LABORATORY EXERCISE 2

Title A. The MiAOAINA

Time Allotment
B. Magnificetkon anvd Revm
6 hours
Rationale

The advancement of the study of plarts is atrkuned to tha s d

perfection of the microscope. The microscope as one of the m MnpMaA Mts A
botanists, enable one to see objects clearty, tich reria iwrnka to ia A
eye. It magnifes an image up to several hundred tiwnes oi ts d l a

There are many different types of microBCopa, These s HnWM

microscope, the dissecting microscope and binocutar rrcnossspa, Yow lwnMI
experience now will only be limited to the compound rinossse, tng s a
commonly used in the laboratory.

. Objectives:
1. To identify the parts of microscope and explain the funcion od each
2. To use the microscope property.
3. Compute for the magnification and reducdtion of obýect with the oid cf a
ruler.

V. Materials Needed:
Compound Microscope Latter
Glass slides COver sis
Fresh plant specimen
-Gumamelaflower
Rice grain
Bangka-bangkaan leaes
Mongo Seeds
- San Francisco leaves
- Santan
. Procedure

A. THE MICROSCOPE
Note: Use the answer sheet to answer the guide questons.

1. The compound microscope

1. Examine the parts of the microscope.
2. All of these parts may be grouped into three. mechanical,
of these and
illuminating and magnifying. Idetify each
complete Table 2-1.
3. Draw a compound microscope and label the parts on the
2-1. Labels should be on the
sheet provided for Figure
right side of the drawing.
B.Focusing
cover slip.
1. Mount printed letter *e" on a clean slide and
 b
2. Allgn the LPO with the eyeplece.
3. Adjust the mirror so that light is reflected to the hole in the stage
through the condenser.
4. Lower the body tube at its lowest
5. Peep through the ocular.
position.
6. Using the coarse adjustment wheel, slowly move the body tube
upwards.
B-1.Why is it better to focus upward than downward?
B-2. How do you know which is the LPO or HPO by just
looking at the objective?
B-3. What is meant by "working
distance
B-4. Whatisthe approprlate working distance for LPO? For
HPO? For Ol0?
7. If you get a blurred image of the object, use the fine adjustment
wheel/knob for focusing. The whole lighted area is the
microscope fleld?

B-6. How does the image appear in relation to the object in

the slide?
8. Move the slide to the left then to the right. Take note of the
movement of the image in focus.
B-6.What is the direction of motion in each case?
9. Move the slide up and down.
B-7.What do you observe?
10. Shift to HPO without moving the body tube. Refocus using the
fine adjustment wheel.
B-8. Does the microscope field increase or decrease?

C. Magnificatlon

The image of the object in focus is magnified by the objective

equivalent to the number printed on the side of such (e.g. 4x, 10x for LPO; 40x
for HPO; 95x, 100x for OlO) further magnified by the ocular (usualy 4x, 10x, or
15x). To get the total magnification, multiply the number printed in the objective
with that of the number in the ocular.
C-1. What is the magnification of image of your specimen in
LPO? HPO? Show your solution.
Sometimes, objectives do not indicate magnification but
numerical aperture as 0.1, 0.2 etc.
C-2. What is numerical aperture?
C-3. What is the "resolving power of the microscope?
C4. Which objective will give higher magnification:
the
NA? Why?
objective with higher or with lower

I. Dissecting or Stereoscoplc Microscope

This instrument is designed primarily for dissecting small, but not

microscopic organisms.
1. Study the parts of the stereoscopic microscopic.
D-1. How is this similar to compound microscope?
2. Focus on a small object.
D-2. Compare the position of the image with that seen
 7
through a compound
microscope.
3. Draw a dissecting
microscope
2.2 and label the parts.
on the sheet
provided for Figure
D-3. What are some things you
care of the microscope?
have to remember on the

B. MAGNIFICATION AND REDUCTION

I. Wth the aid of celluloid ruler, measure the length of the following
(in millimeter):
a. Gumamela ( Hibliscus rosanensis) flower
b. Rice ( Oryza sativa) grain
C. Bangka-bangkaan ( Rhoeo
spathacea)
d.Mongo(Phaseolus vulgaris) seeds
. san Francisco ( Codlaeum variegatum) leaves
f. Santan ( lxora sp. ) flower
2. Draw each with a length of 50Omm. Indicate name of plant and
magnification of drawing as 10x, 1/2x each.
3.Compute for the magnification using the fomula:
Slze of drawing
Magnification=_ x 100
Size of object

TICKLER:
See Laboratory Activity No. 3 for the
Dreparation ofneeded materials
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Name Section& Group No: Date Perfomed:

structorrProfessor:
Date Submitted:

The Microscope and Magnification and Reduction

Laboratory Exerclse No. 2

A. THE MICROSCOPE

. The Compound Microscope

Table 2-1. Partsof the Microscope and Thelr Functlons.

Parts Functlon (s)

Mechanical

lluminating

Magnifying
Figure 2-1.The Compound Microscope.
Answers:

B. Focusing

B-1.

B-2.

B-3.
B4,LPO7. HPO? OI07
-6

8-6
B-7
B-6
C. Magnifloation

C1. LPO? HPO? entse

OI0?

C-2.

C-3

C4
1. The Dissecting or 8tereoscoplc Microscope

D1.

D-2.

D-3.
Figure 2-2. The Stereoscopic Microscope

B. MAGNIFICATION AND REDUCTION

xora sp. flower

Hibiscus rosasinensis flower
X