Research Methods for MNS 1052 9/22/2021

Chapter 2

Dr: Chử Bá Quyết

Viết những điều chưa hiểu!
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 A literature review is a comprehensive summary of

previous research on a topic. The literature
review surveys scholarly articles, books, ..
 A literature review is a body of text that aims to review
the critical points of knowledge on a particular topic of
research.…(ANM, 2000)
 A literature review is an objective, concise, critical
summary of published research literature relevant to a
topic being researched in an article.

 A literature review is an evaluative report of information

found in the literature related to selected area of study.
The review describes, summarizes, evaluates & clarifies
this literature. It gives a theoretical base for the research
& helps to determine the nature of
research.…(Queensland University, 1999)

 A literature review is an account of what has been

already established or published on a particular
research topic by accredited scholars &
researchers.…(University of Toronto, 2001

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 The primary reports used in the literature may be verbal,

but in the vast majority of cases, report are written
documents.
 The types of scholarship may be empirical, theoretical,
critical/analytic, or methodological in nature. Second a
literature review seeks to describe, summarize,
evaluate, clarify &/or integrate the content of primary
reports.…(H.M. Cooper, 1988).
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 A knowledge gap is a difference that is related to

expertise, skills and know-how. It occurs when there
is a significant disparity between what an organisation
needs and the current capabilities of its staff. Skills and
knowledge gaps are one of the biggest roadblocks to
successfully attaining business goals
 https://www.researchgate.net/post/What-is-a-research-
gap-or-knowledge-gap-in-research-and-literature-Is-gap-
explored-or-constructed-How-can-gap-in-research-be-
identified

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 Review of literature is one of the most important steps in the

research process. It is an account of what is already known
about a particular phenomenon.
 The main purpose of literature review is to convey to the
readers about the work already done & the knowledge &
ideas that have been already established on a particular topic
of research.
 Literature review is a laborious task, but it is essential if the
research process is to be successful.
 Identification of a research problem & development or
refinement of research questions.
 Generation of useful research questions or projects/activities
for the discipline.
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 Orientation to what is known & not known about an area of

inquiry to ascertain what research can best contribute to
knowledge.
 Determination of any gaps or inconsistencies in a body of
knowledge.
 Discovery of unanswered questions about subjects, concepts
or problems.
 Determination of a need to replicate a prior study indifferent
study settings or different samples or size or different study
populations.
 Identification of relevant theoretical or conceptual framework
for research problems.

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 Identification or development of new or refined clinical

interventions to test through empirical research.
 Description of the strengths & weaknesses of
design/methods of inquiry & instruments used in earlier
research work.
 Development of hypothesis to be tested in a research study.
 Helps in planning the methodology of the present research
study.
 It also helps in development of research instruments.
 Identification of suitable design & data collection methods for
a research study.

 Most primary sources are found in published literature.

 The secondary sources may be used when primary

sources are not available or if researchers want external
opinions on an issue or problem or even the results of
their own research.
 Example of a Secondary Source: A literature review
on patient experiences in the ICU: Stein-Parbury, J. &
Mckinley,S. (2000) patient experiences of being in an
intensive care unit: a select literature review. American
Journal of critical care, 9:20-27.

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Types of sources:
 Encyclopedia & dictionary,
 Electronic database;
 Books;
 Journals;
 Conference papers;
 Theses;
 Research Reports;
DETERMINING THE SAMPLE SIZE
 Magazines & newspapers IN QUALITATIVE RESEARCH

BIBLIOGRAPHY

References
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1. Select a topic
2. Searching the literature

using a tool like Google Scholar

can give you a good starting point

The library also has a really great

guide that goes into detail, giving
valuable tips

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When searching literature a NB reading an abstract alone is not

valuable technique is sufficient – abstracts are made to
knowing how to skim read. ‘catch’ your eye and do not show the
full value – or lack of value – the article
Skim reading allows you to
has for your study.
quickly grasp what the article
is about, and its value.

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Develop the argument

A literature review is a little more complex than simply a

summary of your literature. Remember you need to add
in your critical thinking skills, and relate the literature to
your study – showcasing reasons why your study is
needed.
In short, it is the reasoning for your study. You are saying
“this is what has been done, this is what has been
covered and this is why my study is needed / this gap
is what my study will address“. It is meant to convince
the reader of the importance of your study.
Developing this argument requires you to also write in a
way that makes sense:
argument = Claim a (literature 1) + claim b (literature 2)
= conclusion (your study reference)

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There are
also two
different
types of
argument,
and it is
worth
using both
in your
literature
review:

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Step 4. Survey the Literature The literature survey assembles,

organizes, and analyzes the data to present the current
knowledge on the topic. The evidence is logically arranged to
produce a set of defensible conclusions about what is known
concerning the topic.
Step 5. Critique the Literature The literature critique interprets
the evidence found in the survey of literature. This evidence is
logically arranged to form the argument that justifies the thesis
statement. It analyzes how current knowledge answers the
research question.
Step 6. Write the Review Writing the review produces a
document that communicates the results of the project.
Through composing and refining, the written literature review
becomes a work that accurately conveys the research and that
the intended audience can understand. Composition requires
writing, auditing, and editing to produce a polished final
composition. The writing done in the first five steps becomes
the foundation for the finished product.
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 At this stage, researchers read articles, books & other types

of literature related to the topic of research & write a brief
critical synopsis of each review.
 After going through the reading list, researchers will have an
annotation of each source of related literature.
 Later, annotations are likely to include more references of
other work since previous readings will be available to
compare, but at this point the important goal is to get
accurate.

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 At this stage, researchers try to find common themes of

research topic & organize the literature under these themes,
subthemes, or categories.
 Here, researchers try to organize literature under themes,
which relate to each other & are arranged in a chronological
manner.
 Researchers try to establish coherence between themes &
literature discussed under theses themes.

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 Based on the knowledge gained through primary reading,

researchers have a better understanding about the research
topic & the literature related to it.
 At this stage, researchers try to discover specific literature
materials relevant to the field of study or research
methodologies which are more relevant for their research.
 They look for more literature by those authors, on those
methodologies, etc.
 Also, the researchers may be able to set aside some less
relevant areas or articles which they pursued initially.
 They integrate the new readings into their literature review
draft, reorganize themes, & read more as.

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 At this stage, researchers start writing the literature under each

thematic section by using previously collected draft of annotations.
 Here they organize the related articles under each theme by ensuring
that every article is related to each other.
 Furthermore, related articles may be grouped together by ensuring the
coherence between different segments of the literature abstracts.
 For each thematic sections, draft annotations are used (it is a good
idea to reread the articles & revise annotations, especially the ones
read initially) to write a section which discusses the articles relevant.
 While writing reviews, the researchers focus on the theme of that
section, showing how the articles relate to each other & to the theme,
rather than focusing on writing each individual article.
 The articles are used as evidence to support the critique of the theme
rather than using the theme as an angle to discuss each article
individually.
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 In this section, researchers have a list of the thematic

sections & they tie them together with an introduction,
conclusion, & some additions & revisions in the sections to
show how they relate to each other & to the overall theme.

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 Introduction – Body - Conclusion

Writing Introduction:
 Define or identify the general topic, issue, or area of concern,
thus, providing appropriate context for reviewing the
literature.
 Point out overall trends in what has been published about the
topic or conflicts in theory, methodology, evidence, &
conclusion or gaps in research &scholarship, or a single
problem or new perspective of immediate interest.
 Establish the writer’s point of view for reviewing the literature,
explain the criteria to be used in analyzing& comparing
literature & organization or review.

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Following measures need to be undertaken while writing the

body of the literature.
 Group research studies & other types of literature(reviews,
theoretical articles, case studies) according to common
denominators such as qualitative versus quantitative
approaches, conclusions of authors, specific purposes or
objectives, chronology, & so on.
 Summarize individual studies or articles with as much as or
as little detail as each merits according to its comparative
importance in the literature, remembering that space denotes
significance.
 Assist the reader with strong ‘umbrella sentences at the
beginning of paragraphs, signpost throughout, & brief “so
what” summary sentences at intermediate points.
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The points to be taken care of in the conclusion areas follows:

 Summarize major contributions of significant studies &
articles to the body of knowledge under review, maintaining
the focus established in the introduction.
 Evaluate the current ‘state of the art’ for the body of
knowledge reviewed, pointing out major methodological flaws
or gaps in research, inconsistencies in theory, & finding &
areas or issues pertinent to future study.
 Conclude by providing some insight into the relationship
between central topic of the literature.

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 Sexual harassment has many consequences. Adams, Kottke, & Padgitt (1983)
found that some women students said that they avoided taking a class or
working with certain professors because of the risk of harassment. They also
found that men& women students reacted differently. Their research was
conducted through a survey of 1,000 men & women graduate & undergraduate
students. Benson &Thomson’s study in social Problem (1982) lists many
problems created by sexual harassment. In their excellent book, the Lecherous
Professor, Dziech & Weiner(1990) give a long list of difficulties that victims
have suffered.
 The victims of sexual harassment suffer a range of consequences,
from lower edself-esteem & loss of self-confidence to withdrawal from
social interaction,changed career goals, & depression (Adams, Kottke,
& Padgitt, 1983; Benson &Thomson, 1982; Dziech & Weiner, 1990).
For example, Adams, Kottke, & Padgitt (1983) noted that 13% of
women students said that they avoided taking a class or working with
certain professors because of the risk of harassment.
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 A Comprehensive Guide to APA Citations and Format

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https://www.citationmachine.net/apa

 Citations and references should be included anytime you use

another individual’s work in your own assignment. When including a
quote, paraphrased information, images, or any other piece of
information from another’s work, you need to show where you found
it by including a citation and a reference. This guide explains how to
make them.
 APA style citations are added in the body of a research paper or
project and references are added to the last page.
 Citations, which are called in-text citations, are included when
you’re adding information from another individual’s work into your
own project. When you add text word-for-word from another source
into your project, or take information from another source and place
it in your own words and writing style (known as paraphrasing), you
create an in-text citation. These citations are short in length and are
placed in the main part of your project, directly after the borrowed
information.
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https://www.citationmachine.net/apa

 .
 References are found at the end of your research project, usually
on the last page. Included on this reference list page is the full
information for any in-text citations found in the body of the project.
These references are listed in alphabetical order by the author's last
name.
 An APA in-text citation includes only three items: the last name(s) of
the author(s), the year the source was published, and sometimes
the page or location of the information. References include more
information such as the name of the author(s), the year the source
was published, the full title of the source, and the URL or page
range.

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In-text citations
Examples of APA in-text citations:

If including the author’s name in the sentence, place the year in the parentheses
directly next to his or her name. Add the page number at the end, unless it’s a
source without any pages or paragraph numbers (See Section 8.10 of
the Publication manual for more details).

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Structure of an APA format citation in the text narratively, with the

author's name missing:
Title of Source (Year) or “Title of Source” (Year)
OR
Structure of an APA style format citation, in parentheses at the end of
the sentence, with the author’s name missing: (Title of Source, Year) or
(“Title of Source,” Year)
Structure for one author
In the text, narratively: Last name of Author (Year)...(page number).
OR
In parentheses, at the end of the sentence: (Last name of Author, Year,
page number).

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Structure for two authors

Place the authors in the order they appear on the source. Only use the
ampersand in the parenthetical citations (see Section 8.17 of
the Publication manual). Use ‘and’ to separate the author names if they’re
in the text of the sentence.
In the text, narratively: Last name of Author 1 and Last name of Author 2
(Year)....(page number).
OR
In parentheses, at the end of the sentence: (Last name of Author 1 &
Last name of Author 2, Year, page number).
Structure for three or more authors
Only include the first listed author’s name in the first and any subsequent
citations. Follow it with et al.
(Last name Author 1 et al., Year, page number)

(Agbayani et al., 2020, p. 99)

OR
Last name of Author 1 et al.
(Year)...(page).
Agbayani et al. (2020)...(p. 99)
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One author, multiple works, same year

What do you do when you want to cite multiple works by an author,
and the sources all written in the same year?
Include the letters ‘a’ ‘b’ ‘c’ and so on after the year in the citation.
(Jackson, 2013a)
OR
Jackson (2013a)
Writers can even lump dates together.
Example: Jackson often studied mammals while in Africa (2013a,
2013b).
On the APA reference page, include the same letters in the full
references.

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Groups and organizations

Write out the full name of the group or organization in the first citation
and place the abbreviation next to it in brackets. If the group or
organization is cited again, only include the abbreviation. If it doesn’t
have an abbreviation associated with it, write out the entire
organization’s name each and every time (see Section 8.21 of
the Publication manual).
Example:
First APA citation for an organization with an abbreviation: (World Health
Organization [WHO], Year)
OR
World Health Organization (WHO, Year)
Notice in the example directly above, the name of the organization is
written out in full in the text of the sentence, and the abbreviation is
placed in parentheses next to it.
Subsequent APA citations in the text for an organization with an
abbreviation: (WHO, Year) OR WHO (Year)
Example:
All citations in the text for an organization without an abbreviation:
(Citation Machine, Year) or Citation Machine (Year)
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One in-text citation, multiple works

Sometimes you’ll need to cite more than one work within an in-
text citation. Follow the same format (author, year) format but
place semicolons between works (p. 263).

Example:
(Obama, 2016; Monroe et al., 1820; Hoover & Coolidge, 1928)
Reminder: There are many citation tools available on
CitationMachine.com. Head to our homepage to learn more,
check out our APA citation website, and cite your sources
easily! The most useful resource on our website? Our APA
citation generator, which doesn’t just create full references, it’s
also an APA in-text citation website! It’ll do both for you!

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References display the full information for all the citations found in the body of a
research project.
 All references sit together on their own page, which is usually the last page(s) of a
paper.
 Title the page ‘References’
 Place ‘References’ in the center of the page and bold it. Keep the title in the same
font and size as the references. Do not italicize, underline, place the title in
quotation marks, or increase the font size.
 The entire page is double spaced.
 All references are listed in alphabetical order by the first word in the reference,
which is usually the author’s last name. If the source lacks an author, alphabetize
the source by the title (ignore A, An, or The)
 All references have a hanging indent, meaning that the second line of text is
indented in half an inch. See examples throughout this guide.
 Remember, each and every citation in the text of the paper MUST have a full
reference displayed in the reference list. The citations in the text provide the
reader with a quick glimpse about the sources used, but the references in the
reference list provide the reader with all the information needed to seek out the
source themselves. 39

The names of authors are written in reverse order. Include the initials for
the first and middle names.
 Format: Last name, F. M.
 Example:
 Angelou, M.
 Doyle, A. C.
Two or more authors: When two or more authors work together on a
source, write them in the order in which they appear on the source. You
can name up to 20 authors in the reference. For sources with 2 to 20
authors, place an ampersand (&) before the final author. Use this format:
 Last name, F. M., & Last name, F. M.
 OR
 Last name, F. M., Last name, F. M., Last name, F. M., Last name, F. M.,
& Last name, F. M.
 Kent, A. G., Giles, R. M., Thorpe, A., Lukes, R., Bever, D. J., & He, Y.

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 Directly after the author’s name is the date the source was
published. Include the full date for newspapers and magazine
articles, and only the year for journals and all other sources. If no
date is found on the source, include the initials, n.d. for “no date.”
 Newspaper:
 Narducci, M. (2017, May 19). City renames part of 11th Street Ed
Snider Way to honor Flyers founder. The Philadelphia
Inquirer. http://www.philly.com/
 If using our APA Citation Machine, our citation generator will add the
correct format for you automatically.
 Giving a retrieval date is not needed unless the online content is
likely to be frequently updated and changed (e.g., encyclopedia
article, dictionary entry, Twitter profile, etc.).
 Citation Machine [@CiteMachine]. (n.d.). Tweets [Twitter profile].
Twitter. Retrieved October 10, 2019,
from https://twitter.com/CiteMachine 41

 When writing out titles for books, articles, chapters, or other non-
periodical sources, only capitalize the first word of the title and the
first word of the subtitle. Names of people, places, organizations,
and other proper nouns also have the first letter capitalized. For
books and reports, italicize the title in the APA citation.
Examples:
 Strange case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde.
 Roots: The saga of an American family.
 For articles and chapters in APA referencing, do not italicize the title.
Examples:
 Wake up the nation: Public libraries, policy making, and political
discourse.
 For newspapers, magazines, journals, newsletters, and other
periodicals, capitalize the first letter in each word and italicize the
title.

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 For books and reports, include the publisher name but not the location. It is
not necessary to include the entire name of the publisher. It is acceptable to
use a brief, intelligible form. However, if Books or Press are part of the
publisher’s names, keep these words in the reference. Other common
terms, such as Inc., Co., Publishers, and others can be omitted.
 For newspapers, journals, magazines, and other periodicals, include the
volume and issue number after the title. The volume number is listed first,
by itself, in italics. The issue number is in parentheses immediately after it,
not italicized. There is no space after the closing parenthesis and before
the volume number.
 Example: Giannoukos, G., Besas, G., Hictour, V., & Georgas, T. (2016). A
study on the role of computers in adult education. Educational Research
and Reviews, 11(9), 907-923. https://doi.org/10.5897/ERR2016.2688
 After including the publisher information, end this section with a period.
 Examples: Pearson; Perseus Books.

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 For online sources, the URL or DOI (Direct Object Identifier) are
included at the end of an APA citation.
 DOI numbers are often created by publishers for journal articles and other
periodical sources. They were created in response to the problem of broken or
outdated links and URLs. When a journal article is assigned a DOI number, it is
static and will never change. Because of its permanent characteristic, DOIs are
the preferred type of electronic information to include in APA citations. When a
DOI number is not available, include the source’s URL.
 For DOIs, include the number in this format: http://doi.org/xxxx
 For URLs, type them in this format: http:// or https://
 Other information about electronic sources:
 If the URL is longer than a line, break it up before a punctuation mark.
 Do not place a period at the end of the citation/URL.
 It is unnecessary to include retrieval dates, unless the source changes often over
time (like in a Wikipedia article).
 It is not necessary to include the names of databases

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https://academic-englishuk.com/harvard-reference-list/

Harvard Reference List

APA style
https://apastyle.apa.org/products/publication-manual-7th-edition
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