A Review On "Effect of Fillers On Stability

e-ISSN:2582-7219
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF
MULTIDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH
IN SCIENCE, ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
Volume 5, Issue 6, June 2022
Impact Factor: 7.54
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International Journal Of Multidisciplinary Research In Science, Engineering and Technology (IJMRSET)
| ISSN: 2582-7219 | www.ijmrset.com | Impact Factor: 7.54|
| Volume 5, Issue 6, June 2022 |
| DOI:10.15680/IJMRSET.2022.0506024 |
A Review on “Effect of Fillers on Stability

Properties of Stone Matrix Asphalt”
Rutvik D. Patel1, Prof.Jayshiv Thakkar2, Prof.Tejas Pandya3
Final year student (M.Tech In Transportation Engineering), Department of Civil Engineering, Parul Institute of
Engineering Technology, Parul University, Vadodara, Gujarat, India. 1
Guide, Associate Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Parul Institute of Engineering Technology, Parul
University, Vadodara, Gujarat, India. 2
Co-Guide, Associate Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Parul Institute of Engineering Technology, Parul
University, Vadodara, Gujarat, India 3
ABSTRACT- Stone Matrix Asphalt (SMA) is a gap graded mix, characterized by high coarse aggregates, high asphalt
contents and polymer or fiber additives as stabilizers. High concentration of coarse aggregate maximizes stone-to-
contact and interlocking in the mix which provides strength, and the rich mortar binder provides durability. The
stabilizing additives composed of cellulose fibers, mineral fibers or polymers are added to SMA mixtures to prevent
draindown from the mix. In comparison to dense graded mixtures SMA has higher proportion of coarse aggregate,
lower proportion of middle size aggregate and higher proportion of mineral filler. It resists permanent deformation and
has the potential for long term performance and durability.Harm in adaptable asphalts happen because of the
development of overwhelming vehicles and change in climatic conditions. For improvement of pavement of road, the
use of asphalt material and its mixture are used so that their durability and performance can be enhanced. For which the
suitable mixture that is been adopted is SMA Mix (Stone mastic asphalt or Stone matrix asphalt) which is better than
bituminous Concrete or dense graded mix (DGM). It was first implemented in European Countries and North America.
The Stone Mix asphalt is gap- graded mixture Consisting of Stone or Slag as Coarse aggregate, different binders are
used (natural or artificial) as stabilizers and high bitumen Content. For Minimizing the Cost and increasing the
efficiency of roads, many different alternative are used for improvement by using different waste materials as fillers
among them Coconut shell charcoal is one of them. In the Research work, the main objective is to compare the results
obtained by using fillers like Stone dust, Portland cement, Fly ash with Coconut Shell charcoal . The Properties that
Coconut shell Charcoal possesses are resistance to crushing, absorption, surface moisture, grading, resistance to
freezing, light weight, heating and synthetic resin glues which is most important for pavement of roads. Therefore its
Stability and flow parameters and Air Void ratio are obtained so that it can be compared with different types of Fillers.
From that we can establish a perfect combination so that it can be useful as a substitute as a filler for improving the
quality and durability of pavement of roads. Therefore aggregate gradation taken as per IRC-SP-79 specification for
SMA mix. The Binder Content are varied as 4%, 5%, 5.5%, 6%, 7% by weight of aggregates. 0.3% by weight of
aggregate is used as Optimum Binder Content. Binder of 60/70 penetration grade bitumen is used. For carrying out the
experiment, Marshall test method is used for obtaining better results.
KEYWORDS: Stone Matrix Asphalt (SMA), Filler, Stability, Durability, Stabilizers, Bituminous, Coconut Shell
I. INTRODUCTION
Stone Matrix Asphalt (SMA) is a gap-graded mixture, have a better stone to stone contact which gives better strength to
the mixture. In this research work aggregate used as per the MORTH specification was taken from a same lot. The
samples are made with aggregate with different gradation, filler (cement) and binder (bitumen 80/100). Fibers are used
as stabilizer. Fibers are used to decrease the drain down and to increase the strength and stability of the SMA Mix. The
test of the SMA Mix samples are done in Marshall Apparatus. Here the comparison of SMA Mix with and without
fiber was done. All the research work done before by using cellulose fiber, synthetic fiber, polypropylene fiber and
polyester fibers. Cellulose fibers are extensively used in SMA in Europe and USA. These fibers are patented. The fires
improve the service properties of the mix by forming micromesh in the asphalt mix to prevent the drain down of the
asphalt so as to increase the stability and durability of the mix. Here we have tried to use sisal fiber which is more
IJMRSET © 2022 | An ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | 1144

| DOI:10.15680/IJMRSET.2022.0506024 |
economic than cellulose fibers, doing same work as cellulose fiber. Cement Kiln Dust (CKD) is a fine-grained strong
material created as the essential by-result of the generation of concrete. CKD comprises basically of calcium carbonate
and silicon dioxide which is like the concrete furnace crude food or cement kiln raw feed, however the measure of
soluble bases, chloride and sulphate is normally impressively higher in the dust.Aggregates bound with bitumen are
conventionally used all over the world in construction and maintenance of flexible pavements. The close, well,
uniform, or dense graded aggregates bound with normal bitumen normally perform well in heavily trafficked roads if
designed and executed properly and hence very common in paving industry. However, it is not always possible to
arrange dense graded aggregates available at the site. In such situations a bituminous mix called stone matrix asphalt
(SMA) which basically consists of gap graded aggregates, can be attempted.
Stone Matrix Asphalt-
SMA was developed in Germany in the 1960s by Zichner of the Straubag-Bau AG central laboratory, to resist the
damage caused by studded tires. As SMA showed excellent resistance to deformation by heavy traffic at high
temperatures, its use continued even after the ban of studded tires. SMA is a gap graded mixture containing 70-80%
coarse aggregate of total aggregate mass, 6-7% of binder, 8-12% of filler, and about 0.3-0.5% of fiber or modifier. The
high amount of coarse aggregate in the mixture forms a skeleton-type structure providing a better stone-on-stone
contact between the coarse aggregate particles, which offers high resistance to rutting. Aggregate to aggregate contact
is also there in dense graded mixtures but it occurs within the fine aggregate particles as the coarse aggregate floats in
the fine aggregate matrix, which don’t give the same shear resistance as the coarse aggregate skeleton. Brown and
Manglorkar (1993) reported that the traffic loads for SMA are carried by the coarse aggregate particles instead of the
fine aggregate asphalt-mortar. The higher binder content makes the mix durable. The fibers or modifier hold the binder
in the mixture at high temperature; prevent drainage during production, transportation and laying.
Advantages over Conventional Bituminous Mixes-
Conventional bituminous pavements lack the strength, durability and longevity of SMA. There are several factors for
which SMA is better than the conventional mixes. As mentioned by Bose et al. (2006) SMA provides better resistance
to rutting due to slow, heavy and high volume traffic, resistance to deformation at high pavement temperatures,
improved skid resistance, noise reduction over conventional alternative pavement surfaces, improved resistance to
fatigue effects and cracking at low temperatures, increased durability, reduced permeability and sensitivity to moisture.
According to Brown and Manglorkar (1993) SMA has also shown good resistance to plastic deformation under heavy
traffic loads with high tyre pressures as well as good low temperature properties. Further, SMA has a rough texture
which provides good friction properties after surface film of the binder is removed by the traffic. Kamaraj et al. (2004)
have reported that SMA has an extended life as compared to conventional dense graded mixes. They have also reported
that the cost of SMA has been estimated to be about 20-25 percent more than conventional dense graded mixtures, but
this can be justified by the increased life of pavement. In view of these advantages SMA has been proved to be superior
over HMA mixes.
OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT:
 The main Objective is to check the suitability of Coconut shell charcoal as filler in SMA mix and then
comparing its properties obtained with different types of fillers and then study its effect on different properties
of SMA mix.
 Study of different Marshall Properties using different fillers (Stone dust, Portland cement, Fly ash etc.) and
then comparing the results with Coconut shell charcoal as filler.
II. LITERATURE REVIEW
A detailed review of literatures made on works related to SMA mixes is described in the following paragraphs.
Majority of the roads all over the world are made up of flexible pavements. Flexible pavements consist of a bituminous
layer on the surface course and sometimes in base course followed by granular layers in base and sub base courses over
the subgrade. Asphalt Concrete Pavement or Hot Mix Asphalt pavement are the bound layers of a flexible pavement
structure at the surface course. The most common type of flexible pavement surfacing used in India is a premix
bituminous material, commonly called outside as Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA). HMA is a mixture of coarse and fine

| DOI:10.15680/IJMRSET.2022.0506024 |
aggregates and asphalt binder. HMA, as the name suggests, is mixed, placed and compacted at higher temperature.
HMA is typically applied in layers, with the lower layers supporting the top layer, which is known as surface course or
friction course. The aggregates used in the lower layer are to prevent rutting and the aggregates which are used in the
top layer are generally selected on the basis of their friction properties and durability. There are several types of HMA
mixes. These include conventional Dense Graded Mixes (DGM), Stone Matrix asphalt (SMA) and various Open
graded HMA. The HMA mixes differ from each other mainly in maximum aggregate size, aggregate gradation and
binder content or type of binder used.
Mineral fillers-
Mineral fillers have a significant impact on the properties of SMA mixtures. Mineral fillers increase the stiffness of the
asphalt mortar matrix. According to Mogawer and Stuart (1996) mineral fillers also affect workability, moisture
resistance, and aging characteristics of HMA mixtures. Mineral fillers also help to reduce the draindown in the mix
during construction, which improves the durability of the mix by maintaining the amount of asphalt initially used in the
mix. It also helps to maintain adequate amount of voids in the mix. Different types of mineral fillers are used in the
SMA mixes such as stone dust, ordinary Portland cement (OPC), slag cement, fly Ash, hydrated lime etc.
Brown and Mallick (1994) reported that draindown of binder in the mix is significantly affected by the type of filler
used. Higher percentage of filler in the mix lowers the draindown of the binder.
Brown et al. (1996) evaluated the SMA mortars in terms of Superpave binder tests and studied the influence of each of
the mortar components in the mix on the overall mortar performance. They used two types of mineral fillers, limestone
dust and baghouse fines from a HMA plant to prepare SMA mixes. They concluded that most of the stiffening effect of
the mortar comes from mineral fillers. They reported that Portland cement can also be used as a filler material in SMA
mixes.
Mogawer and Stuart (1996) studied the effect of mineral fillers on properties of SMA mixtures. They chose eight
mineral fillers on the basis of their performance, gradation etc. They evaluated the properties of SMA mixtures in terms
of draindown of the mastic, rutting, low temperature cracking, workability, and moisture susceptibility.
Ravi Shankar et al. (2009) used stone dust and cement as the filler material in SMA mixture. They used filler content of
10% by dividing it to 8 percent stone dust and 2 percent cement.
Xue et al. (2008) utilized municipal solid waste incinerator (MSWI) fly ash as a partial replacement of fine aggregate or
mineral filler in stone matrix asphalt mixtures. They made a comparative study of the performance of the design mixes
using Superpave and Marshall mix design procedures. The mixes were evaluated in terms of dynamic stability, water
sensitivity and fatigue life. They concluded that nearly 8-16% of MSWI ash substitution for aggregates and filler is
guaranteed to meet the requirement of SMA mixtures through Marshall and Superpave mix design procedure.
Brown et al. (1996) investigated the SMA mortars using Superpave system binder tests and concluded that some of the
Superpave binder test equipment like BBR and DSR can be used for testing SMA mortars with slight modifications.
Putman et al. (2004) followed Superpave mix design guide lines to design SMA mixtures using PG 76-22 binder and
waste fibers such as waste tire and carpet fibers as additives. They compacted the specimen with 50 gyrations of
Superpave Gyratory Compactor per SC DOT procedures. Neubauer and Partl (2004) investigated the behaviour of
SMA mixtures with different filler/ binder combination in order to do a comparative study between Marshall and
Gyratory Methods. They observed that the optimum binder content value determined using Marshall compactor were
distinctively higher than those using the Gyratory compactor. They also concluded from the values of air voids, voids
of mineral aggregate, and volume of voids filled with binder for all the mixes that SMA is more efficiently compacted
with the Gyratory compactor than with the Marshall compactor. Xue et al. (2008) also made a comparative study of use
of Marshall mix design and Superpave mix design methods in SMA mixtures with MSWI. They concluded that
Superpave mixtures showed superior performance over Marshall mixtures in almost all pavement performance, such as
dynamic stability, water sensitivity and fatigue life.
Punith V.S., Sridhar R., Bose Sunil, Kumar K.K., Veeraragavan A (2004) ad M m g C, using 50 blows of compaction
per side and did a comparative study of SMA with asphalt concrete mix utilizing reclaimed polythene in the form of
LDPE carry bags as stabilizing agent (3 mm size and 0.4%) .The test results indicated that the mix properties of both

| DOI:10.15680/IJMRSET.2022.0506024 |
SMA and AC mixture are getting enhanced by the addition of reclaimed polythene as stabilizer showing better rut
resistance, resistance to moisture damage, rutting, creep, aging and better drain-down properties as well.
Neubauer and Partl (2004) investigated the nature of SMA mixes with different filler/binder combination to do a
comparative study in between Marshall and Gyratory Methods. They found out and observed that the optimum binder
content (OBC) value determined using Marshall compactor were bit higher than those found using the Gyratory
compactor. They also used two different binders, one of penetration grade bitumen 50/70 and another was the polymer
modified bitumen with SBS modifiers. And from the experiments they observed that the polymer modified bitumen
gives better performance in terms of deformation and stability than the other unmodified bitumen.
Karasahin and Terzi (2004) conducted an investigation on marble waste as filler material in asphalt mixtures. Samples
were prepared having marble dust and limestone dust filler. The optimum binder content was then determined by
Marshall Test procedure. They have also carried out dynamic plastic deformation tests on both mixes using marble
waste and limestone dust. The study indicated that both Marshal and plastic deformation test results for mixes using
both limestone and marble waste are almost the same. Hence, conclusion was made that those marble wastes which are
in dust form can be considered as an alternative filler material to other materials. However, some care should be taken
into account for mixes with marble dust since they have higher values of plastic deformation and hence, they should be
used on low volume roads.
YongjieXue, Shaopeng Wu, HaoboHoua, Jin Zha (2006) Conducted Experimental investigation of basic oxygen
furnace slag used as aggregate in asphalt mixture. By testing and analyzing, BOF steel slag was found to be able to be
used as asphalt mixture aggregate in expressway construction.
Behnood, M. Ameri (2012) conducted Experimental investigation of stone matrix asphalt mixtures containing steel
slag. According to the results obtained from Marshall stability it was found that mixtures with steel slag have shown
encouraging results in comparison with those containing stone. Also, replacing the coarse portion of stone aggregate
with steel slag leads to some better results in comparison with mixtures that contain steel slag as the fine portion. Steel
slag used as the coarse portion in SMA mixtures increased Marshall Stability and decreased the flow values.
III. PROPOSEED METHODOLOGY
FILLERS USED: Basically Filler are the fine particles which when passed through 2.36mm sieve and retained in
0.075mm sieve. Generally the Filler that we have used are waste materials that are produced from industries or from
any natural products to reduce the cost and increase its workability and durability. As filler are used to reduces the
gaps i.e Voids so that the compaction between Coarse and Fine aggregate increases to provide better Stability to the
pavement.
The fillers that are used in experimental process are as follows:

 Stone dust: Stone are the cheapest material. It is basically obtained by crushing the stones such that the size
of the stone particles are retained in 0.075mm sieve.
 Portland Cement: Cement can be used as a filler due to its lump property due to which it can bind the
particles properly.
 Fly Ash: Fly Ash are the waste materials produced from the industries which can used as a replacement for
fillers and also the cost is very low.
 Coconut Shell Charcoal: Concrete pavements suffer from a perception that they contribute a considerable
amount of carbon dioxide (CO2) to the atmosphere due to the use of Coconut shell Charcoal it binds the
aggregates together.

| DOI:10.15680/IJMRSET.2022.0506024 |
[Fig.3.1: Types of Fillers]
PROPERTIES OF COCONUT SHELL CHARCOAL:
 High Strength property than other fillers due to its hardness and low specific weight.
 It shows high modulus Property.
 High lignin Content as it has high resistance to different weather and therefore suitable material for
construction of road.
 It shows good durability and abrasion resistance Characteristics.
 It has low Cellulose Content.
Experimental Investigation:
MATERIALS USED:
• Slag – Coarse aggregate
• Stone – Fine aggregate
• Mineral filler – stone dust, Portland cement, fly ash and Coconut shell charcoal.
• Binder – bitumen of penetration grade 60/70
• Stabilizer – Cellulose fibre (0.3% - 0.5%)
ANALYSIS OF RESULT:
MARSHALL STABILITY: The stability of the specimen is derived by the load taken by it and then multiplying with
the correlation ratio which is obtained from thickness/height or volume of the sample. Theoretically with increase in

| DOI:10.15680/IJMRSET.2022.0506024 |
Bitumen content, the stability also increases up to a certain point and then gradually decreases. This is due to with
increase in bitumen content, the bond between the aggregate and the bitumen increases but with further increase, the
strength between them decreases as the contact point between the aggregates become immobilize. Due to which mix
become weak against plastic deformation. Simultaneously the stability Values also decreases.
FLOW VALUE: Flow Value is defined as deformation caused when maximum load is applied where usually failure
occurs. The flow value increases with increase in bitumen content. But the flow is gradually slow where stabilizers are
not used. The flow increases very slowly initially but with increase in bitumen content, the flow value increases
theoretically.
AIR VOIDS: The air void is the gap present between the aggregates. The void decreases with increase in bitumen.
Bitumen fills the gap present and increases the compatibility. Theoretically the air voids decreases slowly initially and
with increase in bitumen percentage the air voids decreases very quickly. With addition of stabilizers, it also helps to
fill the void along with bitumen.
IV. CONCLUSION
By using different bitumen content of 4%, 5%, 5.5%, 6% & 7%, the Optimum Stability of the SMA Mix is found out. It
is observed from the graph that the Stability value increases with increase in bitumen content and the decreases
gradually which helps us to find out the performance of different fillers used in SMA mix at corresponding bitumen
content (%).
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The authors would like to express an acknowledgement to the Faculty of Civil Engineering Department ofParul
Institute Of Engineering Technology, Parul University, Vadodara, Gujarat, India, for providing the facilities such as the
transportation laboratory and advanced transportation laboratory to accomplish this study. The author also wishes to
acknowledge cooperation given by laboratory technician from Faculty of Civil EngineeringParul Institute Of
Engineering Technology, Parul University, Vadodara, Gujarat, India to complete this study.
REFERENCES
1. Afifa Rahman, S. A. (2012). "Effect Of Fillers On Bituminous Paving Mixes: An Experimental Study". Journal of
Engineering Science 03(1), 121-127.
2. Dr. Hassan H. Jony , M. F.-R. (2011). "The Effect of Using Glass Powder Filler on Hot Asphalt" .Eng. Tech.
Journal, 44-57.
3. DebasishKar,Mahabir Panda,(2012), "A Laboratory study of bituminous mixes usinga natural fibre", National
institute oftechnology Rourkela.
4. Narayan panda ,SimantiniBehera, (2010) "Laboratory Investigations On Stone Matrix Asphalt Using Sisal Fibre
For Indian Roads", National Institute of Technology, Rourkela
5. E. Ray Brown, Rajib B. Mallick, John E. Haddock,JohnBukowski,(1997)"Performance Of Stone matrix Asphalt
(SMA) Mixtures In The United states", Federal Highway Administrationcity, state, National Center for Asphalt
Technology, Auburn University, Alabama,Indiana Department Of TransportationWest Lafayette, Indiana.

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e-ISSN:2582-7219

Volume 5, Issue 6, June 2022

Impact Factor: 7.54

6381 907 438 6381 907 438 ijmrset@gmail.com @ www.ijmrset.com

| ISSN: 2582-7219 | www.ijmrset.com | Impact Factor: 7.54|

| Volume 5, Issue 6, June 2022 |