Evolution of Local Pier-Scour Depth with Dune Migration

in Subcritical Flow Conditions

Jian-Hao Hong 1; Yee-Meng Chiew, M.ASCE 2; Po-Hung Yeh 3; and Hsun-Chuan Chan 4
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Abstract: Bridge-pier scour in alluvial rivers often occurs in live-bed conditions with dune migration. The scour depth attains its deepest
value when the dune trough reaches the pier, followed by depth reduction when the crest arrives. Therefore, the instantaneous scour depth may
be larger than its time-average counterpart. Consequently, accurate prediction of the instantaneous scour depth is pivotal to the safety of the
bridge. Although published methods may be used to estimate the temporal variations of pier-scour depth, only few have focused on the live
condition. This study presents a prediction method to simulate the temporal evolution of live-bed pier-scour depth. The erosion rate related to
the combined effect of the local vortex system and sediment transport into the scour hole associated with the passage of dunes are examined to
evaluate the pier-scouring rate. Temporal variations and computed equilibrium time-average scour depth are compared with published data
with satisfactory agreement. DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)HY.1943-7900.0001261. © 2016 American Society of Civil Engineers.
Author keywords: Dune migration; Live-bed scour; Pier scour; Sediment transport.

Introduction has commenced, the scour depth increases monotonically with

Local scour at bridge piers, which is an intriguing subject that has
long been extensively studied, commences when the applied forces
due to the flow field exceeds the soil resistance (Breusers et al.
1977). The complexity of pier scouring is attributed to the interac-
tions of the three-dimensional vortical flow field around the pier
with the bed sediment, resulting in flow acceleration and develop-
ment of a horseshoe vortex system at the base of the pier (Melville
and Coleman 2000). The ensuing increase in local shear stresses
entrains and erodes sediment particles around the pier, causing
the formation of a scour hole if the rate of sediment eroded from
the pier exceeds that entering the scour location from upstream.
Due to the balance between the volumetric rate of sediment enter-
ing the scouring zone from upstream (Qs;in ) and that eroded
(Qs;out ), published literature, e.g., Chiew and Melville (1987), gen-
erally has classified pier scouring into two types. First, when the
incoming rate of sediment transport is zero, clear-water scour will
take place. From the consideration of the threshold of sediment
transport, this situation occurs when the approach undisturbed
mean velocity, V, is less than or equal to the critical mean velocity
for bed sediment entrainment, V c . Based on a series of experimen-
tal data, Chiew (1995) stated that clear-water scour around a cylin-
drical bridge pier starts at u
=u
c (or V=V c ) ≥ 0.3, where u
and u
c
is the undisturbed approach shear velocity and critical shear veloc-
ity for bed sediment entrainment, respectively. Once scouring
1
Associate Researcher, Taiwan Typhoon and Flood Research Institute,
National Applied Research Laboratories, Taichung 40763, Taiwan.
2
Professor, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Nanyang
Technological Univ., Singapore 639798 (corresponding author). E-mail:
cymchiew@ntu.edu.sg.
3
Assistant Professor, Dept. of Marine Environment and Engineering,
National Sun Yat-sen Univ., Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan.
4
Associate Professor, Dept. of Soil and Water Conservation, National
Chung Hsing Univ., Taichung 40227, Taiwan.
Note. This manuscript was submitted on April 22, 2016; approved on
August 16, 2016; published online on November 7, 2016. Discussion per-
iod open until April 7, 2017; separate discussions must be submitted for
individual papers. This paper is part of the Journal of Hydraulic Engineer-
ing, © ASCE, ISSN 0733-9429.
V before reaching a maximum value, which is also called the
equilibrium clear-water scour depth when V=V c ¼ 1.
Although many studies have been devoted to estimating the
clear-water equilibrium scour depth (Shen et al. 1969; Breusers
et al. 1977; Jain and Fischer 1980; Raudkivi and Ettema 1983;
Melville and Coleman 2000), only few investigators have worked
on the time evolution of local scour depth (Yanmaz and Altinbilek
1991; Kothyari et al. 1992a, b; Meville and Chiew 1999; Mia and
Nago 2003; Chang et al. 2004; Oliveto and Hager 2005; Lu et al.
2011; Kothyari and Kumar 2012). Moreover, since clear-water
scouring usually occurs at low discharge (for low flow intensity)
over a short duration with coarse-grain soils (for large critical shear
stress), it may not reach the equilibrium state during a flood event in
the field. As a result, Melville and Chiew (1999) suggested that the
time for the clear-water scour depth to reach the equilibrium
state → ∞. Consequently, use of the clear-water equilibrium scour
depth represents a conservative estimate for general engineering
practice.
In contrast to clear-water scouring conditions, live-bed scour oc-
curs when there is general bed-load transport, at which point the
incoming rate of sediment transport into the scouring zone ≠ 0.
In other words, the undisturbed approach mean velocity exceeds
the critical velocity for bed sediment entrainment, i.e., V > V c .
The definition of the live-bed scour condition simply describes a
nonzero rate of sediment transport from the upstream, Qs;in , into
the scour hole. However, a careful examination of this condition
reveals that three subdivisions can be identified. First when
Qs;in ¼ Qs;out , the scour hole undergoes a dynamic equilibrium dur-
ing which the instantaneous scour depth fluctuates about an average
value. Published literature on live-bed scour hitherto have evaluated
live-bed scour depth from this platform, giving a unique and con-
stant time-average scour depth for a given velocity ratio, V=V c .
The classical pier-scour depth versus V=V c plot (Melville and
Coleman 2000), which shows clear-water and live-bed peaks, is
a reflection of this approach of viewing live-bed scour. However,
two additional conditions clearly can be deduced from considering
the relative magnitude of Qs;in and Qs;out . They are Qs;in > Qs;out
and Qs;in < Qs;out . The former leads to a decreasing scour depth

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J. Hydraul. Eng., 2017, 143(4): 04016098

 while the latter an increasing one. This is because the difference
between Qs;in and Qs;out at any time dictates the rate of scouring.
From one perspective, the Qs;in > Qs;out condition occurs during
the recession, while the reverse takes place during the rising stages
of a discharge hydrograph, with maximum scouring occurring
around the flood peak under an unsteady flow condition. At this
juncture, the larger discharges and higher flow velocities excavate
and remove sediment particles from the pier foundation more rap-
idly, evidently resulting in a condition when Qs;out ≫ Qs;in and a
correspondingly larger scour depth. However, the erosion rate de-
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creases when the scour hole is filled by the incoming sediment from
upstream as the flood recedes. The final scour depth after a flood
event likely is smaller than the instantaneous maximum value dur-
ing the rising stages of the flood. As a consequence, although the
cumulative depth of the scour hole after the flood may need several
flood events to attain a certain value, it may have been reached dur-
ing the high flow stage of a single flood event, albeit for only a short
duration. Notwithstanding the brevity of this occasion, the stability
and safety of the bridge may be compromised. This phenomenon
was discussed in very recent works by Hong et al. (2012, 2016).
From a different viewpoint, one also may argue that Qs;in is de-
pendent on another factor, namely, the position of a propagating
bed feature, e.g., dunes, relative to the pier-scour hole. This is be-
cause a typical sand dune is triangular in shape, with a gentle slope
on the upstream and a steeper one (≈angle of repose of the sedi-
ment) on the downstream end of the dune. To this end, it is clear
that the rate of sediment entering the scouring zone is not constant
with time. Instead, it fluctuates, depending on whether the crest or
trough of the dune is coincident with the scour hole. When the crest
arrives at the pier, the scour hole receives a comparatively larger
amount of sediment input, resulting in a shallower scour hole. Con-
versely, when the trough arrives at the pier, the reverse occurs with
the formation of a much deeper scour hole. Additionally, the arrival
of the trough and crest of the dunes at the pier also reflects the
instantaneous bed level at that time. With the crest and trough
at a particular position, the local bed levels are approximately half
the dune height below and above the undisturbed mean bed level,
respectively. This reduction and addition of the bed level provide an
additional dimension to the evaluation of the instantaneous live-bed
scour depth, a condition analogous to bed degradation-induced ero-
sion (Chiew 2004). It is patently clear that the stability of a bridge,
in terms of the threat of pier-scouring, is not dependent on the time-
average scour depth per se, but rather the instantaneous maximum
scour depth, which occurs when the trough of the dune arrives at
the pier.
A thorough scrutiny of published literature reveals that although
much research has been devoted to the study of local pier-scour
under live-bed conditions (Chabert and Engeldinger 1956; Shen
et al. 1966; Hancu 1971; Jain and Fischer 1979; Chee 1982;
Melville 1984; Chiew and Melville 1987, 1989), only few reliable
data are concerned with the time rate of local scour depth. Recently,
Sheppard and Miller (2006) conducted a series of experiments and
proposed a set of equations to determine the maximum equilibrium
scour depth under live-bed scour conditions. However, they also
did not consider the temporal variation of the live-bed local scour.
In summary, past studies appear to have overlooked the signifi-
cance of the instantaneous maximum live-bed scour depth in en-
gineering practice.
It is precisely to breach this limitation that the present study
aims to develop a prediction model for the temporal evolution
of live-bed scour depth at a cylindrical pier. First, the model of
Mia and Nago (2003), which was originally developed for clear-
water scour conditions, is adapted to compute the erosion rate
under live-bed scour conditions. Sediment transport associated with
© ASCE 04016098-2
J. Hydraul. Eng., 2017, 143(4): 04016098
propagating bed features is integrated to examine how sand dunes
affect changes to the scour hole. Finally, the performance of the
model is assessed by comparing the computed results with existing
data from published literature and laboratory tests. Although
published studies, e.g., Melville and Coleman (2000), have recom-
mended adding half the expected dune height to the time-average
live-bed scour depth for design purposes, the present study attempts
to provide an improved semiempirical model in getting the tempo-
ral variation of live-bed scour depth. However, this study is con-
fined to a steady-flow condition and that the effect of the rising
and falling stages of a hydrograph in affecting live-bed scour depth
is not included in the analysis.
Bed Deformation around a Pier with Dune Migration
Since this paper primarily is concerned with how the propagation
of sand dunes past a bridge pier affects the temporal evolution of
the scour depth, a brief description is presented to outline exper-
imental observations on changes to the pier-scour hole during
the passage of a dune. The live-bed evolution of local scour depth
around a bridge pier associated with the passage of a dune is com-
plex because it is related to the interaction between sediment ero-
sion by the vortical motion of flow induced by the flow-structure
interaction and sediment transport into the scour hole when the
dune arrives at the pier. Specifically, both the magnitude of the
scour depth as well as its scouring rate in a dune-covered bed fluc-
tuates as sand dunes move past the scour hole (Shen et al. 1966;
Melville 1984).
Experimental observations, e.g., Chiew (1984), have shown that
five stages describing changes to the plan shape of a dune as the
latter moves past the pier-scour hole can be identified as follows
(also refer to the schematic in Fig. 1):
1. When the sand dune approaches the scour hole, the midsection
of the dune crest is drawn toward the hole, while the rest of the
crest retains its plan shape [Fig. 1(a)]. The dash line in the figure
shows the edge of the local scour hole;
2. As the sand dune is drawn into the scour hole, the sediment par-
ticles are eroded by the downflow and horseshoe vortex at the
pier, resulting in a comparatively higher rate of bed-load trans-
port when compared to that which makes up the rest of the dune
on either side of the scour hole. Consequently, the midsection of
the dune is stretched and the dune becomes elongated in the
streamwise direction [Fig. 1(b)];
3. After the whole midsection of the dune has moved past the pier,
a spatial lag exists in the plan shape between the midsection and
the rest of the dune, as shown in Fig. 1(c);
4. Fig. 1(d) shows how the sediment particles of the dune’s mid-
section are now eroded from the scour hole and enter the down-
stream wake of the pier, at which point the flow velocity is
comparatively lower than that at the other areas around the pier.
As a result, the sediments’ forward propagation is now slower
while the rest of the dune moves with normal speed and gradu-
ally catches up; and
5. The last stage in Fig. 1(e) shows that the sand dune eventually
reverts to its original shape and size at about half a dune length
downstream of the pier. Its geometry and steepness remains
more-or-less the same as those on the approach bed upstream
of the pier.
The impact of the dune in reducing the instantaneous live-bed
scour depth is the greatest when the dune’s sediment particles are
drawn into the scour hole [Fig. 1(b)]. At this time, a significant high
rate of sediment transport, which is higher than the ability of the
downflow and horseshow to erode it, enters the scour hole, causing
J. Hydraul. Eng.
 Dune crest
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(a)
(d)
Fig. 1. Five stages of sand dune migration around a pier
the formation of a much-reduced scour depth. Conversely, when the
trough arrives [Fig. 1(e)], much less sediment is dumped into the
scour hole and the local flow field is able to effect the formation
of a comparatively deeper scour hole.
A secondary but not necessarily unimportant effect of dune
propagation on live-bed scour depth relates to the channel bed-
elevation fluctuations associated with the approaching sand dune.
Contrary to local scour under clear-water conditions, the local scour
depth dst under live-bed conditions at any instant time t is the sum
of two components, dp and db , as illustrated in Fig. 2. The scour
depth dp is caused by pier effects while the depth db is the com-
ponent due to bed degradation associated with the translation of
the dune. These two components are independent of each other,
Dp
Direction of flow
h upstream end of the flume while an adjustable tail gate at the down-
Qs, in Qs, out
M. B. L.
db
dst
dp
Fig. 2. Local scour depth dst at a pier as the sum of the scour depths
due to the presence of pier, dp , and the bed degradation from bed
features, db
© ASCE
J. Hydraul. Eng., 2017, 143(4): 04016098
(b) (c)
(e)
with the former relating to the relative strength between the vortex
system that forms around the pier, which is a function of the pier
geometry and the approach flow conditions, and resistance of the
bed materials. The latter primarily is a function of the flow condi-
tion and bed sediment, and is completely unrelated to the pier.
In summary, the combined influence of the rate of sediment
transport into, and changes to the mean bed level around, the scour
hole results in the temporal fluctuation of the live-bed scour depth.
When the dune crest and trough are coincidence at the pier, the
result is, respectively, a shallower and deeper scour hole.
Experimental Procedures and Data Deduction
The experiment was conducted in a glass-sided flume of 20 m
length, 1.0 m width, and 0.6 m height in the Hydraulic Laboratory
of the Department of Soil and Water Conservation at National
Chung Hsing University, Taiwan. A steady flow was effected by
the use of a recirculating pump installed beneath the flume. In order
to smoothen the flow, a false floor with a ramp was placed at the
stream end was used to control the water depth (Fig. 3). Uniform
sand with median grain diameter d50 ¼ 0.83 mm, specific gravity
Ss ¼ 2.65, and geometric standard deviation σg ¼ 1.3 was placed
in the sediment recess to form the sand bed. The initial bed slope for
all the tests was kept as 0.001. A hollow and transparent circular
pier of diameter Dp ¼ 7 cm was installed vertically at the center of
the recess. The scour depth was determined by means of a scale
attached inside the transparent pier and a miniature camera
(3 cm long, 3 cm wide, and 1 cm thick, with a lens of 3.6 mm).
The camera, which was placed inside the pier, was able to record
the temporal fluctuations of the sand–water interface at the nose of
the pier. The level of the sand–water interface delineates the scour
04016098-3 J. Hydraul. Eng.
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Fig. 3. Layout of the test flume (not to scale)

depth. A second video camera was used to record the temporal
variation of bed features on the sand bed from outside the flume.
The test procedure started with the leveling of the sand bed, after
which water was slowly added from the downstream end of the
flume until the predetermined water depth was reached. A valve
was then opened slowly until the desired flow rate was reached,
at which point the test proper commenced. Although there is no
sediment recirculation during the test, the comparatively low veloc-
ity excess and short duration (not exceeding 3 h for an entire test
with the measurement using the miniature camera commences
once the desired flow rate is attained) of all the tests resulted in
negligible bed degradation in the test section. The temporal devel-
opment of the live-bed scour depth is extracted from the video
recording taken with the miniature camera.
Table 1 presents the test conditions of this study. Since the ob-
jective of this paper is to develop a prediction model of the temporal
evolution of local scour depth under live-bed conditions, functional
relationships between the model parameters and flow conditions, as
well as pier geometry and bed material properties, are first estab-
lished. In order to supplement the data base, the experimental data
of Lauchlan (1999), Kothyari (1992b, 1989), and Verstappen
(1978) were included in the analysis. The test conditions of all these
studies are also included in Table 1. The information in the table
reveals that the bed sediments used are confined to coarse-grain
soils, with the median grain size, d50 , ranging from 0.71 mm (sand)
to 3.0 mm (gravel). In addition, the relative flow intensity V=V c
varies between 1.07 and 2.0; indicating live-bedpscour
ffiffiffiffiffi conditions.
The flow Froude number F (which equals V= gh; h is the ap-
proach flow depth; and g denotes gravitational acceleration) signi-
fies that all the flow conditions are under the subcritical regime.
Moreover, the last column of the table shows that the bed features
in all cases are dunes.
Proposed Model

Table 1. Summary of Test Conditions Model Assumptions

Case V (m=s) h (m) Dp (m) d50 (mm) V=V c F Bed features In order to simplify the complex phenomenon of live-bed pier
L1 0.702 0.600 0.200 0.95 1.37 0.29 Dunes scouring and delineate the interdependent factors that affect scour,
K1 0.700 0.110 0.065 0.71 2.00 0.67 Dunes several assumptions are made for the development of a semiempir-
K2 0.570 0.075 0.065 0.71 1.74 0.66 Dunes ical calculation algorithm in an attempt to evaluate the temporal
KA6 0.788 0.200 0.100 3.00 1.26 0.56 Dunes evolution of scour depth at a cylindrical pier under live-bed con-
KA11 0.835 0.350 0.150 3.00 1.22 0.45 Dunes ditions as follows:
KA17 0.532 0.200 0.150 1.50 1.07 0.38 Dunes
• Scouring around the cylindrical pier is assumed to be primarily
KA25 0.607 0.350 0.150 1.50 1.11 0.33 Dunes
KA26 0.607 0.350 0.100 1.50 1.11 0.33 Dunes attributed to the interaction between the primary vortex that
VE23 0.710 0.200 0.060 1.80 1.35 0.51 Dunes forms in front of the pier and bed sediments that move into
P1 0.699 0.160 0.070 0.83 1.78 0.56 Dunes the scour hole;
P2 0.617 0.168 0.070 0.83 1.56 0.48 Dunes • The shape of the scour hole may be approximated by the frus-
P3 0.531 0.179 0.070 0.83 1.33 0.40 Dunes tum of an inverted cone, with the angle of the frustum equal to
P4 0.466 0.190 0.070 0.83 1.15 0.34 Dunes the angle of repose of the bed sediment, Φ. In addition, the shape
Note: Dp = pier diameter; d50 = median size of bed material; h = flow of the scour hole is assumed unchanged with time throughout
depth; K = Kothyari (1992b); KA = Kothyari (1989); L = Lauchlan the development of the scour hole;
(1999); P = present study; V = mean velocity; V c = flow critical • The volumetric scour rate at the pier is assumed to be the net
velocity for sediment incipient motion; VE = Verstappen (1978). difference between the rate of sediment transport into the scour

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Fig. 4. Schematic diagram of scour hole around a pier featuring with dune migration

hole driven by the approach flow and that out of the scour hole At ¼ 0.25πD2v þ 0.5d2st = tan Φ ð3Þ
caused by the local vortex system; and
• No significant long-term bed degradation occurs on the channel where Dv = diameter of the primary vortex = 0.28hðDp in =hÞ0.85 ,
bottom. which Dp = diameter of the pier; h = undisturbed water depth; Φ =
angle of repose of sediment; and dst = instantaneous scour depth.
As the shear stress decreases with the increase in cross-sectional
Model Formulation area of the primary vortex, the instantaneous shear velocity may
be determined as follows:
Fig. 4 shows a schematic diagram of the scour hole around a pier
accompanied with dune migration. Shen et al. (1969) stated that the u
t ¼ 3.3u
ð0.25πD2v =At ÞC ð4Þ
volumetric erosion rate at any time, Qst , may be expressed as
where C = constant = 0.29.
Qst ¼ Qs;out − Qs;in ð1Þ Since erosion is an ongoing process and the concomitant scour
depth in front of the pier is cumulative, the volumetric scour rate qvt
Mia and Nago (2003) adopted the sediment-transport equation of the scour hole per unit movable width after n time steps at any
by Yalin (1977) to account for the volumetric scour rate under time, t (¼ nΔt and Δt ¼ 1 s is the unit time step in the calculation)
clear-water conditions (i.e., Qst ¼ Qs;out ) may be summed up as
  X
n
qst 1 qvt ¼ qst ðiÞ ð5Þ
¼ kSt 1 − lnð1 þ aSt Þ ð2Þ
d50 u
t aSt i¼0

where qst = volumetric sediment-transport rate per unit movable where i = time step index. Assuming that the shape of scour hole
width; u
t = shear velocity at any instant t; k = an empirically fitted remains unchanged throughout the scouring process (i.e., the shape
constant with an average value of 1.80; and St = nondimensional of the frustum of an inverted cone), the scour depth dst may then be
estimated as
tractive force excess = ðu
t =u
c Þ2 p
− ffiffiffiffiffi
1, where u
c = critical shear
sffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
 n 
velocity. The parameter a ¼ 2.45½ ψc =ðρs =ρÞ0.4 , in which ψc =
6 tan Φ X 9D2p tan2 Φ 3Dp tan Φ
Shields parameter = u2
c =f½ðρs =ρÞ − 1gd50 g; and ρs and ρ = mass dst jclear water ¼ qst ðiÞ þ −
densities of sediment and water, respectively. π i¼0
16 4
Fig. 5 compares the primary vortex that forms in front of the pier ð6Þ
with and without the scour hole. Once the scour hole is formed, the
vortex stretches and extends its cross-sectional area At ; its magni- Eq. (6) is the instantaneous scour depth under clear-water
tude at any given time t may be expressed as conditions.

h h

(a) (b)

Fig. 5. Primary vortex: (a) without scour hole; (b) with scour hole

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J. Hydraul. Eng., 2017, 143(4): 04016098

 Although many prediction equations for local scour depth have this study, which vary from 0.71–1.8 mm, are within the range of
been proposed over the past few decades, inclusion of bed features 0.18–2.28 mm in Kondap and Garde (1973) and 0.19–3.6 mm in
such as sand-dune migration into the equations for the evolution of van Rijn (1984a, b). If the particle size is not in the same range,
pier scour depth under live-bed conditions is still rare. This study more experimental data are required to test the applicability of
adopts the bed-load equation by Simons et al. (1965) to evaluate the the proposed semiempirical model.
transport rate of sediment, which includes the presence of migrating Together with Eq. (5), the net sediment-transport rate qbT and
sand dunes entering the frontal (upstream) edge of a scour hole. If the corresponding instantaneous scour depth dst under live-bed
the sand dunes are further assumed to be triangular in shape, the conditions are obtained as follows:
bed-load transport rate (volume per unit movable width per unit X n 
time), qbv may be expressed as qbT ¼ qst ðiÞ − qbv ðtÞ ð12Þ
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qbv ¼ 0.5ð1 − λp ÞCs Δ ð7Þ i¼0

where Cs and Δ = dune celerity and amplitude (height), respec- sffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi

tively; and λp = porosity of bed material. In general, Cs is only 6 tan Φ 9D2p tan2 Φ 3Dp tan Φ
dst jlive-bed ¼ qbT þ − ð13Þ
a small fraction of the mean approach velocity V. For sediment size π 16 4
ranging from 0.18–2.28 mm, it has a negligible effect on Cs
(Kondap and Garde 1973). Consequently, the dune migration celer-
ity Cs, whichpisffiffiffiffiffiassumed to be a function of the flow Froude num- Determination of k , γB , and C w
ber F (¼ V= gh) only, may be computed by using the following
empirical equation proposed by Kondap and Garde (1973) In the present model, three parameters need to be determined
or calibrated by using the experimental data. They are (1) the
Cs
¼ 0.021F3 ð8Þ sediment-transport coefficient k in Eq. (2); (2) the coefficient γ B
V that is attributed to the dune height around the pier in Eq. (10);
and (3) the coefficient Cw , which accounts for the dune period
On the other hand, the dune height Δ is affected by the sediment
in Eq. (10). This section describes the procedures to determine val-
particle size, and may be calculated by using the empirical relation
ues of these three parameters in the model.
proposed by van Rijn (1984a)
Mia and Nago (2003) had determined an average value 1.8 for k
 0.3
Δ d by curve-fitting their experimental data under clear-water scour
¼ 0.11 50 ð1 − e−0.5T Þð25 − TÞ ð9Þ conditions. Since the behaviors of sediment transport under differ-
h h
ent scouring conditions are different, using this value in live-bed
where T ¼ ½ðu
0 Þ2 − ðu
c Þ2 =ðu
c Þ2 is a transport-stage parameter; scour conditions likely is erroneous. Ettema et al. (1998) have
u
0 = shear velocity by skin friction; and u
and u
c = shear velocity shown that the flow gradient around a pier is a dominant factor
and its critical value, respectively. In this study, the shear velocity in affecting local scour on the channel bottom. This flow-gradient
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
u
0 was calculated using the formulas proposed by van Rijn (1984a), effect is found to be related to F2Dp , where FDp ¼ ðV= gDp Þ is a
in which u
0 ¼ g0.5 V=C 0 ¼ g0.5 V=f18 log½12Rb =ð3d90 Þg, where Froude number based on the pier diameter. Fig. 6 shows the
V = approach mean velocity; C 0 = Chézy-coefficient related to dependency of k on FDp by using the data in Table 1. It can be
grain roughness; Rb = hydraulic radius for the river bed; and seen that a functional relationship may be fitted to a polynomial
d90 = diameter of the sediment particle of which 90% of the sedi- of FDp
ment in a sample are finer. The critical shear velocity u
c was com-
puted using the Shields diagram in van Rijn (1984a) with the
1.0
dimensionless particle parameter, D
¼ d50 ½ðρs =ρ − 1Þg=v2 1=3 , h (m) Dp(m) d50 (mm)
where ν = kinematic viscosity. Lauchlan (1999) 0.6 0.2 0.95
Kothyari (1992b) 0.11 0.065 0.71
When considering the translation of sand dunes, the sediment- 0.075 0.065 0.71
transport rate into the scour hole is assumed analogous to the 0.8 Kothyari (1989) 0.2 0.1 3.0
0.35 0.15 3.0
propagation of waves in that its magnitude at any instant t may 0.2 0.15 1.5
be expressed as 0.35 0.15 1.5
   0.35 0.1 1.5
2π Verstappen(1978) 0.20 0.06 1.8
qbv ðtÞ ¼ qbv 1 þ γ B sin t ð10Þ 0.6 Present study 0.16 0.07
0.168 0.07
0.83
0.83
Cw T D
0.179 0.07 0.83
k

0.19 0.07 0.83

where qbv = bed-load transport rate at the upstream edge of the
scour hole, which may be estimated by using Eqs. (7)–(9); γ B = 0.4
amplitude of the fluctuation of qbv , which is attributed to the dune
height affected by the vortex system around the pier; Cw = coef-
ficient used to account for the dune period in the presence of a pier,
and can be calibrated by using the experimental data; and T D = 0.2 k =1.254FDp2 - 0.272FDp
period of dune migration, which is defined as the time needed
for two successive dune crests to pass a given location. Assuming
that the geometry of a sand dune remains unchanged with time, T D
is then calculated as 0.0
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
T D ¼ λ=Cs ð11Þ FDp=V/(gDp)0.5
where λ ¼ dune length ¼ 7.3h (van Rijn 1984b). Eqs. (8) and (9)
Fig. 6. Coefficient of k as a function of FDp
are appropriate for use here because the sediment particle sizes in

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J. Hydraul. Eng., 2017, 143(4): 04016098

 3.0 3.0
h (m) Dp(m) d50 (mm) h (m) Dp(m) d50 (mm)
Lauchlan (1999) 0.6 0.2 0.95 Lauchlan (1999) 0.6 0.2 0.95
Kothyari (1992b) 0.11 0.065 0.71 Kothyari (1992b) 0.11 0.065 0.71
0.075 0.065 0.71 0.075 0.065 0.71
Kothyari (1989) 0.2 0.1 3.0 Kothyari (1989) 0.2 0.1 3.0
0.35 0.15 3.0 0.35 0.15 3.0
0.2 0.15 1.5 0.2 0.15 1.5
0.35 0.15 1.5 0.35 0.15 1.5
2.0 0.35 0.1 1.5 2.0 0.35 0.1 1.5
Verstappen(1978) 0.20 0.06 1.8 Verstappen(1978) 0.20 0.06 1.8
Present study 0.16 0.07 0.83 Present study 0.16 0.07 0.83
0.168 0.07 0.83 0.168 0.07 0.83
0.179 0.07 0.83

CW
0.179 0.07 0.83
B
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0.19 0.07 0.83 0.19 0.07 0.83

1.0 1.0

B = 0.0728(F-Fc)-0.968

Cw =0.01147F-4.267

0.0 0.0
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
F-Fc F=V/(gh) 0.5

Fig. 7. Coefficient of γ B as a function of F − Fc Fig. 8. Coefficient of Cw as a function of F

k ¼ 1.245F2Dp − 0.272FDp ð14Þ Results and Discussion

with R2 ¼ 0.94, which indicates that Eq. (14) agreed well with the
experimental data.
According to Simons et al. (1965), an initially flat sand bed may
evolve into different bed features (or bed forms), depending on the
flow intensity under subcritical flow conditions, in the order from
ripples, dunes, transition, and plane bed. Furthermore, the height of
ripples and dunes increases with flow intensities. However, when
the flow Froude number (or flow intensity) increases, the larger
flow intensity wipes out the bed form, resulting in a decrease of
the bed form height (Simons and Richardson 1961). The parameter,
γ B in Eq. (10), which plays the role as a modifier to the wave-
function-like sediment-transport rate, accounts for the height of
the propagating sand dunes before they arrive at the scour hole.
Its values plotted as a function of the flow Froude number,
F are shown in Fig. 7, revealing a decreasing trendpwith
ffiffiffiffiffi increasing
Froude number excess, F − Fc , where Fc (¼ V c = gh) is the criti-
cal Froude number. For the bed features (dunes) that are present in
all the tests cited in this paper (Table 1), the data in Fig. 7 clearly
shows that γ B expectedly decreases when F − Fc increases because
the dune height reduces. Fitting the experimental data yields the
following empirical equation with R2 ¼ 0.91
γ B ¼ 0.0728ðF − Fc Þ−0.968
As shown in Fig. 1(d), the lower flow velocity in the pier-wake
area retards the propagation of the sand dunes to create a spatial lag
in the plan shape between the midsection and the rest of the dune.
The coefficient Cw accounts for the change of the sediment supply
period as the sand dunes propagate past the scour hole; its values
plotted as a function of F are shown in Fig. 8. The data show that
Cw reduces exponentially with F, and a regression equation can be
obtained as follows:
Cw ¼ 0.01147F−4.267
where R2 ¼ 0.9.
Using the model developed and the three parameters obtained in
this paper, the temporal variations of pier-scour depth under
live-bed conditions with dune migration can be evaluated. To this
end, Figs. 9–12 compare the so-computed temporal variations of
local scour depth with three sets of experimental data, namely Tests
K1 and K2 (Kothyari et al. 1992b), VE23 (Verstappen 1978), and
P1 (present study). The results associated with the other tests gen-
erally are similar. The variation of the normalized instantaneous
scour depth dst =Dp is plotted against time for each case. The com-
puted shear velocity and sediment-transport rate attributed to sand-
dune migration also are superimposed in the figures. The results
show that the scour depth calculated using the present model agrees
reasonably well with the experimental data, except for some larger
discrepancies at the early stage of the tests, during which the scour
depth increases rapidly. It appears that the present model is unable
to replicate the scour hole development at this initial stage of scour-
ing. Nevertheless, these differences gradually diminish with time.
The figures also show that variations of the scour depth in front of
the pier clearly are out of phase with the wave-like sediment-
transport rate associated with dune migrations. The time lag is
about half the period of the sediment-transport rate (and shear
velocity), which indicates that a small scour depth expectedly forms
ð15Þ when the crest of the wave function (dune) reaches the pier. The
relationship between the size of the scour hole and propagation
of the sand dune, which effected a scour depth reduction with
an increase in sediment-transport rate, was discussed earlier in this
paper.
The results also show that scouring eventually reaches a dy-
namic equilibrium state, during which the scour depth fluctuates
about a mean value (after 4,000 s in Fig. 12). Although the com-
puted mean scour depth is very similar to the measured value, it is
evident that the computed fluctuation period of the former is longer
than that of the latter. In this study, a unique relationship between
ð16Þ the bed features (as the input) and corresponding scour depth
(as the output) is attempted. The result shows that the frequency
of the fluctuation of the computed scour depth is similar to that

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J. Hydraul. Eng., 2017, 143(4): 04016098

 3.00 8.0 0.0003
Data of Kothyari et al.(1992b), K1 V = 0.70 m/s
Calculated scour depth h = 0.11 m 7.0
Dp = 0.065 m
Calculated shear velocity

Sediment transport rate of

d50 = 0.71mm
6.0

dune migration (m3/s/m)

Calculated sediment transport rate
V/Vc = 2.00
of dune migration
2.00 0.0002
5.0

u*t /u*c
dst/Dp
4.0

3.0
1.00 0.0001
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2.0

1.0

0.00 0.0 0
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000
Time (sec)

Fig. 9. Comparison of scour depth with measured data of Kothyari et al. (1992b) (Case K1)

2.00 6.0 0.00020

Data of Kothyari et al.(1992b), K2 V = 0.57 m/s
Calculated scour depth h = 0.075 m
Dp = 0.065 m 5.0
1.60 Calculated shear velocity 0.00016

Sediment transport rate of

d50 = 0.71mm

dune migration (m3/s/m)

Calculated sediment transport rate V/Vc = 1.74
of dune migration
4.0
1.20 0.00012

u*t /u*c
dst/Dp

3.0
0.80 0.00008
2.0

0.40 0.00004
1.0

0.00 0.0 0.00000

0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000
Time (sec)

Fig. 10. Comparison of scour depth with measured data of Kothyari et al. (1992b) (Case K2)

3.00 4.0 0.00020

Data of Verstappen (1978), VE23 V = 0.71 m/s
Calculated scour depth h = 0.2 m
Dp = 0.06 m
Calculated shear velocity d50 = 1.8mm 0.00016
Sediment transport rate of

3.0
dune migration (m3/s/m)

Calculated sediment transport rate V/Vc = 1.35

of dune migration
2.00
0.00012
u*t /u*c
dst/Dp

2.0
0.00008
1.00
1.0
0.00004

0.00 0.0 0.00000

0 1000 2000 3000
Time (sec)

Fig. 11. Comparison of scour depth with measured data of Verstappen (1978) (Case VE23)

of the sediment-transport rate related to sand-dune migration,
with the presence of a phase lag in the variation. Although Melville
(1984) has surmised that the fluctuation about the time-average
scour depth is related to the wavelength of the bed features,
Ballio et al. (2010) opined that their periodicities do not always
correspond to each other. Moreover, as pointed out by Chiew
(1984), sediment avalanches into the scour hole from the upstream
edge of the scour hole is not in the form of a continuous supply but
rather through impulsive lumps. Adding either a deterministic or
stochastic process to account for the avalanches as sediment input

© ASCE 04016098-8 J. Hydraul. Eng.

J. Hydraul. Eng., 2017, 143(4): 04016098

 3.00 8.0 0.0003
Data of present study No.1 V = 0.699 m/s
Calculated scour depth h = 0.16 m 7.0
Dp = 0.07 m
Calculated shear velocity

Sediment transport rate of

d50 = 0.83mm
6.0

dune migration (m3/s/m)

Calculated sediment transport rate
V/Vc = 1.78
of dune migration
2.00 0.0002
5.0

u*t /u*c
dst/Dp
4.0

3.0
1.00 0.0001
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2.0

1.0

0.00 0.0 0
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000
Time (sec)

Fig. 12. Comparison of scour depth with Case P1 (present study)

to the scour hole will improve this deficiency, although this is not feature for this data point is dune with V=V c ¼ 4.29. However,
attempted in the present study. the prediction for the rest of their data is not so well. A careful
The computed time-average scour depth under live-bed condi- examination of those data reveals that the bed features for four
tions is further compared with the results of Shen et al. (1966), of the data points are ripple while the rest are dune. The prediction
Jain and Fischer (1979), Sheppard and Miller (2006), and Melville with the latter generally is better than that with the former. The
(1984). Fig. 13 compares the computed results with the experimen- deficiency of the proposed model when applied to a ripple bed
tal data of the first three aforementioned studies, in which the solid is not surprising because it primarily is developed based on the
45° line denotes the perfect agreement and the two dashed lines effect of dune migration under live-bed conditions.
represent the 25% error margin. Based on the method proposed Fig. 14 shows the comparison of the computed results with the
by van Rijn (1984b) for the classification of bed forms, each data experimental data of Melville (1984). Similar results can be seen in
point was marked with its expected bed feature in the figure. The that the computed time-average scour depth using the proposed
figures show that the computed results relating to the data of Jain model agrees well with the measured data for cases with propagat-
and Fischer (1979) and Sheppard and Miller (2006) generally fall ing sand dunes. Underestimation occurs for cases with the finer bed
within the 25% error range although the data associated with sediments (d50 < 0.7 mm), where the bed features are primarily rip-
Shen et al. (1966) generally do not. For the data of Shen et al. ples. Since the present study only considered the effect of sand
(1966), only one falls within the 25% error range and the bed dune migration, larger discrepancies for the finer sediment can

3
+25%
t

Dp
en

d50 h V/Vc
em

(m) (mm) (m)

3
re

0.152 0.24 0.12 1.12-4.29 +25%

t
en
Dp
ag

Shen et al. d50 h V/Vc

em
(1966) d (m) (mm) (m)
ct

0.152 0.24 0.15 1.39-3.57 d t

rfe

re
0.051 0.38 0.10

ag
1.27-2.83
pe

Jain and 0.051 0.25 0.102 3.12

ct
of

Fischer (1979)
0.102 0.25 0.102 2.09-4.21 d
0.080 0.38 0.10 1.73-3.50

rfe
ne

d t

pe
Melville
Li

Sheppard and 0.152 0.84 0.38 1.42-3.34

(1984) 0.102 0.38 0.10 2.81-3.50

of
Miller (2006) d
0.152 0.27 0.43 2.21-3.93 Fine
sediments
0.051 0.24 0.10 1.50-3.85 ne
Li
d
-25%
2 d 0.080 0.24 0.10 1.41-3.87 d t
Computed, dse /Dp

0.102 0.24 0.10 1.40-3.83

-25%
2
Computed, dse /Dp

d
d
Bed features d t
r = ripples
d = dunes
d t = transition
d
d d
d d
1 d

d d 1
d

d
r r r d
r Bed features Dp d50
r r h V/Vc
r = ripples (m) (mm) (m)
r
r d = dunes 0.051 0.80 0.10 1.93-3.45
Melville
t = transition (1984)
Coarse 0.080 0.80 0.10 1.93-3.45
0 sediments 0.102 0.80 0.10 1.93-3.45
0 1 2 3 0

Measured, dse /Dp 0 1 2 3

Measured, dse /Dp
Fig. 13. Comparison between measured (Shen et al. 1966; Jain and
Fischer 1979; Sheppard and Miller 2006) and computed equilibrium Fig. 14. Comparison between measured (Melville 1984) and computed
scour depths equilibrium scour depths

© ASCE 04016098-9 J. Hydraul. Eng.

J. Hydraul. Eng., 2017, 143(4): 04016098

 be expected because the height of ripples generally does not vary
the way dune heights do. The data related to the coarser bed sedi-
ment compare much better (Fig. 14).
Conclusions
This study is limited to the scouring process at cylindrical piers
with uniform bed material, including sand and gravel, under steady
live-bed scour conditions. The temporal variation of local scour
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depth is evaluated to include the effect of sand-dune migration past
the scour hole. The following conclusions are drawn from the
results of the study:
• The local scouring process around a bridge pier is closely re-
lated to the interplay between the vortical motion induced by
the pier and the sediment transport into the scour hole from
the upstream reach;
• Under live-bed scour conditions, the geometry of a sand dune
and its migration rate are affected by the presence of the scour
hole. The rate of sediment transport associated with dune migra-
tion is not constant with time;
• The three parameters in the proposed model to account for the
sediment-transport rate, dune height, and period at the pier are
calibrated by using published experimental data; and
• The computed temporal variation of local scour depth under
live-bed scour conditions using the proposed model is in reason-
able agreement with the measurements reported by different
investigators.
Acknowledgments
The financial support from the Ministry of Science and Technol-
ogy, Taiwan, under Grant MOST 103-2221-E-492-034 is highly
appreciated. The authors also wish to thank Mr. Chao-Chieh Yang
for conducting some of the experiments in this study.
Notation
The following symbols are used in this paper:
At = total cross-sectional area of primary vortex (L2 );
a = parameter (—);
C = coefficient (—);
Cs = dune celerity (—);
Cw = coefficient (—);
C 0 = Chézy-coefficient (—);
Dp = pier diameter (L);
Dv = diameter of primary vortex (L);
D
= dimensionless particle parameter (—);
db = scour depth caused by bed form (L);
dp = scour depth caused by pier (L);
dst = temporal variation of scour depth caused by pier (L);
d50 = median grain size (L);
d90 = diameter of the sediment particle that 90% of the
sediment in a sample are finer (L);
F = Froude number (—);
Fc = critical Froude number (—);
FDp = Froude number based on the pier diameter (—);
g = acceleration due to gravity (L=T2 );
h = approach flow depth (L);
i = time step index (—);
k = coefficient (—);
n = time steps (—);
© ASCE 04016098-10
J. Hydraul. Eng., 2017, 143(4): 04016098
Qs;in = volumetric rate of sediment entering the scouring zone
from upstream of the pier (L3 =T);
Qs;out = volumetric rate of sediment eroded from the scour hole
(L3 =T);
qbv = bed-load transport rate (L2 =T=L);
qbT = net sediment-transport rate at scour hole (L2 =T=L);
qst = volumetric sediment-transport rate per unit movable
width (L2 =T=L);
qvt = volumetric scour rate per unit movable width after n time
steps at any time t (L2 =T=L);
Rb = hydraulic radius for the river bed (L);
St = nondimensional tractive force excess (—);
T = transport-stage parameter (—);
T D = dune period (T);
t = time (T);
u
= shear velocity (L=T);
u
c = critical shear velocity (L=T);
u
t = shear velocity at any instant (L=T);
u
0 = skin (grain) shear velocity (L=T);
V = approach mean velocity (L=T);
V c = critical mean velocity (L=T);
γ B = coefficient (—);
Δ = dune amplitude (height) (L);
λp = porosity of sediment (—);
ν = kinematic viscosity (L2 =T)
ρ = density of water (M=L3 );
ρs = density of sediment (M=L3 );
σg = geometric standard deviation of sediments (—);
Φ = angle of repose of sediment (—); and
ψc = Shields parameter (—).
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