Laboratory Exercises in Pharmaceutical Inorganic Chemistry (with Qualitative Analysis)

Exercise No. 1
COMMON LABORATORY APPARATUS

I. Intended Learning Outcomes:

At the end of the exercise, the students should be able to:
1. Identify the common apparatus used in the laboratory.
2. Recognize the use/s of laboratory apparatus.

II. Discussion:

Laboratory apparatus are devices used in performing experiments. Knowing the

details of the common laboratory apparatuses and their proper use will help ensure
safe and effective laboratory practices while performing exercises.

Laboratory glass apparatus used under volumetric analysis are classified into 2
types: those that are made to deliver a definite volume like the burets and pipets and
those that are made to contain a definite volume of liquid like the Erlenmeyer flask,
beaker, and volumetric flask.

In cleaning the glassware, a warm cleaning solution such as sodium dichromate in

sulfuric acid, a solution of trisodium phosphate, or a solution of synthetic detergent is
the best cleansing agent to use. Hot solutions or lukewarm water should be avoided
when cleaning accurately calibrated apparatus because of the possible production of
a permanent change in the volume caused by the heat and known as thermal after
effect. Clean the glass apparatus with soap solution and cleaning mixture and rinse
well with distilled water. Avoid using solid soap because they contain binder and chalk
that might adhere on the walls of the apparatus.

III. Materials
Samples of different laboratory apparatus

IV. Procedure:
1. Each group will be given different sets of apparatus to complete the list of
apparatus in the worksheet.
2. Allow each member of the group to identify, describe and give the use of these
laboratory apparatus.
3. Take pictures of the apparatus assigned in all groups.
4. Tabulate your answers on the worksheet provided.

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Laboratory Exercises in Pharmaceutical Inorganic Chemistry (with Qualitative Analysis)

Name of Student: Basuel, Christoffe Jewel P. Date Performed: Oct 28

Group No.: Group 4 Yr & Sec.:BSP1A Instructor: Mary Ruth Manansala

Exercise No. 1
LABORATORY APPARATUS

Data Sheet:

Name of Apparatus Function Draw

Beakers can be used
to retain liquid or solid
samples or as a
container for reactions.
They are also used to
collect filtrates from
BEAKER filtering processes as
well as liquids from
titrations. Heat comes
from the lab burners.
Burets are used to add
a certain amount of
liquid.
Liquids are contained
in Erlenmeyer flasks,
which are also used for
mixing, heating,
chilling, incubating,
filtering, storing, and
other liquid-handling
ERLENMEYER
procedures. For
FLASK titrations and boiling
liquids, their sloped
sides and small necks
make it possible to
whirl the contents
without worrying about
spills.
An item of laboratory
glassware known as a
Florence flask or
boiling flask is named
after the city of
FLORENCE FLASK Florence. It serves as
a vessel for keeping
liquids. A Florence
flask features a long

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Laboratory Exercises in Pharmaceutical Inorganic Chemistry (with Qualitative Analysis)

neck, a flat bottom,

and a circular body.

A test tube, often

referred to as a culture
tube or sample tube, is
a typical item of lab
glassware that is made
up of a finger-like
TEST TUBES length of clear plastic
or glass tubing that is
open at the top and
closed at the bottom.
Usually, test tubes are
stored on dedicated
racks.
Crucible tongs are
frequently used in
science lab equipment
or industrial equipment
to handle hot crucibles,
evaporating dishes,
CRUCIBLE TONG flasks, small beakers,
or other things with a
high temperature or
that contain potentially
hazardous ingredients
that cannot be touched
with bare hands.
Test tube racks are
pieces of scientific
equipment used to
keep many test tubes
upright at once. They
are most frequently
employed when
several distinct
TEST TUBE RACK solutions must be
utilized simultaneously,
for safety reasons, for
the secure storage of
test tubes, and to
facilitate the
transportation of
several tubes.

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A watch glass is a
spherical piece of
glass with a concave
surface that is used in
chemistry as a surface
to evaporate liquids, to
hold solids while being
weighed, to heat a
small amount of
substance, and as a
beaker cover. A
clockglass is a term
WATCH GLASS used to describe a
bigger watchglass. The
watch glass does not
entirely seal the
beaker in the latter
use, thus gas
exchanges still take
place. This use is
typically used to
prevent dust or other
particles from entering
the beaker.
When chemical
compounds are heated
to extremely high
temperatures, they are
contained in crucibles,
which are cup-shaped
pieces of lab
CRUCIBLE equipment. Typically,
porcelain or an inert
metal is used for the
container. Crucibles
were made with
platinum as one of its
early applications.
As tools for filtering,
filling, decanting, or
moving liquids or
powders from one
vessel to another,
funnels and filtration
FUNNEL products are common
in laboratories. Glass,
plastic (usually HDPE),
or on sometimes metal
are the materials used

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Laboratory Exercises in Pharmaceutical Inorganic Chemistry (with Qualitative Analysis)

to make laboratory
funnels.

The volume of a liquid

is typically measured
in a laboratory with a
graduated cylinder,
commonly referred to
as a measuring
GRADUATED cylinder or mixing
CYLINDER cylinder. It is narrowly
cylindrical in form. The
amount of liquid that
has been measured is
shown by each marked
line on the graduated
cylinder.
A volumetric flask,
measuring flask, or
graded flask is a type
of laboratory flask that
is calibrated to contain
an exact particular
VOLUMETRIC volume at a specific
FLASK temperature. For
precise dilutions,
solution production,
and other liquid needs
throughout laboratory
operations, volumetric
flasks are used.
An eye dropper, also
known as a Pasteur
pipette or just a
dropper, is a tool for
transferring tiny
amounts of liquid.
They are employed for
DROPPERS dispensing small
quantities of liquid
medications as well as
in laboratories.
Dispensing eye drops
into the eye was a
highly popular use.

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A pipette is a
laboratory tool used to
transfer or measure
MEASURING out small amounts of
PIPETTE liquid in milliliter (mL)
or microliter (L)
volumes.
For a certain volume,
volumetric pipettes are
created to be
extremely accurate.
They may be applied
VOLUMETRIC to move that amount of
PIPETTE liquid for use in dilution
or solution creation.

A laboratory tool used

in quantitative
chemical analysis to
quantify the volume of
a liquid or a gas is the
BURET burette, also spelled
buret. A stopcock
(turning plug, spigot, or
graduated glass tube)
is attached to one end
of the device.
In chemistry labs, an
iron ring, also known
as an iron support ring,
is used to support and
maintain flasks
IRON RING mounted on ring
stands and to stabilize
them over the work
area. Some iron rings
come with a clamp as
well.

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Laboratory Exercises in Pharmaceutical Inorganic Chemistry (with Qualitative Analysis)

Your burettes,
beakers, and flasks
are supported by utility
clamps. Your sample
containers are
IRON CLAMP stabilized, reducing the
risk of breakage and
sample loss.

Iron stands can be

used as a substitute
for the funnel stand
when mounting and
supporting various
instruments. A normal
and alcohol burner is
one of the most widely
IRON STAND used instruments in
the experiment. These
instruments are
typically employed in
experimental
implementation such
as filtering and
heating.
Forceps are
nonlocking gripping
tools that supplement
the instrument in the
operating hand by
FORCEPS acting as an extension
of the opposite thumb
and finger. To grab,
retract, or stabilize
tissue is their main
goal.
Dry chemical
substances are moved
around and distributed
using spatulas.
Because they make it
possible to gather
SPATULA extremely little
amounts of the
chemical at a time,
spatulas are most
frequently employed
for weighing out

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chemicals on a
balance.

An instrument known
as a thermometer is
used to measure
temperature or a
temperature gradient.
A thermometer
consists of two key
THERMOMETER components: a
temperature sensor
that changes in
response to changes
in temperature and a
way to translate these
changes into a
numerical value.
An ambient air gas
burner known as a
"Bunsen burner,"
which bears Robert
Bunsen's name, is a
common piece of lab
equipment used for
BUNSEN BURNER heating, sterilizing, and
burning gases. The
gas may be natural
gas, liquefied
petroleum gases like
propane or butane, or
a combination of
these.
The mass of various
things is measured
using a laboratory
BALANCE balance. There are
(Analytical balance, several different types
of balances, each with
double beam
a different range of
balance, triple beam accuracy. The
balance, Top loading analytical and
balance) centigram (0.00)
balances are two
popular types of
balances (0.0000).

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Most modern
laboratories include
these single-pan
balances.

Cleaning test tubes is

done with test tube
brushes. Hog bristles
and a wire body give
these brushes their
TEST TUBE BRUSH exceptional durability.

A sheet of thin metal

with patterns
resembling nets is
called wire gauze or
wire mesh. To support
the beakers, flasks, or
other glassware while
WIRE GAUZE it is being heated, wire
gauze is either
positioned on a tripod
or on the support ring
that is attached to the
retort stand between
the Bunsen burner and
the glassware.
A piece of lab
equipment called a
pipeclay triangle is
used to hold a crucible
that is being heated by
a Bunsen burner or
another heat source. It
is constructed from
CLAY TRIANGLE wires arranged in an
equilateral triangle on
which are suspended
hollow ceramic tubes,
typically made of fire
clay. A tripod or iron
ring is typically used to
support the triangle.

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A piece of glassware
used in laboratories
called an evaporating
dish is used to
EVAPORATING DISH evaporate solutions
and supernatant
liquids, sometimes to
the point of melting.
Reagent bottles are
containers consisting
of glass, plastic,
borosilicate, or
comparable materials
with specialized caps
or stoppers on top.
They are also known
REAGENT BOTTLE as media bottles or
graded bottles. They
are designed to hold
chemicals for
laboratories in liquid or
powder form, where
they will be housed in
cabinets or on shelves.
Test tubes are kept in
a test tube holder.
When a test tube is hot
or shouldn't be
TEST TUBE touched, it is utilized to
HOLDER hold the tube in place.
For instance, a test
tube can be held in a
test tube holder while
being heated.
A three-legged
structure called a
laboratory tripod is
used to hold flasks and
beakers. Tripods are
typically lightweight
and composed of
TRIPOD stainless steel or
aluminum for effective
transportation inside
the lab. To provide a
flat basis for
glassware, the tripod is
frequently covered with
a wire gauze.

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A glass stirring rod,

sometimes known as a
glass rod, a stirring
rod, or simply a stir
rod, is a piece of
scientific apparatus
used to combine
chemicals and liquids
STIRRING ROD for testing reasons.
Typically, they are
constructed of solid
glass, about the same
thickness and length
as a drinking straw,
and have rounded
ends.
The optical or
compound
microscope, often
known as a light
microscope, is a type
of microscope that
typically makes
COMPOUND magnified images of
MICROSCOPE small objects using
visible light and a set
of lenses.

To break up solid
chemicals into smaller
pieces or to grind
materials into fine
powder, use chemistry
sets with a mortar and
pestle. This makes
MORTAR AND
dissolving solids in
PESTLE liquids simpler (when
making solutions). Two
parts make up a
mortar and pestle
chemistry set. The
club-shaped pestle is
used to crush things.

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In a science lab,
alcohol lamps are used
for heating,
combustion, and
ALCOHOL LAMP sterilizing.

An eductor-jet pump,
or filter pump, is
another name for an
aspirator. This
particular apparatus
makes use of the
venturi effect to create
ASPIRATOR a vacuum. A fluid
(either liquid or
gaseous) goes through
a tube that is getting
smaller in an aspirator.
As the tube gets
smaller, the fluid may
move more quickly.
In a distillation setup,
the vacuum adaptor is
used to direct the
distilled liquid into the
receiving flask. It
ADAPTER attaches to the lower
end of the condenser.
(for distillation)
It is utilized
interchangeably with a
bent adaptor in the
organic labs.

In liquid-liquid
extractions, a
separatory funnel—
also called a
separation funnel,
SEPARATORY separating funnel, or
FUNNEL just a separator
funnel—is a piece of
laboratory glassware
used to divide a
mixture's components
into two immiscible

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solvent phases with

various densities.

Condensers for lab

glassware are devices
for cooling hot vapors
produced by boiling or
heated liquids.
CONDENSER Condensers come in a
wide range of
variations; they can be
separated by size,
application type, and
cooling technique.
Laboratory flasks used
for the separation
and/or purification of
liquids or liquid
mixtures when the
DISTILLING FLASK components have
different boiling points
are referred to as
distilling flasks,
sometimes known as
distillation flasks.
Fermentation tubes
come in graduated or
ungraduated forms,
with or without a foot,
and are used to verify
FERMENTATION
gas production in
TUBE fermentation
exercises. Gas created
by yeast or other
organisms rises into
the evolution tube.

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A Petri dish is a small,

transparent plate with
a lid that biologists use
to hold culture media
for cells, initially cells
of bacteria, fungus,
and small mosses. The
PETRI DISH container bears the
name of Julius Richard
Petri, a German
bacteriologist who
created it. The most
typical variety of
culture plate is this
one.
A pycnometer enables
non-destructive
measurement of the
volume and density of
solid objects. The latter
is achieved by using,
for liquid and gas
PYCNOMETER pycnometers,
respectively, Boyle's
law of volume-
pressure correlations
and Archimedes'
principle of fluid
displacement.

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Laboratory Exercises in Pharmaceutical Inorganic Chemistry (with Qualitative Analysis)

V. Questions:
1. What laboratory glasswares are used to contain liquids?
● Beaker
● Erlenmeyer Flask
● Florence Flask
● Test Tube
● Graduated Cylinder
● Volumetric Flask
● Dropper

2. Enumerate the laboratory glasswares that (1) accurately measure and (2)
approximately measure solids and liquids.

● Volumetric Flask
● Graduated Cylinder
● Buret
● Pipette
● Erlenmeyer Flask
● Beaker
● Analytical Balance
● Thermometer
● Florence Flask
Approximate measure:
● Dropper
● Top Loading Balance
● Triple Beam Balance
● Pycnometer

3. How are these laboratory glasswares properly cleaned and maintained?

● Cleaning: Wash glassware as soon as possible using soaps and other similar
reagents. Dry test tubes, culture tubes, flasks and other glassware by hanging
them on wooden pegs or placing them in baskets with their mouths downward

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Laboratory Exercises in Pharmaceutical Inorganic Chemistry (with Qualitative Analysis)

and allowing them to air dry.

● Storage: Store the glasswares in their specifically designed racks and away
from front edges. Make sure that the different glasswares do not touch each
other to avoid mechanical damage.

4. Give the parts and functions of a simple distillation set up.

1. Distillation Flask
● Used for separation or purification of liquids.
2. Condenser
● Used to condense vapours in the lab.
3. Collection Funnel
● Used to channel liquids or fine-grained chemicals into labware with a
narrow neck.
4. Three-way Adapter
● Used for connecting three vessels.
5. Vacuum Adapter
● It connects to the lower end of the condenser and serves to direct the
distilled liquid into receiving flask.
6. Round Buttom Flask
● Used for distillation, chemical reactions, heating liquid sample, and
storage demands.

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