Downloaded From : www.EasyEngineering.

net Umar Ali

Unit-4
Fourier Transforms

The Fourier transform pair for f (x) is:

The Fourier transform of f (x) is

Z∞
1
F (s) = F [f (x)] = √ f (x)eisx dx
2π
−∞

The Inverse Fourier transform is

Z∞
1
f (x) = √ F (s)e−isx ds
2π
−∞

Note:

ne t
.
Parseval’s identity is
Z∞ Z∞
|F (s)|2 ds = |f (x)|2 dx

i n g
r
−∞ −∞

1. Show that the Fourier transform of f (x) =


 a2 − x2 , |x| < a;

n e e r 
sin as − as cos as
is 2
2

. Hence

deduce that
R∞ sin t − t cos t
t3
π
 0,

ng i
|x| > a > 0

dt = . Using parseval’s identity, show that

4 t 3
s3
R∞ sin t − t cos t 2
 
π

dt =
π
15
.
Solution:
0

y E 0

as
The Fourier transform of f (x) is

w . E
F (s) = F [f (x)] = √
1
2π
Z∞

−∞
f (x)eisx dx

w w = √
1
2π
Za

−a

(a2 − x2 )(cos sx + i sin sx)dx


Za Za
1
= √  (a2 − x2 ) cos sxdx + i (a2 − x2 ) sin sxdx
2π
−a −a
 a 
Z
1 
= √ 2 (a2 − x2 ) cos sxdx + 0
2π
0
    a
2 sin sx − cos sx − sin sx
= √ (a2 − x2 ) − (−2x) + (−2)
2π s s2 s3 0
   a
2 2 2 sin sx
 cos sx  sin sx
= √ (a − x ) − 2x +2
2π s s2 s3 0
r  
2 cos sa sin sa
= −2a 2 + 2 3
π s s
r  
2 −as cos as + sin as
= 2
π s3

Page 1

Downloaded From : www.EasyEngineering.net

 Downloaded From : www.EasyEngineering.net Umar Ali

r  
2 sin as − as cos as
= 2
π s3

The Inverse Fourier transform is

Z∞
1
f (x) = √ F (s)e−isx ds
2π
−∞
Z∞
r  
1 2 sin as − as cos as
= √ 2 (cos sx − i sin sx)ds
2π π s3
−∞
 ∞
Z∞ 

Z   
2 sin as − as cos as sin as − as cos as
= cos sxds − i sin sxds
π s3 s3
−∞ −∞
 ∞ 
Z  
2 sin as − as cos as
= 2 cos sxds + 0
π s3
0
Z∞  
4 sin as − as cos as
f (x) =
π
0
s3
cos sxds

ne t
n g .
i
Z∞  

r
sin as − as cos as π
cos sxds = f (x)
0
s3

n
Put x = 0 and a = 1
e e 4

Z∞ 
ng i
E

sin s − s cos s π
ds = f (0)

as y 0
s3

=
4
π
4
(1)

w . E ⇒
Z∞ 

0
sin s − s cos s
s3

ds =
π
4

w w
Put s = t ⇒ ds = dt

Z∞  
sin t − t cos t π
dt =
t3 4
0

Using Parseval’s identity

Z∞ Z∞
2
|F (s)| ds = |f (x)|2 dx
−∞ −∞
Z∞  2 Za
2 sin as − as cos as
2
4 ds = a 2 − x2 dx
π s3
−∞ −a
Z∞  2 Za
8 sin as − as cos as
a4 − 2a2 x2 + x4 dx


2 ds = 2
π s3
0 0

Page 2

Downloaded From : www.EasyEngineering.net

 Downloaded From : www.EasyEngineering.net Umar Ali

Z∞  2 3
a
x5

8 sin as − as cos as 4 2x
ds = a x − 2a +
π s3 3 5 0
0
Z∞  2
2a5 a5
 
sin as − as cos as π
ds = a5 − +
s3 8 3 5
0
a5 π
 
2 1
= 1− +
8 3 5
a5 π
 
15 − 10 + 3
=
8 15
a5 π
=
15

Put a = 1

Z∞  2
sin s − s cos s π
ds =
s3 15
0
Put s = t
Z∞ 
⇒ ds = dt
sin t − t cos t
2
π

ne t
.
dt =
t3 15
0

i n g
r

 a2 − x2 , |x| ≤ a;

e
R∞ sin s − s cos s
2. Find the Fourier transform of f (x) = Hence prove that cos 2s ds =

3π
.
 0, |x| > a > 0

i n e 0 s3

ng
16
Solution:
The Fourier transform of f (x) is

y E
. E
F (s)
as
= F [f (x)] = √
1
2π
Z∞

−∞
f (x)eisx dx

w w = √
1
2π
Za
(a2 − x2 )(cos sx + i sin sx)dx

w
−a
 
Za Za
1
= √  (a2 − x2 ) cos sxdx + i (a2 − x2 ) sin sxdx
2π
−a −a
 a 
Z
1 
= √ 2 (a2 − x2 ) cos sxdx + 0
2π
0
    a
2 sin sx − cos sx − sin sx
= √ (a2 − x2 ) − (−2x) + (−2)
2π s s2 s3 0
   a
2 2 2 sin sx
 cos sx  sin sx
= √ (a − x ) − 2x +2
2π s s2 s3 0
r  
2 cos sa sin sa
= −2a 2 + 2 3
π s s
r  
2 −as cos as + sin as
= 2
π s3
r  
2 sin as − as cos as
= 2
π s3

Page 3

Downloaded From : www.EasyEngineering.net

 Downloaded From : www.EasyEngineering.net Umar Ali

The Inverse Fourier transform is

Z∞
1
f (x) = √ F (s)e−isx ds
2π
−∞
Z∞
r  
1 2 sin as − as cos as
= √ 2 (cos sx − i sin sx)ds
2π π s3
−∞
 ∞
Z∞ 

Z   
2 sin as − as cos as sin as − as cos as
= cos sxds − i sin sxds
π s3 s3
−∞ −∞
 ∞ 
Z  
2 sin as − as cos as
= 2 cos sxds + 0
π s3
0
Z∞  
4 sin as − as cos as
f (x) = cos sxds
π s3
0

Z∞ 
sin as − as cos as

π

ne t
0
s3
cos sxds =

n
4
f (x)

g .
Put x = 1
2 and a = 1

e ri
Z∞ 
sin s − s cos s

i n

s
cos ds = e π
f
 
1

ng
s3 2 4 2
0
π3

E
=
44

a s
⇒
y Z∞ 
sin s − s cos s
s3

s
cos ds =
2
3π
16

.E
0

w

 1 − x2 , |x| ≤ 1; r 
2 sin s − s cos s


w 0
w
3. Show that the Fourier transform of f (x) =

R∞ sin t − t cos t
t 3
π
 0, |x| > 1

dt = . Using parseval’s identity, show that

4 0
is 2

t 3
π
R∞ sin t − t cos t 2
 
s3

dt =
π
15
.
. Hence deduce that

Solution:
The Fourier transform of f (x) is

Z∞
1
F (s) = F [f (x)] = √ f (x)eisx dx
2π
−∞
Z1
1
= √ (1 − x2 )(cos sx + i sin sx)dx
2π
−1
 1 
Z Z1
1 
= √ (1 − x2 ) cos sxdx + i (1 − x2 ) sin sxdx
2π
−1 −1

Page 4

Downloaded From : www.EasyEngineering.net

 Downloaded From : www.EasyEngineering.net Umar Ali

 1 
Z
1 
= √ 2 (1 − x2 ) cos sxdx + 0
2π
0
    1
2 2 sin sx − cos sx − sin sx
= √ (1 − x ) − (−2x) + (−2)
2π s s2 s3 0
   1
2 sin sx  cos sx  sin sx
= √ (1 − x2 ) − 2x 2
+2
2π s s s3 0
r  
2 cos s sin s
= −2 2 + 2 3
π s s
r  
2 −s cos s + sin s
= 2
π s3
r  
2 sin s − s cos s
= 2
π s3

The Inverse Fourier transform is

Z∞

t
1
f (x) = √ F (s)e−isx ds
2π

1
−∞
Z∞
r 
2 sin s − s cos s


. ne
= √
2π
−∞
2
π s3
(cos sx − i sin sx)ds

i n g
r
 ∞
Z∞ 


e
Z   
2 sin s − s cos s sin as − as cos as
= cos sxds − i sin sxds
π
−∞
 ∞
s3
−∞

i

n
s3
e
ng
Z  
2 sin s − s cos s
= 2 cos sxds + 0
π s3
0

f (x) =
4
π
Z∞ 

s y E
sin s − s cos s
s3

cos sxds

.E a 0

w w Z∞ 
sin s − s cos s
s3

cos sxds =
π
4
f (x)

w
0

Put x = 0

Z∞  
sin s − s cos s π
ds = f (0)
s3 4
0
π
= (1)
4
Z∞  
sin s − s cos s π
⇒ ds =
s3 4
0

Put s = t ⇒ ds = dt

Z∞  
sin t − t cos t π
dt =
t3 4
0

Page 5

Downloaded From : www.EasyEngineering.net

 Downloaded From : www.EasyEngineering.net Umar Ali

Using Parseval’s identity

Z∞ Z∞
2
|F (s)| ds = |f (x)|2 dx
−∞ −∞
Z∞  2 Z1
2 sin s − s cos s
2
4 ds = 1 − x2 dx
π s3
−∞ −1
Z∞  2 Z1
8 sin s − s cos s
1 − 2x2 + x4 dx


2 ds = 2
π s3
0 0
Z∞  2 1
x3 x5

8 sin s − s cos s
ds = x−2 +
π s3 3 5 0
0
Z∞  2  
sin s − s cos s π 2 1
ds = 1− +
s3 8 3 5
0
 
π 15 − 10 + 3

t
=
8 15
=
π
15

. ne
Z∞ 
sin s − s cos s
s3
2
ds =
π
15

i n g
Put s = t
0

Z∞ 
⇒ ds = dt
sin t − t cos t
2

e
π e r
t3
i n dt =
15

ng
0

E

 1 − x2 , |x| ≤ 1; R∞ sin s − s cos s

y
3π
4. Find the Fourier transform of f (x) = Hence prove that cos 2s ds = .

as
s3 16
 0, |x| > 1 0

Solution:

. E
The Fourier transform of f (x) is

w
w
Z∞
1
F (s) = F [f (x)] = √ f (x)eisx dx

w = √
1
2π
Z1
2π
−∞

(1 − x2 )(cos sx + i sin sx)dx

−1
 1 
Z Z1
1 
= √ (1 − x2 ) cos sxdx + i (1 − x2 ) sin sxdx
2π
−1 −1
 1 
Z
1
= √ 2 (1 − x2 ) cos sxdx + 0
2π
0
    1
2 sin sx − cos sx − sin sx
= √ (1 − x2 ) − (−2x) + (−2)
2π s s2 s3 0
   1
2 sin sx  cos sx  sin sx
= √ (1 − x2 ) − 2x +2
2π s s2 s3 0
r  
2 cos s sin s
= −2 2 + 2 3
π s s

Page 6

Downloaded From : www.EasyEngineering.net

 Downloaded From : www.EasyEngineering.net Umar Ali

 r 
2 −s cos s + sin s
= 2
π s3
r  
2 sin s − s cos s
= 2
π s3

The Inverse Fourier transform is

Z∞
1
f (x) = √ F (s)e−isx ds
2π
−∞
Z∞
r  
1 2 sin s − s cos s
= √ 2 (cos sx − i sin sx)ds
2π π s3
−∞
 ∞
Z∞ 

Z   
2 sin s − s cos s sin s − s cos s
= cos sxds − i sin sxds
π s3 s3
−∞ −∞
 ∞ 
Z  
2 sin s − s cos s
= 2 cos sxds + 0
π
Z∞ 
0
s3

ne t
.

4 sin s − s cos s
f (x) = cos sxds

Z∞ 
π
0
s3

i n g
r

sin s − s cos s π
cos sxds = f (x)
0
s3

Put x = 21
4

n e e
Z∞ 
sin s − s cos s
s3

s
cos ds
2
π
= f
4
 
1
2
ng i
E
0
π3

Z∞ 
sin s − s cos s


as
s y =
44
3π

E
cos ds =
0

w .
s3 2 16

w

 a − |x|, |x| < a; R∞ sin t 2
 

w
5. Find the Fourier transform of f (x) = and deduce the value of dt and
 0, |x| > a > 0 0 t
∞
  4
R sin t
dt.
0 t
Solution:
The Fourier transform of f (x) is

Z∞
1
F (s) = F [f (x)] = √ f (x)eisx dx
2π
−∞
Za
1
= √ (a − |x|)(cos sx + i sin sx)dx
2π
−a
 
Za Za
1
= √  (a − |x|) cos sxdx + i (a − |x|) sin sxdx
2π
−a −a

Page 7

Downloaded From : www.EasyEngineering.net

 Downloaded From : www.EasyEngineering.net Umar Ali

 a 
Z
1 
= √ 2 (a − x) cos sxdx + 0
2π
0
  a
2 sin sx − cos sx
= √ (a − x) − (−1)
2π s s2 0
  a
2 sin sx  cos sx 
= √ (a − x) −
2π s s2 0
r   
2 cos sa 1
= − 2 − − 2
π s s
r  
2 1 − cos as
=
π s2
!
2 2 sin2 as
r
2
=
π s2
!
2 sin2 as
r
2
= 2
π s2

The Inverse Fourier transform is

Z∞

ne t
f (x) = √
1
2π
−∞
F (s)e−isx ds

n g .
= √
1
2π
2
Z∞
r

π
2 sin2 as
s2
2
!
(cos sx − i sin sx)ds

e ri
2
 ∞
−∞
Z 2 as
sin 2
!

i n Z∞
e
2 as
sin 2
! 

ng
= cos sxds − i sin sxds
π s2 s2
−∞ −∞

E
 ∞ ! 
sin2 as
Z
2

y
2
= 2 cos sxds + 0
s2

as
π
0
Z∞ !
sin2 as

E
4

.
2
f (x) = cos sxds
π s2

w
0

w w Z∞
sin2 as
s2
2
!
cos sxds =
π
4
f (x)
0

Put x = 0 and a = 1

Z∞ !
sin2 s
2 π
ds = f (0)
s2 4
0
π
= (1)
4
Z∞ !
sin2 s
2 π
⇒ ds =
s2 4
0

Page 8

Downloaded From : www.EasyEngineering.net

 Downloaded From : www.EasyEngineering.net Umar Ali

s
Put =t ⇒ s = 2t ⇒ ds = 2dt
2

Z∞ 
sin2 t

π
2dt =
4t2 4
0
Z∞ 
sin2 t

1 π
dt =
2 t2 4
0
Z∞  2
sin t π
dt =
t 2
0

Using Parseval’s identity

Z∞ Z∞
|F (s)|2 ds = |f (x)|2 dx
−∞ −∞
Z∞ !2 Za
sin2 as

t
2
4 2
ds = (a − |x|)2 dx
−∞
π
Z∞
s2

sin2 as
!2
−a
Za
. ne
g
8
2 2
ds = 2 (a − x)2 dx
π
0
Z∞
s2
!2

ri
Za n 0

8
π
0
sin2 as

n
s2
2
ds =

e e 0
(a2 − 2ax + x2 )dx

8
π
Z∞

ng isin2 as
s2
2
!2
ds =

2 x2
a x − 2a +
2
x3
3
a

s y E Z∞
sin2 as
s2
2
!2
ds =
π
8

a −a +
a3
3
3 3


.E a 0

=
 3
π a
8 3

w w =
a3 π
24

w
Put a = 1
Z∞ !
sin4 s
2 π
ds =
s4 24
0
s
Put = t ⇒ s = 2t ⇒ ds = 2dt
2
Z∞ 
sin4 t

π
2dt =
16t4 24
0
Z∞ 
sin4 t

1 π
dt =
8 t4 24
0
Z∞ 
sin4 t

π
dt =
t4 3
0

Page 9

Downloaded From : www.EasyEngineering.net

 Downloaded From : www.EasyEngineering.net Umar Ali


 1 − |x|, |x| < 1; R∞ sin t 2
 
6. Find the Fourier transform of f (x) = and deduce the value of dt and
 0, |x| > 1 0 t
∞
  4
R sin t
dt.
0 t
Solution:
The Fourier transform of f (x) is

Z∞
1
F (s) = F [f (x)] = √ f (x)eisx dx
2π
−∞
Z1
1
= √ (1 − |x|)(cos sx + i sin sx)dx
2π
−1
 1 
Z Z1
1 
= √ (1 − |x|) cos sxdx + i (1 − |x|) sin sxdx
2π
−1 −1

t
 1 
Z
1 
= √
2π
2 (1 − x) cos sxdx + 0
0

. ne
g
  1
2 sin sx − cos sx
= √ (1 − x) − (−1)
2π
2

s
sin sx  cos sx 

s2
1
0

ri n
= √
2π
r 
2
(1 − x)

cos s

s
−

1

s2

n
0

e e
=

=
r 
π
− 2 − − 2
s
2 1 − cos s

s

ng i
y E
r
π s2
2 2 sin2 2s
!

as
=
π s2

E
!
2 sin2 2s
r

w . = 2
π s2

w w
The Inverse Fourier transform is

f (x) = √
1
Z∞
F (s)e−isx ds
2π
−∞
Z∞ !
2 sin2 2s
r
1
= √ 2 (cos sx − i sin sx)ds
2π π s2
−∞
 ∞
Z∞
! ! 
2 s 2 s
sin 2 sin 2
Z
2
= cos sxds − i sin sxds
π s2 s2
−∞ −∞
 ∞ ! 
sin2 2s
Z
2
= 2 cos sxds + 0
π s2
0
Z∞ !
4 sin2 s
2
f (x) = cos sxds
π s2
0

Page 10

Downloaded From : www.EasyEngineering.net

 Downloaded From : www.EasyEngineering.net Umar Ali

Z∞ !
sin2 s
2 π
cos sxds = f (x)
s2 4
0

Put x = 0

Z∞ !
sin2 s
2 π
ds = f (0)
s2 4
0
π
= (1)
4
Z∞ !
sin2 s
2 π
⇒ ds =
s2 4
0

s
Put =t ⇒ s = 2t ⇒ ds = 2dt
2

Z∞ 
sin2 t

π

t
2dt =
4t2 4

1
0
Z∞ 
sin2 t

dt =
π

. ne
2
0
Z∞ 
t2 4

i n g
r
2
sin t π

n
t
dt =

e e
2

Using Parseval’s identity

Z∞
ng i Z∞

y E |F (s)| ds = 2
|f (x)|2 dx

as
−∞ −∞
Z∞ !2 Z1
sin2 s

E
2 2
(1 − |x|)2 dx

.
4 ds =
π s2
−∞ −1

w w 2
8
π
Z∞
sin2
s2
s
2
!2
ds = 2
Z1
(1 − x)2 dx

w 8
π
0
Z∞

0
sin2
s2
s
2
!2
ds =
Z1

0
0

(1 − 2x + x2 )dx

Z∞ !2 1
sin2 s
x2 x3

8 2
ds = a2 x − 2a +
π s2 2 3 0
0
Z∞ !2
sin2 s  
2 π 1
ds = 1−1+
s2 8 3
0
 
π 1
=
8 3
π
=
24
Z∞ !
sin4 s
2 π
ds =
s4 24
0

Page 11

Downloaded From : www.EasyEngineering.net

 Downloaded From : www.EasyEngineering.net Umar Ali

s
Put =t ⇒ s = 2t ⇒ ds = 2dt
2

Z∞ 
sin4 t

π
2dt =
16t4 24
0
Z∞ 
sin4 t

1 π
dt =
8 t4 24
0
Z∞ 
sin4 t

π
dt =
t4 3
0


 1, |x| < a; R∞ sin t R∞ sin t 2
 
7. Find the Fourier transform of f (x) = and deduce the value of dt and dt.
 0, |x| > a 0 t 0 t
Solution:
The Fourier transform of f (x) is

1
Z∞

ne t
F (s) = F [f (x)] = √

Za
2π
−∞
f (x)eisx dx

n g .
= √
1
2π
−a
r
(1)(cos sx + i sin sx)dx

e i
=
1


i
Za

n
√  cos sxdx + i sin sxdx eZa


ng
2π
−a −a
 a 

E
Z
1 
= √ 2 cos sxdx + 0

as y = √
2
2π

0
sin sx
a

w . E =
2π
r 
2 sin sa
π s
s

0

w w
The Inverse Fourier transform is

1
Z∞
f (x) = √ F (s)e−isx ds
2π
−∞
Z∞
r  
1 2 sin sa
= √ (cos sx − i sin sx)ds
2π π s
−∞
 ∞
Z∞ 

Z   
1 sin sa sin sa
= cos sxds − i sin sxds
π s s
−∞ −∞
 ∞ 
Z  
1 sin sa
= 2 cos sxds − 0
π s
0
Z∞  
2 sin sa
f (x) = cos sxds
π s
0

Page 12

Downloaded From : www.EasyEngineering.net

 Downloaded From : www.EasyEngineering.net Umar Ali

Z∞  
sin sa π
cos sxds = f (x)
s 2
0

Put x = 0 and a = 1

Z∞  
sin s π
ds = f (0)
s 2
0

Put s = x ⇒ ds = dx

Z∞  
sin x π
⇒ dx =
x 2
0

Using Parseval’s identity

Z∞ Z∞

−∞
|F (s)| ds =2

−∞
|f (x)|2 dx

ne t
Z∞
2
π

sin as
s
2
ds =
Za
(1)2 dx

n g .
−∞

2
2
Z∞ 
sin as
2
ds =
−a

2
Za

e
dx
ri
π
0
Z∞ 
s

i
2
n
0
e
ng
2 sin as
ds = [x]a0
π s
0

s y E Z∞ 
sin as
2
ds =
= a
π
a

Put a = 1
.E a 0
s 2

w w Z∞ 
sin s
2
ds =
π

w
Put s = x ⇒ ds = dx
0
s 2

Z∞  2
sin x π
dx =
x 2
0


 1, |x| < 2; R∞ sin x R∞ sin x 2
 
8. Find the Fourier transform of f (x) = and hence evaluate dx and dx.
 0, |x| > 2 0 x 0 x

Page 13

Downloaded From : www.EasyEngineering.net

 Downloaded From : www.EasyEngineering.net Umar Ali

Note:

eax
Z
1. eax cos bxdx = (a cos bx + b sin bx)
a2 + b2
eax
Z
2. eax sin bxdx = (a sin bx − b cos bx)
a + b2
2

Z∞ ∞
e−ax

3. e−ax cos sxdx = (−a cos sx + s sin sx)
(−a)2 + s2 0
0
 
1
= 0− 2 (−a)
a + s2
a
=
s + a2
2
Z∞ ∞
e−ax

4. e−ax sin sxdx = (−a sin sx − s cos sx)
(−a)2 + s2 0
0
 
1
= 0− 2 (−s)
a + s2
=
s
s2 + a2

ne t
9. Find the Fourier Transform of e−a|x| , a > 0.Show that
R∞ cos sx
(a2 + s2 )
π
ds = e−a|x| .

n
2
g .
Hence deduce that F [xe −a|x|
]=i
r
2 2as
π (a + s2 )2
2
.
0

e ri
Solution:
The Fourier transform of f (x) is
i n e
F (s)
E = F [f (x)] = √
1
ng Z∞
f (x)eisx dx

as y 1
Z∞
2π
−∞

w . E =

1 
√
2π
 ∞
Z
−∞
e−a|x| (cos sx + i sin sx)dx

Z∞


w w = √

1
2π
−∞
 ∞
Z
e−a|x| cos sxdx + i

= √ 2 e−ax cos sxdx + 0

−∞

e−a|x| sin sxdx

2π
0
r
2 a
=
π (a2 + s2 )

The Inverse Fourier transform is

Z∞
1
f (x) = √ F (s)e−isx ds
2π
−∞
Z∞
r
1 2 a
= √ 2 + s2 )
(cos sx − i sin sx)ds
2π π (a
−∞
 ∞
Z∞

Z
1 a a
= cos sxds − i sin sxds
π (a2 + s2 ) (a2 + s2 )
−∞ −∞

Page 14

Downloaded From : www.EasyEngineering.net

 Downloaded From : www.EasyEngineering.net Umar Ali

 ∞ 
Z
a 1
= 2 cos sxds + 0
π (a2 + s2 )
0
Z∞
2a cos sx
f (x) = ds
π (a2 + s2 )
0
Z∞
cos sx π
ds = f (x)
(a2 + s2 ) 2a
0
Z∞
cos sx π −a|x|
ds = e
(a2 + s2 ) 2a
0

d
W.K.T F [xf (x)] = −i F [f (x)]
ds
r
−a|x| d 2 a
F [xe ] = −i
ds π (a + s2 )
2

t
r  
2 −1

e
= −ia 2s
π (a2 + s2 )2

= i
r
2 2as
π (a + s2 )2
2

g . n
ri n
10. Find the Fourier Transform of e−|x| .Find the value of F [e−|x| cos 2x].
Solution:

n e e
The Fourier transform of f (x) is

ng
Z∞
i
y E
F (s) = F [f (x)] = √
1
2π
f (x)eisx dx

as
−∞
Z∞
1

w . E = √

1 
2π
 ∞
Z
−∞
e−|x| (cos sx + i sin sx)dx

Z∞


w w = √

1
2π
−∞
 ∞
Z
e−|x| cos sxdx + i

= √ 2 e−x cos sxdx + 0

−∞

e−|x| sin sxdx

2π
0
r
2 1
=
π (1 + s2 )

W.K.T F [f (x) cos ax] = 12 [F (s + a) + F (s − a)], a = 2

r
2 1
F (s + 2) =
π (1 + (s + 2)2 )
r
2 1
F (s − 2) =
π (1 + (s − 2)2 )
"r r #
1 2 1 2 1
F [e−|x| cos 2x] = +
2 π (1 + (s + 2)2 ) π (1 + (s − 2)2 )

Page 15

Downloaded From : www.EasyEngineering.net

 Downloaded From : www.EasyEngineering.net Umar Ali

r  
1 2 1 1
= +
2 π s2 + 4s + 5 s2 − 4s + 5
 2
s − 4s + 5 + s2 + 4s + 5

1
= √
2π (s2 + 4s + 5)(s2 − 4s + 5)
2s2 + 10
 
1
= √
2π (s2 + 5)2 − (4s)2
s2 + 5
 
2
= √
2π s4 + 10s2 + 25 − 16s2
r 
s2 + 5

2
=
π s4 − 6s2 + 25


 x, |x| < a;
11. Find the Fourier transform of f (x) =
 0, |x| > a
Solution:
The Fourier transform of f (x) is

F (s) = F [f (x)] = √
1
Z∞
f (x)eisx dx

ne t
1
Za
2π
−∞

n g .
= √
2π
−a
x(cos sx + i sin sx)dx

e ri
e
 
Za Za
1
=
2π

i n
√  x cos sxdx + i x sin sxdx

ng
−a −a
 
Za
1 
= √ 0 + 2i x sin sxdx

y E 2π
0

as
    a
2i − cos sx − sin sx
= √ x − (1)
2π s s2 0

w . E = i
r 

r 
π
2
−
x cos sx sin sx
s
+
s2 0
a

w

2 a cos as sin as
= i − +
π s s2

w = i
r 

π
2 sin as − as cos as
s2


Page 16

Downloaded From : www.EasyEngineering.net

 Downloaded From : www.EasyEngineering.net Umar Ali

Fourier cosine and sine transforms

The Fourier Cosine transform of f (x) is

r Z∞
2
Fc [s] = Fc [f (x)] = f (x) cos sxdx
π
0
The Inverse Fourier Cosine transform is
r Z∞
2
f (x) = F [s] cos sxds
π
0
The Fourier Sine transform of f (x) is
r Z∞
2
Fs [s] = Fs [f (x)] = f (x) sin sxdx
π
0
The Inverse Fourier Sine transform is
r Z∞
2
f (x) = F [s] sin sxds
π
0

ne t
Self Reciprocal

n g .
i
2 x2
x2
12. Find the Fourier Cosine transform of e−a .Hence show that e− is self reciprocal under Fourier Cosine

r
2

e
h x2
i
transform and find Fs xe− 2 .
Solution:

i n e
ng
The Fourier Cosine transform of f (x) is

Fc (s) = Fc [f (x)] =

s y E r
2
π
Z∞
f (x) cos sxdx

a
0
Z∞

.E
r
2 x2 1 2
Fc [e−a ] = f (x) R.p of eisx dx
2 π

w
−∞
Z∞

w w =

=
R.p of √

R.p of √
1

1
2π
−∞
Z∞
f (x)eisx dx

e−a
2 x2
eisx dx
2π
−∞
Z∞ s2 s2
1 2 x2
= R.p of √ e−a eisx e− 4a2 e 4a2 dx
2π
−∞

2 Z∞ 
s2

− s2 1 − a2 x2 −isx−
= R.p of e 4a √ e 4a2 dx
2π
−∞

2 Z∞  2 2

− s2 1 − a2 x2 −isx+ i2 s 2
= R.p of e 4a √ e 2 a dx
2π
−∞

2 Z∞  2 2

− s2 1 − a2 x2 − 2axis + i2s 2
= R.p of e 4a √ e 2a 2 a dx
2π
−∞

Page 17

Downloaded From : www.EasyEngineering.net

 Downloaded From : www.EasyEngineering.net Umar Ali

s2
Z∞ 2
1 is
= R.p of e −
4a2 √ e−(ax− 2a ) dx
2π
−∞

is
Put u = ax − ⇒ du = adx
2a
if x = −∞ ⇒ u = −∞
if x = ∞ ⇒u=∞

s2
Z∞
−a2 x2 − 1 2 du
Fc [e ] = R.p of e 4a2 √ e−u
2π a
−∞

2 Z∞
− s2 1 2
= R.p of e 4a √ e−u du
a 2π
−∞
s2 1 √
−
= R.p of e 4a2 √ π
a 2π
s2
e− 4a2

t
−a2 x2
Fc [e ] = √

1
a 2

. ne
Now,put a = √
2

i n g
Fc [e
−x2
2 ] =
e
−
s2
4( 12 )
√
e e r
Fc [e
−x2
2

g i n
] = e− 2
√1
2
s2
2

d
E n
sy
W.k.t Fs [xf (x)] = − [Fc (f (x))]
ds

.E a Fs [xe ] =
x2
2 −
d
ds

e − s2
2


w 2
 
− s2 −2s
= −e

w w = se− 2
s2
2

2 x2
x2
13. Find the Fourier transform of e−a .Hence show that e− 2 is self reciprocal under Fourier transform and find
h x2
i
F xe− 2 .
Solution:
The Fourier transform of f (x) is

Z∞
1
F (s) = √ f (x)eisx dx
2π
−∞
Z∞
1 2 x2
= √ e−a eisx dx
2π
−∞

Page 18

Downloaded From : www.EasyEngineering.net

 Downloaded From : www.EasyEngineering.net Umar Ali

Z∞ s2 s2
1 2 x2
= √ e−a eisx e− 4a2 e 4a2 dx
2π
−∞

s2
Z∞ 
s2

− 1 − a2 x2 −isx−
= e 4a2 √ e 4a2 dx
2π
−∞

s2
Z∞  2 2

− 1 − a2 x2 −isx+ i2 s 2
= e 4a2 √ e 2 a
2π
−∞

s2
Z∞  2 2

− 1 − a2 x2 − 2axis + i2s 2
= e 4a2 √ e 2a 2 a dx
2π
−∞

s2
Z∞ 2
1 is
= e− 4a2 √ e−(ax− 2a ) dx
2π
−∞

is
Put u = ax − ⇒ du = adx
2a
if x = −∞
if x = ∞
⇒ u = −∞
⇒u=∞

ne t
F [f (x)] = e− s2
4a2 √
1
Z∞

n
e−u
2 du
g .
2π
−∞
Z∞
e ri a

e
s2 1
− −u2
= e 4a2 √ e du

i n a 2π
−∞

ng
s2 1 √
= e− 4a2 √ π
a 2π

s y E
F [e −a2 x2
] =
e− 4a2
√
a 2
s2

Now,put a = √
1
2
.E a
w w −x2 e
−
s2
4( 12 )

w F [e

F [e
2

−x2
2
] =

] = e− 2
√1
2
√

s2
2

d
W.k.t F [xf (x)] = −i [F (f (x))]
ds

x2 s2
 
d
F [xe 2 ] = −i e− 2
ds
s2
 
−2s
= −ie− 2
2
s2
= ise− 2

x2
14. Show that e− 2 is self reciprocal under Fourier Cosine transform.
Solution:

Page 19

Downloaded From : www.EasyEngineering.net

 Downloaded From : www.EasyEngineering.net Umar Ali

The Fourier Cosine transform of f (x) is

r Z∞
2
Fc (s) = Fc [f (x)] = f (x) cos sxdx
π
0
2
r Z∞
− x2 1 2
Fc [e ] = f (x) R.p of eisx dx
2 π
−∞
Z∞
1
= R.p of √ f (x)eisx dx
2π
−∞
Z∞
1 x2
= R.p of √ e− 2 eisx dx
2π
−∞
Z∞
1 x2 s2 s2
= R.p of √ e− 2 eisx e− 2 e 2 dx
2π
−∞

2 Z∞
1 1
e− 2 (x ) dx

t
− s2 2 −2isx−s2
= R.p of e √

− s2
2
1
2π
−∞
Z∞
− 21 (x2 −2isx+i2 s2 )
. ne
= R.p of e √
2π
−∞
e

i n
dx

g
=
s2
R.p of e− 2 √
1
2π
Z∞

e e r1
e− 2 (x−is) dx
2

n
−∞

= R.p of

ng i e− s2
2
√
1
2π
Z∞

−∞
e
−

x−is
√
2
2
dx

y E
as
x − is dx
Put u = √ ⇒ du = √
2 2

w . E
if x = −∞
if x = ∞
⇒ u = −∞
⇒u=∞

w w F [f (x)] = R.p of e− s2
2
√
1
2π
−∞
Z∞
e−u
2 √
2du

Z∞
s2 1 2
= R.p of e− 2 √ e−u du
π
−∞
2
− s2 1 √
= R.p of e √ π
π
x2 s2
Fc [e− 2 ] = e− 2

x2
15. Show that e− 2 is self reciprocal under Fourier transform.
Solution:

Page 20

Downloaded From : www.EasyEngineering.net

 Downloaded From : www.EasyEngineering.net Umar Ali

The Fourier transform of f (x) is

Z∞
1
F (s) = F [f (x)] = √ f (x)eisx dx
2π
−∞
Z∞ 2
1 − x2
= √ e eisx dx
2π
−∞
Z∞
1 x2 s2 s2
= √ e− 2 eisx e− 2 e 2 dx
2π
−∞

2 Z∞
1 1
− s2
e− 2 (x ) dx
2 −2isx−s2
= e √
2π
−∞

2 Z∞
1 1
− s2
e− 2 (x ) dx
2 −2isx+i2 s2
= e √
2π
−∞
Z∞
s2 1

t
1 2
= e− 2 √ e− 2 (x−is) dx

2
2π

1
−∞
Z∞
−

x−is
2

. ne
g
− s2 √
= e √ e 2 dx

n
2π

i
−∞

x − is dx
e e r
Put u = √
2
⇒ du = √
2

i n
ng
if x = −∞ ⇒ u = −∞
if x = ∞ ⇒u=∞

s y E e − s2
2
√
1
Z∞
e−u
2 √

a
F [f (x)] = 2du
2π

.E
−∞
Z∞
s2 1 2
e− 2 √ e−u du

w w =

2
− s2 1 √
π
−∞

w x2
F [e− 2 ] = e− 2
= e
s2
√
π
π

2
16. Find the Fourier Cosine transform of e−x .

1
17. Find the Fourier Cosine and Sine transform of xn−1 .Prove that √ is self reciprocal under Fourier Cosine and
x
Sine transforms.
Solution:
The Fourier Cosine transform of f (x) is

r Z∞
2
Fc (s) = Fc [f (x)] = f (x) cos sxdx
π
0

Page 21

Downloaded From : www.EasyEngineering.net

 Downloaded From : www.EasyEngineering.net Umar Ali

r Z∞
n−1 2
Fc [x ] = xn−1 cos sxdx
π
0
r
2 Γn nπ
= cos
π sn 2
1
Put n =
2
2 Γ 21
r
1 π
Fc [x 2 −1 ] = cos
π s 12 4
r √
1 2 π 1
Fc [x− 2 ] = √ √
π s 2
 
1 1
Fc √ = √
x s

The Fourier Cosine transform of f (x) is

r Z∞
2
Fs (s) = Fs [f (x)] = f (x) sin sxdx

r Z∞
π
0

ne t
.
2
Fs [xn−1 ] = xn−1 sin sxdx

g
π
0

=
r
2 Γn
n
sin
nπ

ri n
e
πs 2

e
1
Put n =
2

i
r
n 2 Γ 12 π

ng
1
Fs [x 2 −1 ] = sin
π s 12 4
r √
2 π 1

E
1
Fs [x− 2 ] = √ √

y
π s 2

as
 
1 1
Fs √ = √
x s

w . E 

 x, 0 < x < 1;

w


18. Find the Fourier Cosine Transform of f (x) = 2 − x, 1<x<2

w



0, x>2

Solution:
The Fourier Cosine transform of f (x) is

r Z∞
2
Fc (s) = Fc [f (x)] = f (x) cos sxdx
π
0
 1 
r Z Z2
2
= x cos sxdx + (2 − x) cos sxdx
π
0 1
r "    1     2 #
2 sin sx − cos sx sin sx − cos sx
= x − (1) + (2 − x) − (−1)
π s s2 0 s s2 1
r "    1    2 #
2 sin sx cos sx sin sx cos sx
= x + + (2 − x) −
π s s2 0 s s2 1

Page 22

Downloaded From : www.EasyEngineering.net

 Downloaded From : www.EasyEngineering.net Umar Ali

r       
2 sin s  cos s  1 cos 2s sin s cos s
= + − 0+ 2 + 0− − − 2
π s s2 s s2 s s
r  
2 2 cos s 1 cos 2s
= − 2−
π s2 s s2
r
2 [2 cos s − (1 + cos 2s)]
=
π s2
r
2 [2 cos s − 2 cos2 s]
=
π s2
r
2 2 cos s
= [1 − cos s]
π s2




 x, 0 < x < 1;

19. Find the Fourier Sine Transform of f (x) = 2 − x, 1<x<2



0, x>2


20. Find the Fourier Cosine and Sine transform of e−ax and Find its inversion.Also find Fc [xe−ax ] and Fs [xe−ax ]
Solution:

ne t
The Fourier Cosine transform of f (x) is

Z∞

n g .
i
r
2
Fc (s) = Fc [f (x)] =

Z∞
π
0

e e r
f (x) cos sxdx

n
r
2
=

ng i
π

2
0

a
e−ax cos sxdx

E
=
π s + a2
2

as y
The Inverse Fourier Cosine transform is

w . E f (x) =
r
2
π
Z∞
Fc [s] cos sxds

w
0
r Z∞ r
2 2 a

w =

=
2a
π
Z∞
0

1
π s2 + a2

cos sxds
cos sxds

π s2 + a2
0
Z∞
cos sx π
ds = f (x)
s2 + a2 2a
0
Z∞
cos sx π −ax
ds = e
s2 + a2 2a
0

The Fourier Sine transform of f (x) is

r Z∞
2
Fs (s) = Fs [f (x)] = f (x) sin sxdx
π
0

Page 23

Downloaded From : www.EasyEngineering.net

 Downloaded From : www.EasyEngineering.net Umar Ali

r Z∞
2
= e−ax sin sxdx
π
0
r
2 s
=
π s2 + a2

The Inverse Fourier Cosine transform is

r Z∞
2
f (x) = Fs (s)) sin sxds
π
0
r Z∞ r
2 2 s
= sin sxds
π π s2 + a2
0
Z∞
2 s
= sin sxds
π s2 + a2
0
Z∞
s sin sx π

0
Z∞
s2 + a2
ds =
2
f (x)

ne t
0
s sin sx
s2 + a2
ds =
π −ax
2
e

n g .
W.k.t Fc [xf (x)] =
d
[Fs (f (x))]
e ri
ds

d
i n e
ng
h i
Fc [xe−ax ] = Fs e−ax
ds r

E
d 2 s
=

as y =
ds π s2 + a2
r

π
2 (s2 + a2 )(1) − s(2s)
(s2 + a2 )2

w . E =
r
2 a − s2
2

π (s2 + a2 )2

w w
W.k.t Fs [xf (x)] = −
d
ds
[Fc (f (x))]

d h i
Fs [xe−ax ] = − Fc e−ax
ds r
d 2 a
= −
ds π s2 + a2
r  
2 −1
= −a (2s)
π (s2 + a2 )2
r
2 2as
=
π (s2 + a2 )2

Find the Fourier Cosine and Sine transform of e−x

Page 24

Downloaded From : www.EasyEngineering.net

 Downloaded From : www.EasyEngineering.net Umar Ali

Half Range Parseval’s Identity

Formula:

Z∞ Z∞
(i) Fc [f (x)]Fc [g(x)]ds = f (x)g(x)dx
0 0
Z∞ Z∞
2 2
(ii) [Fc [f (x)]] ds = [f (x)] dx
0 0
Z∞ Z∞
(iii) Fs [f (x)]Fs [g(x)]ds = f (x)g(x)dx
0 0
Z∞ Z∞
2 2
(iv) [Fs [f (x)]] ds = [f (x)] dx
0 0

R∞ dx
21. Evaluate
Solution:
0 (x2 + a2 )(x2 + b2 )
using transforms techniques.

ne t
.
r
2 a
W.k.t Fc [e−ax ] =
 −bx 
and Fc e =
r
2
π s2 + a2

i n g
Now,
π s2 + b2

e e r
Z∞

i n Z∞

ng
Fc [f (x)]Fc [g(x)]ds = f (x)g(x)dx
0 0
Z∞ r

E Z∞
r
2 a 2 b

a
0

s y
π s + a2
Z∞
2 π s + b2
2
ds =
0
Z∞
e−ax e−bx dx

.E
2ab 1
ds = e−(a+b)x dx
π (s2 + a2 )(s2 + b2 )

w
0 0
Z∞ ∞
π e−(a+b)x

w

1
ds =
(s2 + a2 )(s2 + b2 ) 2ab −(a + b) 0

w 0

=
π
−2ab(a + b)
π
[0 − 1]

2ab(a + b)
Z∞
dx π
∴ =
(x2 + a2 )(x2 + b2 ) 2ab(a + b)
0

R∞ dx
22. Evaluate using transforms techniques.
0 (x2 + a2 )2
Solution: r
−ax 2 a
W.k.t Fc [e ]=
π s2 + a2

Z∞ Z∞
2 2
Now, [Fc [f (x)]] ds = [f (x)] dx
0 0

Page 25

Downloaded From : www.EasyEngineering.net

 Downloaded From : www.EasyEngineering.net Umar Ali

Z∞ r !2 Z∞
2 a
2
ds = e−ax dx
π s2 + a2
0 0
Z∞ Z∞
2a2 1
ds = e−2ax dx
π (s2 + a2 )2
0 0
Z∞ ∞
π e−2ax

1
ds =
(s2 + a2 )2 2a2 −2a 0
0
π
= [0 − 1]
2a2 (−2a)
π
=
4a3
Z∞
dx π
∴ =
(x2 + a2 )2 4a3
0

R∞ x2 dx
23. Evaluate using transforms.
(x2 + a2 )(x2 + b2 )
Solution:
0

2 s
r

ne t
.
−ax
W.k.t Fs [e ]= 2 2
r πs +a
 −bx 
and Fs e =
2 s
π s2 + b2

i n g
Z∞ Z∞

e e r
n
Now, Fs [f (x)]Fs [g(x)]ds = f (x)g(x)dx

Z∞ r
2
0

s
r
2 s
ds =
ng i 0
Z∞
e−ax e−bx dx

E
π s2 + a2 π s2 + b2
0 0

2
π
Z∞

as
(s2y +
s2
a2 )(s2 + b2 )
ds =
Z∞
e−(a+b)x dx

w . E 0
Z∞
s 2

(s + a )(s2 + b2 )
2 2
ds =
0

π e−(a+b)x
 ∞

2 −(a + b) 0

w
0
π
= [0 − 1]

w Z∞
x2 dx
=
−2(a + b)
π
2(a + b)
π
∴ =
(x2 + a2 )(x2 + b2 ) 2(a + b)
0

R∞ x2 dx
24. Evaluate using Parseval’s identity.
0 (x2 + a2 )2
Solution: r
2 s
W.k.t Fs [e−ax ] =
π s2 + a2

Z∞ Z∞
2 2
Now, [Fs [f (x)]] ds = [f (x)] dx
0 0

Page 26

Downloaded From : www.EasyEngineering.net

 Downloaded From : www.EasyEngineering.net Umar Ali

Z∞ r !2 Z∞
2 s
2
ds = e−ax dx
π s2 + a2
0 0
Z∞ Z∞
2 s2
ds = e−2ax dx
π (s2 + a2 )2
0 0
Z∞ ∞
s2 π e−2ax

ds =
(s + a2 )2
2 2 −2a 0
0
π
= [0 − 1]
2(−2a)
π
=
4a
Z∞
x2 dx π
∴ =
(x2 + a2 )2 4a
0

R∞ dx
25. Evaluate using transforms techniques.
(x2 + 4)(x2 + 25)

t
0

26. Evaluate
R∞
0
dx
(x2 + 1)2
using transforms Parseval’s identity method.

. ne
27. Evaluate
R∞ λ2 dλ
(λ2 + 1)(λ2 + 4)
using Parseval’s identity.

i n g
r
0

28. Evaluate
R∞
0
x2 dx
(x2 + 1)2
using Parseval’s identity.

n e e
ng i
y E
. E as
w w
w

Page 27

Downloaded From : www.EasyEngineering.net

 Downloaded From : www.EasyEngineering.net Umar Ali

Part-A

1. State Fourier integral theorem.

Solution:
Fourier integral theorem
If f(x) is a given function defined in (−l, l) and satisfies the following conditions,

• f(x) is well defined and single valued except at finite number of points in (−l, l)

• f(x) is periodic in (−l, l)

• f(x) and f 0 (x) are piecewise continuous in (−l, l)

R∞
• |f (x)|dx converges.
−∞
1 R∞ R∞
then f (x) = f (t) cos λ(t − x)dtdλ
π 0 −∞

2. State and prove Change of scale property for Fourier Transform.

Statement:

ne t
1 s
If F [f (x)] = F (s) then F [f (ax)] = F
a a
,a > 0

n g .
Proof :
The Fourier transform of f (x) is

e ri
i n√
1
Z∞
e
f (x)eisx dx

g
F (s) = F [f (x)] =
2π

En
−∞
Z∞
1
f (ax)eisx dx

y
F [f (ax)] = √

s
2π
−∞

. E dx =
dta
Put ax = t ⇒ adx = dt If x = −∞ ⇒ t = −∞
If x = ∞ ⇒ t = ∞

w w a

w ∴ F [f (ax)] = √
1
2π
Z∞
f (t)eis( a )
t dt
a
−∞
Z∞
1 1
f (t)ei( a )t dt
s
= √
a 2π
−∞
1 s
= F
a a

3. State and prove the Shifting Property.

If F [f (x)] = F (s) then F [f (x − a)] = eias F (s).
Also F [eiax f (x)] = F (s + a) and F [e−iax f (x)] = F (s − a)
Proof :

Page 28

Downloaded From : www.EasyEngineering.net

 Downloaded From : www.EasyEngineering.net Umar Ali

The Fourier transform of f (x) is

Z∞
1
F (s) = F [f (x)] = √ f (x)eisx dx
2π
−∞
Z∞
1
F [f (x − a)] = √ f (x − a)eisx dx
2π
−∞

Put x − a = t If x = −∞ ⇒ t = −∞
⇒ dx = dt If x = ∞ ⇒ t = ∞

Z∞
1
∴ F [f (ax)] = √ f (t)eis(t+a) dt
2π
−∞
Z∞
= √
1
2π
−∞
f (t)eist eias dt

ne t
= e ias
F (s)
Z∞

n g .
i
1
Now F [eiax f (x)] √ eiax f (x)eisx dx

r
=
2π

n √
1
−∞
Z∞

e e
f (x)ei(s+a)x dx

i
=
2π

ng
−∞
= F (s + a)

E
Z∞
1

as y
Now F [e−iax f (x)] = √
2π
e−iax f (x)eisx dx
−∞
Z∞

w . E = √
1
2π
= F (s − a)
−∞
f (x)ei(s−a)x dx

w w
4. If F [f (x)] = F (s) then F [f (x) cos ax]= ?
Proof :
The Fourier transform of f (x) is

Z∞
1
F (s) = F [f (x)] = √ f (x)eisx dx
2π
−∞
Z∞
1
F [f (x) cos ax] = √ f (x) cos axeisx dx
2π
−∞
Z∞
e + e−iax
 iax 
1
= √ f (x) eisx dx
2π 2
−∞
Z∞ Z∞
 
1 1 1
= √ f (x)eiax eisx dx + √ f (x)e−iax eisx dx
2 2π 2π
−∞ −∞

Page 29

Downloaded From : www.EasyEngineering.net

 Downloaded From : www.EasyEngineering.net Umar Ali

Z∞ Z∞
 
1 1 1
= √ f (x)ei(s+a)x dx + √ f (x)ei(s−a)x dx
2 2π 2π
−∞ −∞
1
= [F (s + a) + F (s − a)]
2


 eikx , a < x < b;
5. Find the Fourier transform of f (x) =
 0, x ≤ a or x > b
Solution:
The Fourier transform of f (x) is

Z∞
1
F (s) = F [f (x)] = √ f (x)eisx dx
2π
−∞
Zb
1
= √ eikx eisx dx
2π

t
a

= √
1
2π
Zb
ei(s+k)x dx

. ne
g
a

n
 i(s+k)x b
1 e
= √

1
2π i(s + k) a
1 h

e ri
i
= √
2π i(s + k)

i n e
ei(s+k)b − ei(s+k)a

ng
6. Find Fc [xf (x)] and Fs [xf (x)]
Solution:

y E
as
r Z∞
2
W.K.T Fc [f (x)] = f (x) cos sxds

E
π

w . d
ds
Fc [f (x)] =
r
2 d
π ds
0
Z∞
f (x) cos sxds

w w =
r
2
π
Z∞

0
0

f (x)(− sin sx)xds

= −Fs [xf (x)]

d
Fs [xf (x)] = − Fc [f (x)]
ds

r Z∞
2
W.K.T Fs [f (x)] = f (x) sin sxds
π
0
r Z∞
d 2 d
Fs [f (x)] = f (x) sin sxds
ds π ds
0
r Z∞
2
= f (x) cos sxxds
π
0
= Fc [xf (x)]

Page 30

Downloaded From : www.EasyEngineering.net

 Downloaded From : www.EasyEngineering.net Umar Ali

d
Fc [xf (x)] = Fs [f (x)]
ds

e−as
7. Find the function f (x) whose sine transform is
s
Solution:
e−as
Given: Fs (s) =
s
The Inverse Fourier Sine transform is

r Z∞
2
f (x) = Fs (s) sin sxds
π
0
r Z∞
2 e−as
= sin sxds
π s
0
Differentiating w.r.t ’x’
r ∞ 
Z −as
d[f (x)] 2 d  e
= sin sxds
dx π dx
Z∞
s
0

ne t
.
r
−as
2 e ∂
= (sin sx)ds
π
0
Z∞
s ∂x

i n g
r
r
2 e−as
cos sx · sds

e
=
π s

=
r
2
0
Z∞

i n
e−as cos sxds e
ng
π
0
r

E
d[f (x)] 2 a
=

as y
dx

f (x) =
π a2 + x2
r Z
2
π
a
a + x2
2
dx

w . E = a
r
r

2
21
πa
tan−1
x
x
a

w w
8. Find the Fourier Sine transform of
1
=
π
tan−1
a

x
Solution:
The Fourier Sine transform is

r Z∞
2
Fs [f (x)] = f (x) sin sxds
π
0
r Z∞
2 1
= sin sxds
π x
0
r Z∞
2 sin sx
= ds
π x
0
r
2π
=
π2

Page 31

Downloaded From : www.EasyEngineering.net

 Downloaded From : www.EasyEngineering.net Umar Ali

r
π
=
2

9. State the convolution theorem and Parseval’s identity for Fourier Transfrom.
Solution:
Convolution Theorem:
If F [f (x)] = F (s) and F [g(x)] = G(s) then F [f (x) ∗ g(x)] = F (s) · G(s)
Parseval’s identity:
R∞ R∞
If F [f (x)] = F (s) then |F (s)|2 ds = |f (x)|2 dx
−∞ −∞

Other important questions:

2
1. Verify the convolution theorem under Fourier transform from f (x) = g(x) = e−x .
Solution:
The Convolution of f (x) and g(x) is

ne t
F [f (x) ∗ g(x)] = F (s)G(s)..........(1)

n g .
i
where F [f (x)] = F (s) and F [g(x)] = G(s)

To find F (s)G(s)
2
Given f (x) = e−x and g(x) = e−x
2

e e r
2 2 1 s2
F [e−a x ] = √ e− 4a2
i n
ng
W.K.T,
a 2
Put a = 1
2

E 1 s2
F [e−x ] = √ e− 4 = F (s)

y
as
2
−x2 1 − s2
Similarly F [e ] = √ e 4 = G(s)
2

Now

w . E 1
2
s2 1
F (s)G(s) = √ e− 4 √ e− 4
2
s2

w w
To find F [f (x) ∗ g(x)]
1 s2
F (s)G(s) = e− 2 ........(2)
2

Z∞
1
f (x) ∗ g(x) = √ f (t)g(x − t)dt
2π
−∞
Z∞
1 2 2
= √ e−t e−(x−t) dt
2π
−∞
Z∞
1 2
+(x−t)2 )
= √ e−(t dt
2π
−∞
Z∞
1 2
+x2 −2xt+t2 )
= √ e−(t dt
2π
−∞
Z∞
1 2
−2xt+x2 )
= √ e−(2t dt
2π
−∞

Page 32

Downloaded From : www.EasyEngineering.net

 Downloaded From : www.EasyEngineering.net Umar Ali

Z∞
1 2
−2xt+x2 ) − x2
2 x2
= √ e−(2t e e 2 dt
2π
−∞
x2 Z
∞
e− 2 2
−2xt+x2 − x2 )
2
= √ e−(2t dt
2π
−∞
x2 Z∞
e− 2 x2 x2
 
−2 t2 −2 x
2 t+ 2 − 4
= √ e dt
2π
−∞
x2 Z∞
e− 2 x2
 
−2 t2 −2 x
2 t+ 4
= √ e dt
2π
−∞
x2 Z∞
e− 2 2
e−2(t− 2 ) dt
x
= √
2π
−∞

√ x

√
Put u = 2 t− 2 ⇒ du = 2dt
if t = −∞ ⇒ u = −∞
if t = ∞ ⇒u=∞

ne t
f (x) ∗ g(x) =
− x2
e
√
2 Z∞
e−u √
2 du

n g .
2π
−∞
Z∞
2

e ri
e
2
− x2
e 2
= √
2 π
i n e−u du

ng
−∞
2
− x2√
e

y E = √
2 π
π

as
x2
e− 2
=

w . E Now F [f (x) ∗ g(x)] = F

2
"
e− 2
2
x2
#

w w =

=
1
2
h
F e− 2
1 − s2
2
x2
i

e 2 ...........(3)

From (2) and (3),

F [f (x) ∗ g(x)] = F (s)G(s)
Hence Convolution theorem is verified.

Note:
The Convolution of two functions f (x) and g(x) is
1 R∞
f (x) ∗ g(x) = √ f (t)g(x − t)dt
2π −∞
2. State and prove the Convolution and Parseval’s identity Theorem.
Convolution Theorem:
If F [f (x)] = F (s) and F [g(x)] = G(s) then F [f (x) ∗ g(x)] = F (s) · G(s)

Page 33

Downloaded From : www.EasyEngineering.net

 Downloaded From : www.EasyEngineering.net Umar Ali

Proof:

Z∞
1
F [f (x) ∗ g(x)] = √ f (x) ∗ g(x)eisx dx
2π
−∞
Z∞ Z∞
 
1  √1
= √ f (t)g(x − t)dt eisx dx
2π 2π
−∞ −∞
Z∞ Z∞
 
1 1
= √ √ g(x − t)eisx dx f (t)dt
2π 2π
−∞ −∞
Z∞
1
= √ F [f (x − t)]f (t)dt
2π
−∞
Z∞
1
= √ F [f (x)]eist f (t)dt
2π
−∞
= F [f (x)]F [g(x)]

= F (s)G(s)

ne t
Parseval’s identity:

n g .
If F [f (x)] = F (s) then
R∞
−∞
|F (s)|2 ds =
R∞
−∞
|f (x)|2 dx

e ri
e
Proof:

i n
ng
By Convolution Theorem

F [f (x) ∗ g(x)]

E
= F (s)G(s)

a 1
s y Z∞
f (x) ∗ g(x) = F −1 [F (s)G(s)]
1
Z∞
F (s)G(s)e−isx ds

.E
√ f (t)g(x − t)dt = √
2π 2π
−∞ −∞

w w Z∞
Put x = 0

f (t)g(−t)dt =
Z∞
F (s)G(s)ds

w −∞

Put g(−t) = f (t) and G(s) = F (s)

Z∞
−∞

Z∞
f (t)f (t)dt = F (s)F (s)ds
−∞ −∞
Z∞ Z∞
|f (t)|2 dt = |F (s)|2 ds
−∞ −∞

Z∞ Z∞
2
⇒ |F (s)| ds = |f (x)|2 dx, Put t = x
−∞ −∞

Page 34

Downloaded From : www.EasyEngineering.net

 Downloaded From : www.EasyEngineering.net Umar Ali




 0, for x < 0
1

3. Find the Fourier integral representation of f (x) defined as f (x) = for x = 0


 2
 −x
e for x > 0
Verify the representation directly at the point x = 0.
Solution:
The Fourier transform is

Z∞
1
F (s) = F [f (x)] = √ f (x)eisx dx
2π
−∞
Z∞
1
= √ e−x (cos sx + i sin sx)dx
2π
0
∞
Z∞

Z
1  e−x cos sxdx + i e−x sin sxdx
= √
2π
0 0

t
 
1 1 s
=

=
√

√
2π s2 + 1
1 1 + is
+i 2
s +1

. ne
2π s2 + 1

i n g
The Inverse Fourier transform is

Z∞
e e r
f (x) = √
1

i n
F (s)e−isx ds

ng
2π
−∞
Z∞
1 1 1 + is

s y E
= √
2π
Z∞
−∞
√
2π s2 + 1
(cos sx − i sin sx)ds

.E a =
2
2π
0
cos sx + s sin sx
s2 + 1
ds

w
Z∞
1 cos sx + s sin sx
= ds

w w
Verification:
π
0
s2 + 1

Put x = 0,

Z∞
1 1
f (0) = ds
π s2 +1
0
1
= [tan−1 x]∞
0
π
1π
=
π2
1
f (0) =
2

Page 35

Downloaded From : www.EasyEngineering.net