,
2. Heart disease,
3. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease,

4. Lung cancer
5. Acute respiratory infections.

Toxic air pollutants
1. Benzene, which is found in gasoline;

2. Perchlorethlyene, which is emitted from some dry cleaning facilities;
3. Methylene chloride, which is used as a solvent and paint stripper by a
number of industries.
Toxic air pollutants pose different risks to health depending on the
specific pollutant, including:

¢Cancer, including lung, kidney, bone, stomach
«Harm to the nervous system and brain
Birth defects ©
‘Irritation to the eyes, nose and throat

¢ Coughing and wheezing
¢ Impaired lung function
¢ Harm to the cardiovascular system

¢ Reduced fertility

> Ozone
INILOSis1 ssa
O,, is a form of pollution

lowering air quality. It is harmful to
humans and vegetation. Reo
EXOBASE
SrA RCO RAUL
In the stratosphere, which is the

space above the troposphere up to 31 : sine
miles above the surface of the earth,
ozone provides a vital service.
Stratospheric ozone prevents high-

energy ultraviolet rays from entering
the troposphere.
THERMOSPHERE

UVC
UVB
UVA
| «The shortest wavelength
Has largest effect on the top layer of skin
UV Rays Can Hurt Your Eyes
met
i} ur
©O®D ©
Py ‘ ae & i, é A,
Ai i
“Be " bi herd

; Wee
i a y x ee - ¥ a % ry
«Absorbed by the atmospheric

ozone
«Causes redness/ burning/ skin cancer
«The longest wavelength

«Reaches deep into the layers of skin,
causing aging/ wrinkling

What caused the ozone hole?
Chemicals such as:
6006@
Chlorofluorocarbon (CFCs), ms
Hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs),
Freons,
Halons 1989 1990
which were commonly used

as refrigerants, propellants, and solvents.
O@
2009 2012 2019

Montreal Protocol
Adopted on 15 September Under the Montreal
theo ae Neca ae coe Protocol Hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs)

e ony realty ever a . . . .
has been ratified every country are gases used worldwide in refrigeration,
on Earth - all 198 UN Member air-onditioning and foam applications, but
States. they are being phased out.
The Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer is the
landmark multilateral environmental agreement that regulates the
production and consumption of nearly 100 man-made chemicals
referred to as ozone depleting substances (ODS).

Philippine Clean Air Act
Republic Act No. 8749, otherwise known as the Philippine Clean Air Act, is
}/ acomprehensive air quality management policy and program which aims to
| achieve and maintain healthy air for all Filipinos.

| Lifted from: Department of Environment and Natural Resources.
Ban on Incineration. - Incineration, hereby defined as the burning of municipal,

biomedical and hazardous waste, which process emits poisonous and toxic fumes
is hereby prohibited.
The act includes the unauthorized transport or dumping into waters of sewage
sludge or solid waste. 14)

ACID RAIN
acid rain, also called acid
j gases combine with

. water droplets to
hW 7 ’ _ gases carried » | formacids
precipitation or acid Pn a occ ae =
by the wind Py _ are TY
\ \\ | \\\ \ '
deposition, precipitation possessing a pH of yy

about 5.2 or below primarily produced from
the emission of sulfur dioxide (SO,) ;
and nitrogen oxides (NO,; the combination of _[scsicsss [ ft f ) ‘ | :
NO and NO,) from human activities, mostly theamosphe | cee Lt) —
the combustion of fossil fuels. se | )
= ex
Acid deposition_can reduce the pH of

surface waters and lower biodiversity. It
acid rain destroys plants,
yy
weakens trees and can damage other living Nee oebeienndatiet
1 a
. ; zt B soil and erodes buildings . /

organisms. eS e* oR aot

Activity: (20 pts)
1. Cut or attach a picture with different sources of pollution and identify the ff:
(15 pts)
a) 3 sources of pollution
b) 4 pollutants present in it.
c) 3 illnesses or diseases that maybe caused by these pollutants
2. As student give 5 preventations that you may contribute in the reduction of air
pollution.


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HISTORY OF ENVIRONMENTAL

SCIENCE and THE COMPONENT

EAC313B - ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE

Differentiate biotic and abiotic categories of environment

Enumerate the most common composition of elements of living

QUEZON CITY UNIVERSITY | COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING | INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING

It is a multi-disciplinary science that

It is a study of how the natural world works

QUEZON CITY UNIVERSITY | COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING | INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING

Environment - is the complex of Pivesy th chemical, and biotic factors

QUEZON CITY UNIVERSITY | COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING | INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING

» Inthe primitive age, the environment consisted of only physical aspect

» As the time passed on man extended his environment through his

QUEZON CITY UNIVERSITY | COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING | INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING

» This exploration was especially

> 1800 - new discipline of science was

QUEZON CITY UNIVERSITY | COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING | INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING

_» There was a great emphasis on the

environment ; its protections and

QUEZON CITY UNIVERSITY | COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING | INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING

The Father of the Environmental Movement.

Dr. Rex N. Olivares - a professor of University of the

QUEZON CITY UNIVERSITY | COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING | INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING

1.) Physical elements

(2) Biological elements- are the living organisms in the Earth.

(3) Cultural elements

QUEZON CITY UNIVERSITY | COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING | INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING

QUEZON CITY UNIVERSITY | COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING | INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING

2) Abiotic - all non-living part of an

, ecosystem that shapes its environment.

QUEZON CITY UNIVERSITY | COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING | INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING

Life’s primary made-up of four major classes of biological molecules or

QUEZON CITY UNIVERSITY | COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING | INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING

2. Lipids - are molecules that contain hydrocarbons and make up the

sometimes used as a synonym for fats, fats are a subgroup of lipids

QUEZON CITY UNIVERSITY | COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING | INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING

Two Main Types of Nucleic Acids

a) Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) - isa

controls all of the cellular activities by turning

the genes “on” or “off”.

. b) Ribonucleic acid (RNA) — is mostly . othe of

information from the genome into proteins by

Ribonucleic acid Deoxyribonucleic acid

QUEZON CITY UNIVERSITY | COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING | INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING

They work in cells and are required for the

Proteins are one of the most abundant organic

QUEZON CITY UNIVERSITY | COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING | INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING

In computerized form, answer the following ;

- Enumerate at least five sentences .

2. One of the functions of environment is to enhance the quality of life, give

4. Give the 4 spheres of the earth and describe each. 146

QUEZON CITY UNIVERSITY | COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING | INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING

EAC313B - ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE

2. Differentiate biotic and abiotic categories of environment

5. Enumerate the most common composition of elements of living

QUEZON CITY UNIVERSITY | COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING | INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING

Lithosphere — solid earth Atmosphere — gases (the air)

Hydrosphere — all water Biosphere — all life

QUEZON CITY UNIVERSITY | COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING | INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING

1. Atmosphere: is all air on Earth. The word atmosphere originates

geosphere and hydrosphere, the atmosphere is abiotic because it

2. Biosphere: all living things on Earth; biosphere originates from

contains organisms, it is the only one of the four spheres