VARIABLES AND EXPERIMENTAL DATA COLLECTION

KIND GOAL MANIPULATION TECHNIQUE SAMPLE TITLES

to observe and report on a certain Assessing Nurses' Attitudes Toward Death and
Descriptive phenomenon Variables are measured as they occur. Questionnaire Caring for Dying Patients in a Comprehensive
Cancer Center
Experimental Manipulation is not used Observation (Lange, M., Thom, B., Kline, N.E., 2008)
The Relationship Between Service Quality and
to determine the nature of Customer Satisfaction in the
Correlational relationship between variables Variables are measured as they occur. Questionnaire Telecommunication Industry: Evidence From
without looking into the cause
Nigeria
Experimental manipulation is not used Tests (Ojo, O., 2010)
Observation
to infer the causes of Comparison Of Personal, Social, and Academic
Ex post facto phenomenon which has already Experimental manipulation is not used Questionnaire Variables Related to University Drop-out Rate
occurred and Persistence
Groups exposed to the presumed cause are
compared with those who are not exposed (Bernanrdo, A., et al2016)
to it

Quasi- to establish cause-and-effect Experimental nanipulation may have The Impact of Smoking Bans on Smoking and
experimental relationships limited use. Tests Consumer Beahavior: Quasi-experimental
Evidence From Switzerland

Intact (i.e., established) groups are used;

individual subjects are randomly assigned (Boes, S., Marti, J., Maclean, J.C., 2014)
to the treatment and control groups.

to establish cause-and-effect
Experimental Experimental Manipulation is not used Tests Effects of Mobile Technology Use on Walking
relationships
Intact groups are not used; individual
subjects are randomly assigned to the (Perlmutter, S., et al., 2014)
treatment and control groups.
The random assignment of individual
subjects provides more conclusiveness as
to the casual relationships between the
variables.