Rizal's Life - 1

Rizal’s Life, Works and Writing
What is Republic Act 1425 or Rizal Law?

- House Bill No. 5561
- Senate Bill No. 438.
- It is commonly known as the Rizal Act, established on 12th of June 1956 by Senator Claro M.
Recto.
- It requires the curricula of private and public schools, colleges and universities courses to
include, works and writings of Jose Rizal, particularly his novels Noli Me Tangere and El
Filibusterismo. - It was made effective on August 16, 1956.
Rizal Law (Republic Act No. 1425) As stated in the preamble of RA 1425/Rizal Law;
“Whereas, today more than other period f or history, there is a need for a re-dedication to the ideals of
freedom and nationalism for which our heroes lived and died.”
“Whereas, all educational institutions are under the supervision of, and subject to regulation by the
State, and all schools are enjoined to develop moral character, personal discipline, civic conscience, and
to teach the duties of citizenship.”
Rizal Law (Republic Act No. 1425) - The law requires all schools, colleges, universities, private or public
to include in their curricula courses on the life and works of Rizal. It also states that all schools are
required to have an adequate number of copies of the copies of the original and unexpurgated editions
of El Filibusterismo and Noli Me Tangere, as well as other works and biographies of Rizal.
- The purpose of Batas Rizal is to rekindle the flame of nationalism in the hearts of the Filipino,
particularly the youth. We are forgetting what our patriots have done and given to fight for our freedom.
Factors in Determining of a Person
 Just
 Patient
 Courageous
 Bearer of Wisdom
 Respectful
Nationalist Source: National Historical Commission
Criteria in Choosing the Philippine National Hero
 Filipino citizen
 Patriot/nationalist
 Has already been dead
 Patient
Source: National Historical Commission
Personalities Nominated to be our National Hero

 Marcelo H. del Pilar
 Emilio Jacinto
 Graciano Lopez-Jaena
 Antonio Luna
Issues about the Proclamation of Dr. Jose Rizal as National Hero
1. He was the illegitimate son of Adolf Hitler

2. He should not be proclaimed as the national hero because of his cowardice to fight the
colonizers through revolution.
3. He was regarded as an ―American-made hero.
 First Philippine Commission was formed by the United States President headed by the
American Governor-General William Howard c. Taft.
 Declaration of Dr. Jose Rizal as our national hero was only their strategy to hinder our
nationalistic feelings.
Philippines: Spanish Period

Emergence of political unrest in Spanish Politics
1.It started during the reign of King Ferdinand VII

2.Spanish political instability resulted to frequent shifts of colonial policies and unfixed terms of
government officials in the Philippines.
 Representation in the Spanish Cortes
 Deprivation of Human Rights to the Filipino
 Corrupt Spanish Official  Inequality
 Racial Discrimination
 Land ownership and Feudalism
Dr. Jose Protacio Rizal Mercado y Alonzo Realonda
Doctor – completed his medical course in Spain and was conferred the degree of Licentiate in
Medicine by the Universidad Central de Madrid.
Jose – chosen by his mother who was a devotee of the Christian St. Joseph.
Protacio – form Gervacio P which come from a Christian calendar, in consideration of the day of
his birth.
Rizal – from the word ―Ricial in Spanish means a field where a wheat, cut while still green,
sprouts again.
Mercado – adopted by Domingo Lamco which Spanish term means market. Alonzo – old name
surname of his mother.
Realonda – it was used by Doña Teodora from the surname of her godmother based on the
culture by that time.
Jose Protacio Rizal Mercado y Alonzo Realonda

- He was born near midnight of Wednesday of June 19, 1861 to the Rizal family of Calamba,
Laguna.
- He was baptized by Rev. Rufino Collantes in the Catholic church of Calamba on June 22, 1861,
three days after birth.
- His Godfather named Father Perdo Casanas, a close friend of Rizal family.
- Lieutenant-General Jose Lemery was the governor- general of the Philippines when Rizal was
born.
Rizal’s Father Don Francisco Mercado (1818-1898)
- Born in Biñan, Laguna on May 11, 1818.
- Studied Latin and Philosophy at the College of San Jose in Manila.
- Became a tenant-farmer of the Dominican-owned hacienda.
- A hardly and independent-minded man, who talked less and worked more, and was strong in
body and valiant in spirit.
- Died in Manila on January 5, 1898 at age of 80.
- Rizal affectionately called him
―a model fathe
Rizal’s Mother Doña Teodora Alonso Realonda (1826-1911)
- Born in Manila on November 8, 1826.
- Educated at the College of Santa Rosa, a well- known college for girls in the city.
- A remarkable woman, possessing refined culture, literary talent, business ability, and the
fortitude of Spartan.
- Is a woman of more than ordinary culture; she known literature and speaks Spanish (according
to Rizal).
- Died in Manila on August 16, 1911 at age of 85. Mylene Gado Almario
Information about his parents
- Rizal always called her sisters Doña or Señora (married) and Señorita (single).
- Francisco Mercado and Teodora Alonso Realonda married on June 28, 1848, after which they
settled down in Calamba.
- The real surname of the Rizal was Mercado, which was adopted in 1713 by Domingo Lamco
(paternal great-great grandfather of Jose Rizal), who was a full blooded Chinese.
- Rizl‘s family acquired a second surname

– Rizal – which was given by a Spanish Alcalde Mayor (provincial governor) of Laguna, who was a
family friend.
The Siblings of Jose Rizal
Saturnina (1850-1913)
- Oldest of the Rizal children

- Nicknamed Neneng - Married to Manuel T. Hidalgo of Tanauan, Batangas.
Paciano - Older brother and confident of Jose Rizal.
- He was the second father to Rizal.
- Immortalized him in Rizal‘s first novel Noli Me Tangere as the wise Pilosopong Tasio.
- Rizal regarded him as the ―”most noble of Filipinos”.
- He became a combat general in the Philippine Revolution.
- Died on April 13, 1930, an old bachelor at age of 79, he had two children by his mistress
(Severina Decena) – a boy and a girl.
Narcisa (1852-1939)
- Petname Sisa
- She was married to Antonio Lopez (nephew of Father Leoncio Lopez), a school teacher of
Morong.
Olympia (1855-1887)
- Petname Ypia
- She was married to Silvestre Ubaldo, a telegraph operator in Manila.
Lucia (1857-1979)
- she was married to Mariano Herbosa of Calamba, who was a nephew of Father Casanas.
Maria (1859-1945)
- Biang was her petname
- She was married to Daniel Faustino Cruz of Biñan, Laguna.
Concepcion (1862-1865)
- Concha was her pet-name
- She died at age of three because of sickness.
- Her death was Rizal‘s first sorrow in life.
Josefa (1865-1945)
- Panggoy was her pet-name
- An old maid, died at age of 80.
Trinidad (1868-1951)
- Trining was her pet-name

- An old maid, died at age of 83.
Soledad (1870-1929)
- Choleng was her pet-name
- She was married to Pantaleon Quintero of Calamba.
Rizal’s Home (Physical)
- It is one of the distinguished stone houses in Calamba during the Spanish times.
- It was a two-storey building, rectangular in shape, built of adobe stones and hard-woods and
roofed with red tiles.
- During the day, it hummed with the noises of children at play and the songs of the birds in the
garden; by night, it echoed with the dulcet notes of family prayers.
- The Rizal family belonged to the principalia, town aristocracy in Spanish Philippines.
- The Rizal family had a simple, contented and happy life
Childhood Years in Calamba, Laguna
- Calamba was a hacienda town which belonged to Dominican Order, which also owned all the
lands around.
- Un Recuerdo A Mi Pueblo (In Memory of My Town) – a poem about Rizal‘s beloved town
written by Rizal in 1876 when he was 15 years old and was student in the Ateneo de Manila.
- The first memory of Rizal, in his infancy, was his happy days in the family garden when he was
three. - Another childhood memory was the daily Angelus prayer. By nightfall, Rizal related, his
mother gathered all the children at the house to pray the Angelus.
- Another memory of Rizal during infancy was the nocturnal walk in the town, especially when
there was a moon.
- The death of Concha was his first sorrow.
- At age of three he began to take part in the family prayers.
- At 5, he was able to read haltingly the Spanish family bible, and make sketches with this pencil
and to mould in clay and wax on objects which attracted his fancy.
―The Story of the Moth‖ – made the profoundest impression of Rizal.
―Sa Aking Mga Kabata‖- the first poem written in the native language at age of 8, he also wrote
his first dramatic work (Tagalog comedy).
Influences on the Hero’s Boyhood
1. Hereditary influence
2. Environmental influence
3. Aid of the Divine Providence
- Tio Jose Alberto – he develop the artistic ability of Rizal.
- Tio Manuel – he guided Rizal on his physical exercises.
- Tio Gregorio – intensified Rizal‘s voracious reading of good books.
- Father Leoncio Lopez – fostered Rizal‘s love for scholarship and intellectual honesty.
Early Education in Calamba and Biñan
- The first teacher of Rizal was his mother, who was remarkable woman of good character and
fine culture.
- Maestro Celestino – first private tutor.
- Maestro Lucas Padua – science tutor.
- Leon Monroy – a former classmate of his father, that instructed in Spanish and Latin. He died
five months later.
- June 1869 – Rizal left Calamba to study in Biñan, accompanied byPaciano.
- Maestro Justiniano Aquino Cruz – Rizal‘s first teacher in Biñan.
- Pedro – his classmate that challenge him to fight.
- Andres Lakindanan – challenged Rizal to an wrestling match.
- Juancho – an old painter who was the father-in-law of the school teacher; freely give Rizal
lesson in drawing and painting.
- December 17, 1870 – he left Biñan after one year and a half of schooling.
- Arturo Camos – a French friend of Rizal‘s father who took care of him on board.
Martyrdom of GomBurZA
- January 20, 1872 – about 200 Filipino soldiers and workmen of the Cavite arsenal under the
leadership of Sgt. Lamadrid (he was Filipino, but rose in mutiny because of the abolition of their
usual privileges).
- Mariano Gomez, Jose Burgos, Jacinto Zamora – were executed at sunrise of February 17, 1872,
by the order of Governor-General Izquierdo.
- The martyrdom of the GomBurZa in 1872 truly Rizal to fight the evils of Spanish tyranny and
redeem his oppressed people.
- Rizal dedicated his second novel El Filibusterismo to GomBurZa.
Injustice to Rizal’s Mother

- June 1872 – Doña Teodora was suddenly arrested on a malicious charge that she and her
brother Jose Alberto, tried to poison the latter‘s perfidious wife.
- Antonio Vivencio del Rosario – Calamba‘s gobernadorcillo, who helped to arrest Doña Teodora.
- After arresting Doña Teodora, the sadistic Spanish lieutenant forced her to walk from Calamba
to Santa Cruz, Laguna (50km.).
- Doña Teodora was incarcerated at the provincial prison, where she languished for two years. –
Francisco de Marcaida and Manuel Marzan
– the most famous lawyers of Manila that defend Doña Teodora.
Scholastic Triumph at Ateneo de Manila
- Ateneo Municipal, a college under the supervision of the Spanish Jesuits.
- Escuela Pia (Charity School) – formerly name of Ateneo, a school for poor boys in Manila which
was established by the city government 1817.
- June 10, 1872 – Rizal was accompanied by Paciano on his way to Manila.
- Father Magin Ferrano
– he was the college registrar, who refused to admit Rizal in Ateneo for two reason:
a) he was late or registration
b) he was sickly and undersized for his age.
- Manuel Xerez Burgos – because of his intercession, nephew of Father Burgos, Rizal was
reluctantly admitted Ateneo.
- He registered Rizal as his surname since Mercado was suspected by the Spanish authorities.
- Rizal was first board in a house outside in Caraballo Street. This was owned by a spinster
named Titay who owed the family the amount of 300 pesos.
Jesuits System of Education
- It trained the character of the students by rigid discipline and religious instructions.
- Students were divided into two groups:
- Roman Empire – consisting of internos (boarders); red banner.
- Carthaginian Empire – composed of the externos (non-boarders); blue banner.
- Intelligence distribution:
- Emperor – 1st
- Tribune – 2nd
- Decurion - 3rd
- Centurion – 4th
- Stand – 5th
- The Ateneo students wore a uniform consisted of “hemp-fabric trousers” and “striped cotton
coat”. The coat material was called ravadillo.
First Year in Ateneo (1872-1973)
- Father Jose Bech – Rizal‘s first professor in Ateneo who he described as “tall thin man, with a
body slightly bend forward, a harried walk, an ascetic face, severe and inspired, smell deep-
sunken eyes, a sharp nose that was almost Greek, and thin lips forming an arc whose fell toward
the chin”.
- A Religious picture – a Rizal‘s first prize for being brightest pupil in the whole class.
- To improve his Spanish, he took private lessons in Santa Isabel College during noon recesses.
He paid three pesos for those extra Spanish lessons.
- At the end of the school year in March, 1873, he returned to Calamba for summer vacation. -
When the summer vacation ended, Rizal returned to Manila for his second year term in Ateneo.
This time he boarded inside Intramuros at No. 6 Magallanes Street. His landlady was an old
widow name Doña Pepay.
Second Year in Ateneo (1873-1874)
- At the end of the school year, Rizal received excellent grades in all subjects and a gold medal.
- The Count of Monte Cristo –(Alexander Dumas) – the first favourite novel of Rizal which made
a deep impression on him.
- Universal History (Cesar Cantu) – Rizal persuaded his father to buy him this set of historical
work that was a great aid in his studies.
- Dr. Feodor Jagor – a German scientist-traveller who visited the Philippines 1859-1860 who
wrote Travels in the Philippines. He was impressed in this book because; 1) Jagor’s keen
observation of the defects of Spanish colonization, and, 2) his prophecy that someday Spain
would lose the Philippines and that America would come to succeed her as colonizer.
Third and Fourth Year in Ateneo (1874- 1876)
- Rizal's grades remained excellent in all subjects but e won only one medal – Latin.
- At the end of the school year, Rizal‘s returned to Calamba for the vacation. He himself was not
impressed by his scholastic work.
- June 16, 1875 – Rizal became an interno of the Ateneo.
- Padre Francisco de Paula Sanchez – a great educator and scholar, one of Rizal‘s professors who
inspired him to study harder and to write poetry.
Rizal described this Jesuit professor as ―model of uprightness, earnestness, and love
for the advancement of his pupils‖. - Rizal‘s topped all his classmates ain all subjects and
on five medals at the end of the school term.
Last Year in Ateneo (1876-1877)
- Rizal‘s studies continued to fare well. As a matter-of-fact, the excelled in all subjects. The most
brilliant Atenean of his time, he was truly the pride of the Jesuits.
- March 23, 1877 – Commencement Day, Rizal who was 15 years old, received from his Alma
Mater; the Degree of Bachelor of Arts, with highest honour.
- Marian Congeragation – a religious society wherein Rizal was an active member and later
became the secretary.
- Rizal cultivated his literary talent under the guidance of Father Sanchez.
- Father Jose Vilaclara – advised Rizal to stop communing with the muse and pay mote attention
to more practical studies.
- Rizal studies painting under the famous Spanish painter, Agusti Saez, and sculpture under
Romualdo de Jesus; a noted Filipino sculptor.
- Rizal carved an image of the Virgin Mary on a piece of batikuling with his pocket-knife.
- Father Lieonart – impressed by Rizal‘s sculptural talent, requested him to carve for him an
image of Sacred Heart of Jesus.
Poems in Ateneo
- It was Doña Teodora who was first discovered the poetic genius of her son, and it also she who
first encourage him to write poems. However, it was Father Sanchez who inspired Rizal to take
full of his God-given gift in poetry.
- Mi Primera Inspiracion (My First Inspiration), 1874, the poem Rizal probably wrote during days
in Ateneo which was dedicated to his mother on her birthday; Rizal wrote he was 14 years old.
-1875 (inspired by Father Sanchez)
1. Felicitacion
2. El Embarque: Himno a la Flota de Magallanes
3. Y Es Español:Elcano el Primero en dar la Vuelta al Mundo
4. El Combate: Urbiztondo, Terror de Jolo
5. Al Niño Jesus (To the Child Jesus) – brief ode
Poems in Ateneo 1876 (religion, education, childhood and memories of war)
1. Un Recuerdo a Mi Pueblo (In Memory of My Town) – honour for his hometown Calamba.
2. Alianza Intima Entre la Religion y la Buena Education (Intimate Alliance Between Religion and
Good Education) – shows the importance of religion and education.
3. Por la Educacion Recibe Lustre la Patria (Through Education the Country Receives Light) –
education plays in the progress and welfare a nation.
4. El Cautiverio y el Triunfo: Batalla de Lucenas y Prison Boabdil (The Captivity and the Triumph:
Battle of Lucena and the Imprisonment of Boadbil) – the defeat and capture of Boabdil, the last
Sultan of Granada.
5. La Entrada Triunfal de los Reyes Catolices en Granada (The Triumphal Entry of the Catholic
Monarchs into Granada) – victorious entry of King Ferdinand and Queen Isabel of Spain to
Granada.
6. San Eustacio, Martir (St. Eustace, The Martyr) – prose story of St. Eustace.
Poems in Ateneo 1877
1. El Heroismo de Colon (The Heroism of Columbus) – poem praises Columbus.
2. Colon y Juan II (Columbus and John II) – relates how King John II of Spain missed fame and
riches by his failure to finance the projected expedition of Columbus to the New World.
3. Gran Cunsuelo en la Mayor Desdicha (Great Solace in Great Misfortune) – a legend relates to
the tragic life of Columbus.
4. Un Dialogo Aluviso a la Despedida de los Colegiales (A Farewell Dialogue of the Students) –

farewell to his classmates in Ateneo.
5. A la Virgen Maria (To the Virgin Mary) – another religious poem which doesn‘t have exact
date when it was written.
Life in the University of Santo Tomas (1877-1882)
- After finishing the first year of a course in Philosophy and Letters (1877-1878). He transferred
to the medical course.
- April 1877 – he enrolled in the UST taking Philosophy and Letters because;
1) his father like it,
2) he was “still uncertain as to what career to pursue”.
- Father Pablo Ramon – Rector of Ateneo, who had been good to him his students days in that
college, asking for advice on the choice of a career but unfortunately he was in Mindanao.
- During Rizal‘s first school term in the UST, Rizal also studied in Ateneo. He took the vocational
course leading to the title of perito agrimensor (expect surveyor).
- Rizal excelled in all subjects in the surveying course in Ateneo, obtaining gold medals in
agriculture and topography. He passed all the subject but the title was no issued to him because
he was only 17 years- old, underage. The title was issued to him on November 25, 1881- the title
was issued to Rizal for passing the final examination in the surveying course.
- Liceo Artistico-Literario (Artistic-Literay Lyceum of Manila) – society of literary men and artists
held a literary contest in the year 1879. He also served as the President of the Spanish Literature
in Ateneo. 39. Life in the University of Santo Tomas (1877-1882)
- While at UST, he fell in love with three women. During his first year, he fell in love with a
woman simply called “Miss L”, a woman with a fair, seductive and attractive eyes. The romance
dead a natural death because of two reasons: (1) the sweet memory of Segunda Katigbak was
still fresh to in his memory a and, (2) Rizal‘s father did not like the family of Miss L.
- During his sophomore year, he courted Leonor Valenzuela, a tall girl with regal bearing. Rizal
sent her love notes in invisible ink. But just like Segunda he also stopped visiting her.
- During his junior year, Rizal had romance with Leonor Rivera, of Camiling, Tarlac. Leonor was a
pretty girl and a students of La Concordia Colllege. Both Rizal and Leonor were engaged, he used
the sign name “Taimi” to cover their relationship from their parents.
- Rizal studied in UST from 1878-1882. his grade in Medicine consists of 2 excellent, 3 very good,
8 good, and 2 fair (physics and general pathology). His grades in UST College of Medicine were
not as impressive as what he got at Ateneo Philosophy and Letters due to the hostility of the
Dominican professors. Accordingly, laboratory equipment's are just for display and racial
discrimination against the Filipino students.
Education in University of Santo Tomas (1877-1882)
- A La Juventud (To the Filipino Youth) – at 18, submitted tis poem, it is inspiring poem of
flawless form. This poem won as a classic Filipino literature for two reasons: a) it was a great
poem in Spanish written by the Filipino, whose merit was recognized by Spanish literary
authorities, 2) expressed for the first time the nationalistic concept that the Filipino, and not the
foreigners, were the “fair hope of the Fatherland”. The Board of Judges, composed of Spaniards
was impressed by Rizal‘s poem and gave it gave it the first prize which consisted of a silver pen,
feather-shaped and decorated with a gold ribbon.
- A Filipinas – a sonnet written by Rizal for the album of the Society of Sculptors; in this sonnet,
he urged all Filipino artists to glorify the Philippines.
Education in University of Santo Tomas (1877-1882)
- Abd-el-Azis y Mahoma – poem honouring the Ateneo Patroness.
- Al M.R.P Pablo Ramon – poem dedication to Father Pablo Ramon (Atenean Rector), who had
been so kind and helpful to him.
- Vicenta Ybardolaza – a pretty girl colegiala who skillfully played a harp at the Regalado home,
whom Rizal was infatuated.
- Compañerismo (Comradeship) – Rizal founded a secret society of Filipino students in UST 1880.
- Galicano Apacible – Rizal‘s cousin from Batangas who is the secretary of the society. Mylene
Gado Almario
Unhappy Days in UST
- Rizal found the atmosphere at the UST suffocating to his sensitive spirit. He was unhappy at
this Dominican institution of higher learning because; 1) the Dominican professors were hostile
to him; 2) the Filipino students were racially discriminated by the Spaniards; 3) the method of
instruction was obsolete and repressive.
- In Rizal novel, El Filibusterismo, he described how the Filipino students were humiliated and
insulted by their Dominican professors and how backward the method of instruction was,
especially in the teaching of the natural sciences. He related in Chapter XIII (The Class in
Physics).
Rizal’s Departure for Spain(1882)
- After finishing his 4th year of medical course in UST, Rizal decided to complete his studies in
Spain. - Aside form his studies in Spain, Rizal has his “secret mission”; a). To observe keenly the
life and culture ,languages and customs, industries and commerce, and the government laws of
the European nations in order to prepare himself in the mighty task of liberating his oppressed
people from Spanish tyranny.
- Before the secret departure of Rizal, he wrote a farewell letter to his parents and sweetheart
Leonor Rivera which was delivered to them – after he sailed away.
- May 3, 1882 – the Spanish Steamer (Salvadora), Rizal departed for Spain using Jose Mercado,
on his travel documents. His main reason in leaving the Philippines was to transfer at the
Universidad Central De Madrid in Spain to finish his medicine course.
- May 8, 1882 – they have two-day stopover in Singapore. He reached the island considered by
him as “Talim Island with the Susong Dalaga”. The following day, May 9, Rizal registered at Hotel
de la Paz and spent two-day sightseeing sorties of the city. He saw the Botanical Garden, the
Famous Buddhist Temple and the founder of Singapore, Sir Thomas Stanford Raffles.
- May 11, 1882 – he was board on the steamer Djemnah, a French steamer, much larger and
cleaner than the Salvadora. On board the vessel were British, French, Dutch, Spaniards, Malays,
Siamese and Filipinos. French was mostly spoken on the board.
- May 17,1882 – he arrived at the Point Galle, a seacoast town in southern Ceylon. The town is
lovely, quiet and sad at the sometime according to him.
- May 18, 1882 – he had a stopover at Colombo. It is more beautiful, smart, elegant than
Singapore, Point Galle and Manila.
- May 28, 1882 – the Djemnah continued its voyage and crossed the Indian Ocean until he
reached the Cape of Guardafin, Africa. Rizal called it as inhospitable land but famous. Then, he
reached Aden, according to him it was a city hotter than in Manila –for the first time he saw
camels.
- June 2, 1882 – he proceeded to Suez Canal. It took 5 days to travel Suez. He disembarked for
sightseeing and he was fascinated to hear a the multiracial inhabitants speaking a babel of
tongues – Arabic, Egyptians, Greek, Italian and Spanish.
- June 11, 1882 – the steamer proceeded to Europe and reached Naple City, Italy. Rizal was
fascinated by Mount of Vesuvius, the Castle of St. Telno, and the historic sights of the city. The
city was busy because of its business activity, lively people and panoramic beauty.
- June 12, 1882 – the steamer docked at the French harbour of Marseilles. Rizal disembarked to
visit the famous Chateau d‘ef where Dantes, the hero of The Count of Monte Cristo was jailed.
He stayed at Maseilles for two and a half days at Hotel Noailles for 3 days.
- June 15, 1882 – the steamer left Mersailles by on its last trip Spain. The steamer reached
Pyrenees and stopped for a day at Port Bou. In this place, Rizal saw the indifference accorded to
tourists in comparison to the courtesy accorded by the French immigration officers.
- June 16, 1883 - from Port Bou, Rizal continued his trip for the last lap by train for Spain and
finally reaching his destination – Barcelona, Spain. Rizal stayed in Hotel de España and in Sitges
Street with Tomas Cabangis and boarded a house in San Severo Street. He visited Ronda de la
Universidad of Barcelona “ugly, dirty little inns, inhospitable people” because he happened to
stay upon his arrival in a stingy inn. Later, he changed his mind and came to like the city “as a
great city with an atmosphere of freedom and liberalism and the people were open- hearted,
hospitable and courageous”. He enjoyed promenading along Las Rambles, the famous Barcelona
Street.
Life in Barcelona, Spain (1882)
- Rizal was welcome by the Filipinos by the in Barcelona, some of who were his classmates in
Ateneo. They gave him a party at their favourite café – Plaza de Catalina. They exchanged toast
and they Rizal of the attractions and customs of the people in Barcelona. Rizal, in turn, gave
news and gossips in the Philippines. While in Barcelona, Rizal received two bad news; 1. the
cholera outbreak that ravaged Manila and the provinces, and 2. the chatty letter of Chengoy
recounting the unhappiness of Leonor Rivera, who was getting thinner due to the absence of a
loved one.
Life in Madrid, Spain (1882-1885)
- On November 3, 1882 – upon the advice of Paciano to Rizal to finish the medical course in
Madrid, Rizal left Barcelona in the fall of 1882 and went to Madrid.
- He enrolled in the Universidad Central de Madrid, in Medicine and Philosophy and Letters. - In
Madrid, he lodged at Visitacion Street, No. 3, 3rd floor (Room 4) in 1883.
- On October 1884, he transferred to Pizarro Street, No. 13 and later on at Ventura de la Vega
Street.
- He also studied painting and sculpture in the Academy of Fine Arts of San Fernando, took
tutoring lessons in French, German and English and practiced fencing and sharpshooting in the
Hall of Arms of Sanz y Carbonell.
- Rizal lived frugally, rigidly budgeting his money wisely. Although he used to buy ticket in every
draw of the Madrid Lottery, he never wasted his money for gambling, wine and women. Rizal
spent his leisure time by reading books, fencing, and shooting.
- He also visited his Filipino friends at the house of Paterno brothers. He also fraternized with
other students at the Antigua Café d Cervantes. Every Saturday evenings he visited the home of
Don Pablo Ortega y Rey.
- During his stay in Barcelona and Madrid, hard times occurred in Calamba such as harvest of
rice and sugarcane failed due to drought and locust, increasing of land leased to the hacienda
cultivated by the Rizal, and, Paciano was forced to sell Rizal’s pony to send him money.
- June 21, 1884 – Rizal was conferred the Licentiate in Medicine with a rating of “Fair” by the
Universidad Central de Madrid after completing 5th and 6th year term.
 Legal Medicine (excellent)

 Obstetrical Clinic (fair)
 Other subjects (good and very good)
- 1884-1885, he passed all the subjects leading to the degree of Doctor of Medicine. In his three
subjects he got “fair” in History of Medical Science, “good” in Surgical Analysis and “excellent” in
Normal Histology. However, he didn‘t conferred Doctor of Medicine because of the failure to
present a thesis required for graduation and pay for the corresponding fee.
- Obtaining the degree of Licentiate in Medicine, the became a full-fledged physician and
qualified to practice medicine. He was not interested in taking the post-degree of Degree of
Medicine because such a degree is good only for teaching purposes, and he knew that no friar-
owned university in the Philippines would accept him for a position because of his brown
complexion.
- June 24, 1884 – Rizal was broke. With empty stomach, he attended his classes at the
University, participated in the contest in Greek language and won the gold medal.
- November 20, 1884 – student demonstrations started to explode at the Universidad Central de
Madrid due to the expulsion of Dr. Miguel Morayta (history). Dr. Morayta was also
excommunicated by the Catholic church because of his liberal idealism. All the professor fought
for his side was forced to resign from the university.
- June 19, 1885 – on his 24th birthday, Rizal received his degree on Licentiate in Philosophy and
Letters (sobresaliente). He was also qualified to be a professor of humanities in any Spanish
University.
- June 15, 1885 – Rizal was invited to speak in an banquet to celebrate the double victory of two
artists; Juan Luna (Spolarium) for winning the 1st prize, and Felix Hidalgo (Virgenes Christianas
Expuestas el Populacio) for 2nd prize, in the National Exposition of Fine Arts in Madrid. He
saluted Luna and Hidalgo for their artistic achievements.
- October 1885 – Rizal decided to went to Paris. Rizal had stopover in Barcelona on his way to
Paris. He visited his friend MaximoViola, at lodge in Vergara No. 1, 3rd floor Room 2. he also
befriended Eusebio Corominas, editor of the newspaper La Publisidad.
Life in Paris, France(1885-1886)
- November 1885 – Rizal went to Paris and lived their there for 4 mos., where he worked as
assistant to Dr. Louis de Wecket (a leading French ophthalmologist). He rapidly improved his
knowledge of ophthalmology. Outside of his working hours, he relaxed by visiting his friends. He
also went to Luna‘s studio. He helped Luna by posing as a model in several artworks. Rizal posed
as Egyptian priest in Luna‘s canvass ―The Death of Cleopatra‖ and Sikatuna in “The Blood
Compact”.
- After 4 months of staying in Paris, he left Paris for Heidelberg, Germany.
Life in Heidelberg, Germany (1886)
- He lived for a short time in with a German law students in a boarding house but later on, he
transferred to a boarding house near the University of Heidelberg. He became a member of the
Chess Player‘s Club. He became a popular friend to the German so that the German students
joined him in beer drinking, saber duel, and chess games.
- He worked at the University Eye Hospital under Dr. Otto Becker (ophthalmologist). He also
attended the lectures of Dr. Becker and Prof. Wilhelm Kuehne at the university. During
weekends, he had sights seeing at the scenic spots at Heidelberg (Heidelberg Castle, romantic
Neckar River, and old church).
Life in Heidelberg, Germany (1886)
- He also spent a 3-month summer vacation at Wilhelmsfeld. Here he became a good friend of
Dr. Karl Ullmer (Protestant pastor). On June 25, 1886, he left Wilhelmsfeld, and returned to
Heidelberg carrying with him the memories of the Ullmer friendship and hospitality.
- July 3, 1886 – Rizal wrote his first letter in Germany to Prof. Ferdinand Blumentritt (Austrian
ethnologist)- he became the best friend of Rizal.
- August 6, 1886 – 5th centenary celebration of Heidelberg.
- August 9, 1886 – Rizal left Heidelberg and boarded a train, visited other cities of Germany and
arrived at Leipzig.
Tour in Germany (1886)
- August 14, 1886 – he arrived at Leipzig. He attended some lectures at the University of Leipzig
in history and psychology. He met Prof. Friedrich Ratzel (historian) and Dr. Hans Meyer
anthropologist. - He translated Scheller’s “William Tell” and Hans Christian Anderson “Fairy
Tale” in Tagalog. He found Leipzig as the cheapest in Europe and so he stayed for two and half
months.
- October 29, 1886 – he arrived as Dresden, Germany and met Dr. Adolf B. Meyer, Director of
the Anthropological and Ethnological Museum. He stayed two days in this city.
Life in Berlin, Germany (1886)
- November 1, 1886 – he left Dresden by train and reached Berlin in the evening. Rizal met for
the first time Dr. Feodor Jagor, a German scientist. He also met famous personalities Dr. Hans
Virchow, Dr. Rudolf Virchow, Dr. W. Joest, and Dr. Ernest Schweigger.
- He also worked in the clinic of Dr. Schweigger and upon the recommendation of Dr. Jagor and
Dr. Meyer he became a member of the Anthropological Society, Ethnological Society and
Geographical Society.
- He was impressed with Berlin because of its scientific atmosphere and absence of racial race.
He lived in Berlin in a frugal life. At night he attended the lecture in the University of Berlin.
- He took private lessons under French professor Madame Lucie Cerdale. He observed keenly
the customs, dresses, homes and occupations of the peasants. He made sketches of the things
he saw.
- During the winter, he lived in poverty because he was flat broke. Because was unable to pay
his landlord and because he didn‘t had a money arrived from Calamba, he pawned the diamond
ring that was given to him by his sister Saturnina. He had to eat only one meal a day, and a daily
meal consisted of bread and water or cheap vegetable soup. He washed his clothes because he
could not afford to pay the laundry. Paciano was delayed in raising the necessary funds, Rizal‘s
health broke down. He began to cough and feared that he was going to be sick with
tuberculosis.
- After several months, Rizal received Paciano‘s remittance of P1000, which was forwarded by
Juan Luna form Paris. Rizal paid the sum of P300 for the loan granted to Rizal for the printing of
Noli Me Tangere.
- He went to Berlin for the following reasons: 1.To increase his knowledge in ophthalmology;
2.To broaden his studies of sciences and languages; 3.To observe political and economic
conditions of Germany; 4.To associate with famous German scientist and scholars; 5.To publish
his novel
Grand Tour in Europe
- May 11, 1887 – Rizal and Viola left Berlin for Dresden. They visited Dr. Adolf B. Meyer. While
strolling at the scene of the Floral Exposition, they met Dr. Jagor, and suggested them to meet
Blumentritt.
- May 13, 1887 –Rizal and Viola reached Leitmeritz, Bohemia. They met Ferdinand Blumentritt.
The two enjoyed the warm hospitality of the Blumentritt family.
- They also met famous scientist Dr. Carlos Czepelah and another eminent naturalist Robert
Klutschak.
- May 17, 1887 – they left Leitmeritz by train on their way to the city of Prague. They carried
recommendation letters of Prof. Blumentritt Dr. Wilhomm, a professor of Natural History in the
University of Prague.
- May 19, 1887 – they reached the city of Brunn.
- May 20, 1887 – they arrived at the city of Vienna, Austria. They visited famous interesting
scenic places like churches, museums, art galleries, theatres, public parks, beautiful buildings,
and religious images. They also met Mr. Norfenfoe (European novelist) and Masner and
Nordmenn (Austrian scholars).
- May 24, 1887 – they left Vienna, via river boat to see the beautiful sights of the Danube river.
The river voyage ended in Lintz, afterwards they travelled on land to Salzburg and from there
Munich. In Munich, they had a short time savouring the famous Munich beer (best beer in
Germany).
- From Munich, they went to Nuremberg (oldest city in Germany), were their impressed by the
manufacturer of dolls which was the biggest industry in the city. Afterwards, they went to Ulm
particularly he city cathedral, they enjoyed they view upon reaching the top, even though Viola felt dizzy
and tried.
- All they visit Ulm, they went to Stuttgart, Baden and Rheinfall.
- June 2-3, 1887 – they continued their trip on a boat and reached Basel, Bern, Laussenne, and they
cross to the lake of Geneva.
- June 6, 1887- they reached Geneve, Switzerland. While in Geneva, Rizal received sad news from his
friends in Madrid about the conditions of Igorots, who were exhibited in the 1887 Madrid Exposition,
some of the natives died.
67. Grand Tour in Europe
- June 19, 1887 – it was 26th birthday, he treated Viola to a blow- out with a sumptuous meal. He also
wrote a letter to Blumentritt regarding Industrial exhibition.
- June 23, 1887 – Rizal and Viola parted ways. They both spent 15 days in Geneva. Viola returned to
Barcelona and Rizal continued his tour to Italy.
- June 24, 1887 – Rizal went to Italy, and visited Turin, Milan, Venice and Florence. - June 27, 1887 – he
reached Rome and visited famous architectural buildings.
- June 29, 1887 – he visited the Vatican City. He has sightseeing and was impressed by the magnificent
edifice like St. Peter‘s Church, the rare works of the art, the vast St. Peter‘s Square, and the colourful
Papal Guard. After a week travel in Rome, he decided to return to the Philippines.
The Women in Rizal’s Life
-Julia – a girl in the Pagsanjan River, who use to catch butterfly.

-Segunda Katigbak – “teenage crush” - She was a comely 14-year old Batangueña from Lipa City.
She also known as “Paisana” but Rizal referred to her in his diary as “K”. She was described by
Rizal as gay, talkative, witty, virginal, attractive, alluring, and beguiling.
- At 16, Rizal fell in love with his “first romance”. Segunda was boarding student at the
Colegio de la Concordia where his sister Olympia and Leonor Rivera also studied. He
found out later that Segunda was engaged to be married to her town-mate, Manuel Luz.
- Margarita Almeda Gomez – “Miss L”- A young lady from Pakil, Laguna. This young lady was
believed to be Leonor Valenzuela but she was not. She was described by Rizal as with fair
complexion, seductive and with attractive eyes. Their romance died a natural death for two
reasons: 1) Rizal’s memory of Segunda was still fresh in his heart, and 2) Rizal’s father objected
their love affair.
-Leonor Valenzuela – “Orang” - The daughter of Capitan Juan and Capitana Sanday Valenzuela of
Pansanjan, Laguna. She was a tall girl with regal bearing. Rizal sends her love notes written in
invisible ink, that could only be deciphered over the warmth of the lamp or candle. He visited
her on the eve of his departure to Spain and bade her last goodbye.
- Vicenta Ybardoza – “pretty colegiala” - She was also from Pakil, Laguna who was a high school
at that time. Rizal get infatuated to her when she played a harp. However, nobody knew what
happened later between the two.
- Leonor Rivera – “Taimis” - A lady form Camiling, Tarlac, a daughter of Antonio Rivera (Rizal‘s
uncle) and Silvestre Bauson. Rizal courted her, when she was 13-year old and she got engaged to
Rizal before the age of 15. Their relationship was actually a “love affair by correspondence”
wherein Rizal wrote several letters to Leonor while he was in abroad. However, their
relationship ended when she married her mother choice Charles Henry C. Kipping. Their love
affair last for 10 years.
-Consuelo Ortega y Rey – “pretty Manileña” - She was a daughter of Don Pablo Ortega y Rey(a
former civil governor of Manila, under the administration of Carlos Ma. De la Torre). He
dedicated to her A la Senorita C.O. y R., which became one of his best poems. He probably fell
in love with her and Consuelo apparently asked him for romantic verses. He suddenly backed
out before the relationship turned into a serious romance, because he wanted to remain loyal to
Leonor Rivera and he did not want to destroy his friendship with Eduardo de Lete who was
madly in love with Consuelo.
- Seiko Usui – “O-Sei-San” - A Japanese samurai‘s daughter taught Rizal the Japanese art of
painting known as su-mie. Rizal was 29 at that time while Seiko was 23. She helped Rizal
improve his knowledge of Japanese language. They spent a happy months together visiting old
temples and art galleries. - If Rizal was a man without a patriotic mission, he would have married
this lovely and intelligent woman and lived a stable and happy life with her in Japan because
Spanish legation there offered him a lucrative job.
- Gertrude Beckett – “Gettie” - An English girl with brown hair, blue eyes and pink cheeks. When
Rizal was in London, he boarded in the house of the Beckett family. During rainy days when Rizal
stayed at home, Gettie helped him mixed his colours for paintings or assisted in preparing the
clay for sculpturing. - Then Rizal realized that their friendship was drifting to a serious affair, he
drove to Paris in 1889 leaving Gertrude behind. He could not return the English girl‘s affection
and marry her because of loyalty to Leonor Rivera.
-Suzanne Jacoby – “pretty girl in Brussels, Belgium” - She was a pretty niece of Rizal‘s landlady.
Suzanne was deeply fell in love with him, she cried when Rizal left for Madrid towards the ends
of July, 1890.
-Nellie Boustead – “almost wife” - She was a daughter of Eduardo Boustead, they met when
Rizal was a guest in the Boustead family. She was described as gay-hearted, sports- minded,
highly intelligent, vivacious in temperament and morally upright. Nelly was infatuated with Rizal
but Rizal, at first, loved Adelina. Antonio Luna, who had previously loved and lost Nelly,
encouraged Rizal court and marry her. Rizal having lost his beloved Leonor Rivera came to
entertain considerable affection for Nelly. - However, their love affair didn‘t have a happy
ending because of two reasons: a) he refused to give up his Catholic faith, and 2) Nelly’s mother
did not like Rizal as a son-in-law.
Pastora Necesario – “Totak” - She was a weaver of cloth at Dapitan. As a sign of love, Rizal gave
her a statue of a woman and also sent her letters of love and concern. When Rizal was executed
in Bagumbayan, she married Gonzalo Carreon of Dapitan.
Josephine Bracken – “unhappy wife” - In the last days of February 1895, while still in Dapitan,
Rizal met an 18-year old petite Irish girl, with bold blue eyes, brown hair and a happy
disposition. She was the adopted daughter of George Taufer from Hong Kong, who came to
Dapitan to seek Rizal for eye treatment. Rizal was physically attracted to her. His loneliness and
boredom must have taken the measure of him and what could be a better diversion that to fall
in love again. But the Rizal sisters suspected Josephine as an agent of the friars and they
considered her as a threat to Rizal‘s security.
- Rizal and Josephine fell in love with each other, however, Fr. Obach, refused to marry them
without the permission of the Bishop of Cebu. When Mr. Taufer heard their projected marriage,
he flared up because he could not endure the thought of losing Josephine. He even tried to
commit suicide by cutting off his throat but Rizal prevented him from killing himself. To avoid
further injury, Josephine went with his uncle to Manila.
- Eventually, Mr. Taufer returned to Hongkong alone and Josephine returned to Dapitan. Since
no priest would marry them, they lived happily as common law husband and wife. Their
extremely happy marriage had begotten an 8-month old premature baby boy who lived only for
3 hours. Their son was named “Francisco” in honour of Don Francisco.
- During the hours of Rizal on December 30, 1896, Josephine was accompanied by Narcisa,
arrived at Fort Santiago. At 5:00 am on the same day, Rizal requested Fr. Balaguer that they be
married canonically. Then Rizal gave his “wife” a wedding gift, a religious book “Imitacion de
Cristo” which he autographed: “To my dear and unhappy wife, Josephine December 30th,
1896”. Note: Rizal‘s canonical marriage to Josephine Bracken remains doubtful and
questionable. Since, there was no proof that they were married in court or in church.
Collaboration with other Heroes ANTONIO LUNA

- He received Bachelor of Arts in Ateneo (1881), afterwards he studied literature, chemistry, and
pharmacy at the UST. He also obtained a licentiate (at Universidad de Barcelona) and doctorate (at
Universidad Central de Madrid) in Pharmacy.
- He collaborated with other Filipino expatriates like Rizal in working for the Propaganda Movement.
Writing for La Solidaridad, he once contributed the article ‘Impressions‘ which discussed Spanish unique
traditions and customs under the penname ‘Taga-ilog‘. He also managed the paper La Independencia. -
Luna was good in sharpshooting, swords and military ability.
- Rizal challenged him for a duel for the chance to court Nellie Boustead, eventually Luna surrendered
and Rizal formally courted Boustead.
- He turned down the invitation of the Katipunan, believing that reform was better than revolution. But
when the Spanish authorities had known about the Katipunan and its plans, the Luna brothers were
arrested and locked up in Fort Santiago for supposed involvement in the society.
- He studied various aspects of military science like guerrilla warfare, management, and field
fortifications. Eventually, he joined Aguinaldo‘s cause in the Philippine-American war. Assigned by
Aguinaldo as commander of the Philippine Revolutionary Army, Luna founded the country‘s first military
academy, formed professional guerrilla soldiers which was later known as the ‘Luna sharpshooters,‘ and
designed the three-tier defense (Luna Defense Line) which gave the opponents a hard campaign in
Central Luzon.
- He was killed on June 5, 1899 by Filipino captain Pedro Janolino and other elements of the Kawit troop.
Collaboration with other Heroes MARIANO PONCE
- The overpowering feeling of patriotism got the better of Ponce that he quit his studies to join the
Filipino Movement in Spain. He co- founded the ‘La Solidaridad,‘ served as secretary of the Propaganda
Movement, and became head of the Literary Section of the Asociacion Hispano-Filipina.
- He used various aliases like Naning Kalipulako and ‘Tigbalang. Through his writings, he disclosed the
sad condition of Filipinos under Spanish government, attacked the rulers‘ abuses, and fought for reforms
and equality.
-In 1898, Emilio Aguinaldo chose Ponce to represent the newly- founded First Philippine Republic and
commissioned him to design a framework of the revolutionary government. Assigned later as a
representative of the First Republic to Japan, Ponce went to Japan to seek aid.
- In Japan, he met, negotiated with, and became a close friend of Sun Yat-Sen, the founder and First
President of the Chinese Republic. Through Dr. Sun‘s assistance, Ponce had procured weapons for the
Philippine revolution, though the shipment failed to reach the Philippines because of a typhoon off the
coast of Formosa. - In 1917, he published his ‘Ang Wika at Lahi,‘ a discussion on the significance of a
having a national language. He was most likely influenced by Rizal‘s interest in having a distinct Filipino
language. In Rizal‘s August 18, 1888 letter, he informed Ponce, “The new Tagalog orthography (a system
of spelling) that what we are using is perfectly in accord with the ancient writing and with the Sanskrit
origin of many Tagalog words as I have found out through my research in the British Museum”.
- He died in the Government Civil Hospital in Hong Kong on May 23, 1918.
Collaboration with other Heroes GRACIANO LOPEZ-JAENA
- At the age of 18, he anonymously wrote a satire, “Fray Botod (Big Bellied Friar)” which revealed the
friars greed, immorality, cruelty, and false piety. This incensed the Spanish clergy and authorities but
they could not prove that Lopez Jaena was its author. He got into deep trouble, however, when he
refused to testify that some prisoners died of natural causes for he knew that they had died at the hands
of the mayor of Pototan. When threats were made on his life, he left for Spain in 1880.
- He took medical courses at the University of Valencia. His thirst for reforms nonetheless took him away
from medical studies into writing for patriotic cause and establishing the genesis of the Propaganda
Movement two years ahead of Rizal and nine years before Marcelo Del Pilar. Rizal once reproved
Graciano for not finishing his medical studies.
-He became known as a great orator in socio-political clubs and thus became a member of the
Progressive Republican Party. Deputized by the party to go on speaking engagements, Jaena became
popular for his fiery and eloquent speeches espousing liberal ideas.
- With a round of drinks, he would artistically craft very impressive patriotic articles.
- Jose Rizal invited him to join the Kidlat Club in Paris, France, through a mail, saying the appreciation of
them to him.
- He died because of tuberculosis at age of 39 (January 20, 1896).
Collaboration with other Heroes JOSE ALEJANDRINO
– He came from a rich family which was originally from Arayat, Pampanga. pursued further studies in
Spain and in Belgium where he had outstanding academic performance. Eventually, he finished his
degree in chemical engineering in July 1895.
- Alejandrino joined the Propaganda Movement and served as an editorial staff of La Solidaridad. He
supported Rizal in the Pilaristas- Rizalistas rivalry. - Being Rizal‘s roommate in Belgium, Alejandrino was
the one who canvassed printing press for El Fili. For his assistance, Rizal gave him the El Fili‘s corrected
proofs and the pen used in doing the corrections. Unluckily, these historical souvenirs were either lost or
destroyed during the revolution. Having helped Rizal in correcting errors in the El Fili, Alejandrino might
have been the first person to read the novel aside from the author.
- Philippine Revolution - he served as an engineer and general in the revolutionary army under Emilio
Aguinaldo. he went to Hong Kong to procure guns, ammunitions, and dynamites which would be used in
the Filipino revolutionary movement .
- Filipino – American War – he led the construction of trenches in areas like Caloocan and Bulacan. He
later served as acting secretary of war, appointed as Central Luzon‘s commanding general of the military
operations, and assigned as Pampanga‘s military governor .
- At age 80, Jose Alejandrino died on June 1, 1951, some 55 years after his former roommate‘s
martyrdom.
Collaboration with other Heroes EDILBERTO EVANGELISTA

- He came from a poor family in Sta. Cruz, Manila and he had to work hard to have an education. To get
further education in Europe, he worked first as a cattle dealer, tobacco merchant, teacher, and later a
contractor of public works.
- Rizal counselled him to take engineering in Belgium. Upon the suggestion proved fruitful as Evangelista
finished civil engineering and architecture with highest honours. Some European companies offered him
rewarding positions but he turned them down for wanting to serve his country instead.
- He was asked to draft a constitution by the Magdalo and Magdiwang—two rival factions in the
Katipunan on which he remained neutral. His composed constitution was accepted at the Imus Assembly
on December 31, 1896.
- He was described as either brave or just relaxed and stoic. He would draw trenches on the ground even
while the Spanish forces were firing bombs at them. When a shell dropped near him one time, he did
not bother to wince or run away, instead he simply brushed the dirt off his clothes and proceeded
drawing.
- He nonetheless “ran out of luck” when he was soon killed during the Battle of Zapote Bridge on
February 17, 1897. His military post was succeeded by Miguel Malvar, the hero who could have been
listed as the second Philippine President for taking over the revolutionary government after Aguinaldo‘s
arrest in 1901.
90. Connection to Andres Bonifacio ANDRES BONIFACIO - He joined Rizal‘s La Liga Filipina, being one of
the 20 attendees in the meeting administered by Rizal at the house of Doroteo Ongjunco at Ilaya Street,
Tondo, Manila on July 3, 1892. - He founded the Katipunan on July 7, 1892, when Rizal was to be
deported to Dapitan. Considerably inspired by Jose Rizal, they elected him as honorary president and
the Katipuneros used his name as one of their passwords.
- Instead of using the old Spanish spelling of letter ―”c” for the name of the society, Bonifacio preferred
the Tagalog spelling of “k”, as suggested by Rizal on his earlier La Solidaridad article as a way of
promoting nationalism.
Connection to Andres Bonifacio
- He used May Pag-asa as his pseudonym in the society. the Katipunan created its organ, Kalayaan
(Freedom) in which Bonifacio wrote several articles like the poem Pag-ibig sa Tinubuang Lupa (Love for
One´s Homeland) under the penname Agapito Bagumbayan.
- Together with Emilio Jacinto, and Guillermo Masangkay had entered the pier where Rizal‘s ship was
docked. Jacinto personally met with Rizal but the physician refused the suggestion to escape and join
Katipunan‘s imminent uprising.
- He wrote a Tagalog translation of the Mi Ultimo Adios entitled Pahimakas. - He was first married to
Monica who died of leprosy; then in 1893 to Gregoria de Jesus of Caloocan. Gregoria and Andres had
one son named Andres (Junior) who died of smallpox at young age.
92. Love-Hate Relationship to Del Pilar COLLABORATION:
- He fought against clerical abuses, like the unfair collection of tax for the Church‘s financial gain, and
once worked for the establishment of a school for Filipinos.
- He met Rizal through a letter of Mariano Ponce saying that Rizal was impressed to his work as Plaridel.
One of his great work was the Dasalan at Tocsohan (Prayer-book and Teasing game) - a mock-prayer
book and satire on the friars‘greediness, pretense, and extravagance.
- He was also helped Rizal with the agrarian trouble in Calamba, when he was trying to seek justice for
his family.
Love-Hate Relationship to Del Pilar RIVALRY:
- Their rivalry begins in 1890, when Del Pilar became the owner of La Solidaridad and had taken the
place of Jaena as editor- in-chief. His political views was different to Rizal. Jose Rizal and his close friends
objected to the periodical‘s editorial policy which was occasionally contrary to his political views.
- To solve the issue, the Filipino community in Madrid, decided to have an election for the Responsible –
a leader. The faction divided into two the Pilaristas and Rizalistas.
- Jose Rizal won the election because of the vote of Mariano Ponce, however, he declined the position
and decided to abdicate his leadership and leave Madrid. Rizal also stopped his contribution to La
Solidaridad.
94. Love-Hate Relationship to Del Pilar - Through a letter, Rizal enumerated his reasons for stopping to
write for La Solidaridad: a) I need time to work on my book; b) I wanted other Filipinos to work also; c) I
considered it very important to the party that there be unity in the work
- He died of tuberculosis on July 4, 1896 (46yo.) Del Pilar had seven children by his wife Marciana, but
only two of whom (Sofia and Anita) grew to adulthood. The building that houses the Polytechnic
University of the Philippines Graduate School was named after Marcelo H. Del Pilar.
Connection to Aguinaldo
-Three days after the execution of Rizal, his common-law wife immediately joined the Katipunan forces
in Cavite. Initially hesitant to admit her in the group, Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo nonetheless even provided
Josephine with lessons in shooting and horseback riding. Bracken helped Aguinaldo‘s group in taking
care of the sick and wounded.
- Two years after Rizal‘s martyrdom, Aguinaldo as head of the Philippine Revolutionary Government
issued a decree proclaiming December 30 of every year a national day of mourning in honour of Jose
Rizal. - He died because of coronary thrombosis at age 94.
96. Noli Me Tangere: Notable Purposes
1. To picture the past and the realities in the Philippines
2. To reply to insults heaped on the Filipinos and their country
3. To unmask the hypocrisy that have impoverished and brutalized the Filipino people
4. To stir the patriotism of the Filipino people

Noli Me Tangere- Introduction
-When Dr. Jose Rizal was 26, he published his first novel “Noli Me Tangere” in Belgium in the year 1887 .
It was the Book that gave a spark in the Philippine Revolutions. It talked about the Spaniard’s arrogance
and despicable use of religion to achieve their own desires and rise to power. It mostly talked about the
life of Crisostomo Ibarra, a member of the Insulares (Creoles) social class, and a series of unfortunate
events that he encountered through the works of a Franciscan friar, namely Padre Damaso Verdolagas,
and by the Spanish conquistadors.
-Noli Me Tangere, a Latin phrase used by Jose Rizal as a title for his first novel, was actually the words
used by Jesus Christ to Mary Magdalene when she saw him resurrected from the dead. It roughly
translated as “Touch Me Not” in English. These words were said because Jesus, although risen in body
and in spirit, was not the same for as he was before. Being glorified, waiting for the right time to ascend
to Heaven and such, he did not allow himself yet to be known until the Great Commission.
The Cover Symbols SILHOUETTE OF A FILIPINA
- It was popular belief that the silhouette of the woman in the cover of Noli Me Tangere is the
unfortunate Maria Clara, Crisostomo Ibarra’s lover. "'Padre Cura! Padre Cura!' [Padre Salvi] the
Spaniards cried to him; but he did not mind them. He ran in the direction of the Capitan Tiago's house.
There he breathed a sigh of relief. He saw through the transparent gallery an adorable silhouette full of
grace and the lovely contours of Maria Clara and that of her aunt bearing glasses and cups."
The Cover Symbols
• HELMET OF THE GUARDIA CIVIL/CONSTABULARY HELMET- An obvious take on the arrogance of those
in authority.
• A MAN IN A CASSOCK WITH HAIRY FEET- This symbolism at the lower part of the cover is to be a
representation for priests using religion in a dirty way, specifically Padre Damaso.
• FLOGS- another symbolism for cruelties. It is a representation of Jesus Christ’s scourging before his
imminent crucifixion.
• WHIP/CORD- The cruelties present in the novel best explains the symbol Rizal used in the cover.
• BAMBOO STALKS – One thing comes to mind when bamboo stalks are talked about: Resilience.
• A LENGTH OF CHAIN- Rizal’s representation of slavery and imprisonment.
• CROSS- The one that killed the Christ Jesus. It was a representation of suffering and death. It also
represent a grave. Magnifies the discrimination towards Filipinos, Chinese Mestizos and Spaniards
during this time towards a proper burial.
• BURNING TORCH- A reference to the Olympic torch, it tells everyone the beginning of the defense of
honors and the start of proving themselves worthy of victory. Rage and passion are most abundant in
this phase. Represents a phrase that could possibly mean everything to every single suffering Filipinos:
“The rise of the revolution is now at hand.”
• POMELO BLOSSOMS AND LAUREL LEAVES- They roughly represent faith, honor and fidelity. P0melo
blossoms are utilized as loose potpourri or a mixture of dried flower petals and spices used to scent the
air. It is commonly used in prayers and cleansing. The laurel leaves, also known as bay leaves, are used
as crowns during the Ancient Greek Olympics wherein the best of the best are treated as heroes.
Filipinos in this time wants to embody these three virtues that Rizal represented as two plants.
• SUNFLOWERS- A unique behavior in sunflowers, known as phototropism, is a motif that has appeared
in many ancient myths and is viewed as a symbol of loyalty and constancy. The sunflower's petals have
been likened to bright yellow rays of sunshine, which evoke feelings of warmth and happiness. In
addition, the sunflower is often associated with adoration and longevity. Rizal’s observation towards the
happiness of the Filipinos are, in the Spanish times, are only fulfilled through their giving in and bowing
down to the more powerful entity: Spain.
EL FILIBUSTERISMO COVER Tagalog Translation:
Madaling ipagpalagay na ang isang rebelde (pilibustero) ay lihim na umaakit sa liga ng mga panatiko ng
mga prayle at mga paurong nang sa gayon, wala man sa loob na sumunod sa mga panunulsol, ay dapat
nilang panigan at paigtingin ang patakarang sumusunod lamang sa iisang layunun; ang maipalaganap
ang mga kaisipan ng rebelyon sa kabuuang haba at lawak ng lupain, at mahikayat ang bawat Pilipino sa
paniniwalang walang katubusan liban sa seperasyon mula sa inang bayan. Ferdinand Blumentritt
NOLI ME TANGERE Touch me Not EL FILIBUSTERISMO The Reign of Greed

• Uncle’s Tom Cabin •The Count of Monte Cristo
• Romantic Novel •Political Novel
• Work of the heart •Work of the head
• Book of feeling •Book of thought
• It has freshness, color, humor, lightness, wit •It has bitterness, hatred, pain, violence, sorrow
• March 21, 1887 • September 18, 1891
• Motherland/Fatherland •GomBurZa
• 63 chapters and epilogue •38 Chapters
• Maximo Viola •Valentin Ventura
La Liga Filipina – July 3, 1892
Objectives of the Liga

-To unite the whole archipelago into one compact, vigorous, and homogenous body;  Mutual
protection in every want and necessity;
-Defense against all violence and injustice;
-Encouragement of instruction, agriculture, and commerce; and
-Study and application of reforms.
La Liga Filipina The Split. At first the Liga was quite active. Bonifacio in particular exerted great efforts to
organize chapters in various districts of Manila. A few months later, however, the Supreme Council of
the Liga dissolved the society. The reformist leaders found out that most of the popular councils which
Bonifacio had organized were no longer willing to send funds to the Madrid propagandists because, like
Bonifacio, they had become convinced that peaceful agitation for reforms was futile. Afraid that the
more radical rank and file members might capture the organization and unwilling to involve themselves
in an enterprise which would surely invite reprisals from the authorities, the leaders of the Liga opted
for dissolution. The Liga membership split into two groups: the conservatives formed the Cuerpo de
Compromisarios which pledged to continue supporting the La Solidaridad while the radicals led by
Bonifacio devoted themselves to a new and secret society, the Katipunan, which Bonifacio had
organized on the very day Rizal was deported to Dapitan.
First Travel of Jose Rizal (1882-1887
Secret Mission of Jose Rizal
-Rizal conceived the secret mission, with the blessing of his brother Paciano was to do the following:
Observe keenly the life and culture, languages and customs, industries and commerce and governments
and laws of the European nations in order to prepare himself for the task of liberating his people from
Spanish Tyranny.
-Rizal’s Departure for Spain His parents, Leonor Rivera and the Spanish authorities knew nothing about
his secret departure except; 1. Paciano 2. Antonio Rivera 3. Saturnina (Neneng) 4. Lucia 5. Leonor
Valenzuela and family 6. Pedro Paterno 7. Mateo Evangelista
Highlights:
• When Jose Rizal becomes Jose Mercado
▫ Due to the popularity of the surname and perhaps the kind Jesuit priest who gave him letters
of recommendation for their Society in Barcelona – he was claimed as a cousin
▫ May 3, 1882 – he left Manila through the steamer Salvadora, with 16 passengers including him.
▫ May 8, 1882 – the Salvadora reached Singapore (an English Colony), he stayed in Singapore for
two days spending his time sightseeing the sorties of the city.
• May 11, 1882 – he was board Djemnah, accordingly it is larger and cleaner than Salvadora. During the
travel he was able to learn French language and observation, because the steamer’s speaking language
is French.
• May 17, 1882 – he steamer arrived at the Point Galle, Ceylon. The town was quiet, lovely and sad at
the same time.
• May 18, 1882 – he had a stopover at Colombo, Ceylon, which describe by him as smart, elegant than
Singapore, Point Galle and Manila.
• May 28, 1882 – from Colombo, Djemnah continued it voyage and crossed the Indian Ocean until he
reached Cape of Guardafin, Africa to Aden, Africa where he was able to see camels for the first time.
• June 2, 1882 – he proceeded to Suez Canal. It took 5days to travel in the said canal, then they reached
the Port Said.
• June 11, 1882 – from Port Said, the steamer proceeded it travel to Europe and reached the Naple City,
Italy. The city was busy because of its business activity, lively people and panoramic beauty.
• June 12, 1882 – the steamer docked at the French harbor of Marseilles, France. Rizal disembarked and
visited the Chateau d’ef where Dantes (The Count of Monte Cristo) was in jailed. He stayed in Marseilles
for 3 days.
• June 16, 1882 – by a train he continued his trip to Barcelona, Spain. He stayed in Hotel de España. He
visited Ronda de la Universidad de Barcelona. At first, he had a bad impression to Barcelona – because
he happened to stay in a stingy people inn. But later on, he realized the atmosphere of freedom and
liberalism around the place, the people were open-hearted, hospitable and courageous.
Life in Barcelona:
1. He was welcomed by his former classmates in Ateneo.

2. He was treated and guided by his friend in European way.
3. He received the bad news about the cholera outbreak in Manila.
4. Leonor Rivera’s recounting happiness who getting thinner and thinner due to the absence of her love-
one.
• November 3, 1882 – he left Barcelona for Madrid through the advised of Paciano. Life in Madrid: 1. He
enrolled in Universidad Central de Madrid (Philosophy and Letters and Medicine) 2. He lived frugally,
budgeting hid money wisely. 3. He used to buy lottery tickets in every draw in Madrid Lottery. 4. He
spent his leisure time in reading books. 5. He met and attracted to Consuelo Ortega y Rey. 6. He
graduated his degree in Philosophy and Letter and Medicine.
Life in Paris, France:
• June 15, 1882 – Rizal was invited to speak for the celebration for the double victory for the two artists
namely: Juan Luna (Spoliarium) and Felix R. Hidalgo (Virgenes Christianas Expuestas El Populacio), for
winning the 1st and 2nd prizes in the Paris Exposition for the Arts.
• He lived in Paris, France for 4 months and became an assistant to the clinic of Dr. Louis de Wecket.
• He also became a model for the artworks of Juan Luna (“The Death of Cleopatra” and “The Blood
Compact”).
• After his stay in Paris, he left for Heidelberg, Germany.
Heidelberg, Germany
1. He work in the University Eye Hospital under the supervision of Dr. Otto Becker.
2. He also attended some lectures of Dr. Becker and Dr. Wilhelm Kuehne.
3. He visited some scenic places in Heidelberg, such as castles, rivers and old churches.
4. He was also befriended with Dr. Karl Ullmer, during summer vacation where he stayed in
Wilhelmsfeld.
5. He wrote his first letter to Ferdinand Blumentritt. - During the 5th centenary celebration of
Heidelberg, he decided to left and went to Leipzig, Germany via train.
Leipzig, Germany:
August 14, 1886 - He attended the lectures at the University of Leipzig in history and psychology. - He
met Dr. Hans Meyer and Prof. Friedrich Ratzel.
- He translated Scheller’s William Tell and Hans Christian Andersons’s Fairy Tale. Dresden, Germany:
October 29, 1886
- He met Dr. Adolf Meyer - After two days of stay he left Dresden and went to Berlin, Germany in the
evening of November 1, 1886.
Berlin, Germany
• Rizal was enchanted by Berlin because of its scientific atmosphere and the absence of race prejudice
• Rizal met for the first time Dr. Feodor Jagor, celebrated German scientist-traveler and author of
Travels in the Philippines, a book which Rizal read and admired during his student days in Manila
• Dr. Rudolf Virchow- introduced to Rizal by Dr. Jagor; famous German anthropologist
• Dr. Hans Virchow- son of Dr. Rudolf Virchow, professor of Descriptive Anatomy.
• Dr. Ernest Schweigger (1830-1905)- famous German ophthalmologist where Rizal worked
• Rizal became a member of the Anthropological Society, the Ethnological Society, and the Geographical
Society of Berlin, upon the recommendation of Dr. Jagor and Dr. Meyer.
- May 11, 1887 – Rizal and Viola left Berlin for Dresden. They visited Dr. Adolf B. Meyer. While strolling
at the scene of the Floral Exposition, they met Dr. Jagor, and suggested them to meet Blumentritt.
- May 13, 1887 –Rizal and Viola reached Leitmeritz, Bohemia. They met Ferdinand Blumentritt. The two
enjoyed the warm hospitality of the Blumentritt family.
- They also met famous scientist Dr. Carlos Czepelah and another eminent naturalist Robert Klutschak.
- May 17, 1887 – they left Leitmeritz by train on their way to the city of Prague. They carried
recommendation letters of Prof. Blumentritt Dr. Wilhomm, a professor of Natural History in the
University of Prague.
- May 19, 1887 – they reached the city of Brunn.
- May 20, 1887 – they arrived at the city of Vienna, Austria. They visited famous interesting scenic places
like churches, museums, art galleries, theatres, public parks, beautiful buildings, and religious images.
They also met Mr. Norfenfoe (European novelist) and Masner and Nordmenn (Austrian scholars).
- May 24, 1887 – they left Vienna, via river boat to see the beautiful sights of the Danube river. The river
voyage ended in Lintz, afterwards they travelled on land to Salzburg and from there Munich. In Munich,
they had a short time savouring the famous Munich beer (best beer in Germany).
- From Munich, they went to Nuremberg (oldest city in Germany), were their impressed by the
manufacturer of dolls which was the biggest industry in the city. Afterwards, they went to Ulm
particularly he city cathedral, they enjoyed they view upon reaching the top, even though Viola felt dizzy
and tried. - All they visit Ulm, they went to Stuttgart, Baden and Rheinfall.
- June 2-3, 1887 – they continued their trip on a boat and reached Basel, Bern, Laussenne, and they
cross to the lake of Geneva.
- June 6, 1887- they reached Geneve, Switzerland. While in Geneva, Rizal received sad news from his
friends in Madrid about the conditions of Igorots, who were exhibited in the 1887 Madrid Exposition,
some of the natives died.
- June 19, 1887 – it was 26th birthday, he treated Viola to a blow-out with a sumptuous meal. He also
wrote a letter to Blumentritt regarding Industrial exhibition.
- June 23, 1887 – Rizal and Viola parted ways. They both spent 15 days in Geneva. Viola returned to
Barcelona and Rizal continued his tour to Italy.
- June 24, 1887 – Rizal went to Italy, and visited Turin, Milan, Venice and Florence. - June 27, 1887 – he
reached Rome and visited famous architectural buildings.
- June 29, 1887 – he visited the Vatican City. He has sightseeing and was impressed by the magnificent
edifice like St. Peter’s Church, the rare works of the art, the vast St. Peter’s Square, and the colourful
Papal Guard. After a week travel in Rome, he decided to return to the Philippines.
Rizal’s First Homecoming (1887-1888)

Rizal’s Plans of Homecoming
• As early as 1884, Rizal wanted to go back to the Philippines for the following reasons:
– Financial difficulties in Calamba

– Dissatisfaction with his studies in Madrid
– Desire to prove that there is no reason to fear going home.
– His belief that the Spanish regime will not punish the innocent.
Decision to return home
• After five years of his memorable sojourn in Europe, Rizal returned to the Philippines.
• However, Rizal was warned by the following not to return to the Philippines because his Noli Me
Tangere angered the friars:
– Paciano Mercado
– Rizal’s adviser and only brother.
– Silvestre Ubaldo
– Rizal’s brother in law; husband of Olimpia.
– Jose Ma. Cecilio (Chenggoy)
– one of Rizal’s closest friends.
• Rizal was determined to come back to the Philippines for the following reasons:
– To operate his mother’s eyes
– To serve his people who had long been oppressed by Spanish tyrants.
– To find out for himself how the Noli Me Tangere and his other writings were affecting Filipinos and
Spaniards.
– To inquire why Leonor Rivera remained silent.
Rizal arrives in Manila
• Rizal left Rome by train to Marseilles, a French port and boarded Djemnah, the same steamer that
brought him to Europe five years ago.
• There were 50 passengers: 4 Englishmen, 2 Germans, 3 Chinese, 2 Japanese, 40 Frenchmen, and 1

Filipino (Rizal)
• When the ship reached Aden, the weather became rough and some of Rizal’s book got wet.
• In Saigon (Ho Chi Minh), Vietnam – he transferred to another steamer, Haiphong, that brought him to
Manila.
Happy Homecoming
• When Rizal arrived in Calamba, rumors spread that he was a: – German spy – An agent of Otto Von
Bismarck – the liberator of Germany. – A Protestant – A Mason – A soul halfway to damnation
• Paciano – did not leave him during the first days after arrival to protect him from any enemy assault.
• Don Francisco – did not permit him to go out alone
In Calamba
• Rizal established a medical clinic.
• Doña Teodora – was Rizal’s first patient
• Rizal treated her eyes but could not perform any surgical operation because her cataracts were not yet
ripe.
• He painted several beautiful landscapes in Calamba.
• He translated German poems of Von Wildernath in Tagalog.
• Doctor Uliman – Rizal was called this name because he came from Germany. – He earned P900 in a
few months and P5,000 before he left the Philippines.
• Gymnasium – was opened by Rizal for the young people
• He introduced European sports fencing and shooting to discourage them from cockfighting and
gambling.
Sad moments while Rizal was in Calamba
• Leonor Rivera – Rizal tried to visit her in Tarlac but his parents forbade him to go because Leonor’s
mother did not like him for a son-in- law.
• Olimpia Mercado-Ubaldo – died because of child birth.
Storm over the Noli Me Tangere
• As Rizal was peacefully living in Calamba, his enemies plotted his doom.
• Governor General Emilio Terrero – wrote to Rizal requesting to come to Malacañang Palace.
– Somebody had whispered to his ear that the Noli contains subversive ideas.
– Rizal explained to him that he merely exposed the truth, but did not advocate subversive ideas.
– He was pleased by Rizal’s explanation and curious about the book, he asked for a copy of the novel.
– Rizal had no copy that time but promised to send one for him.
Rizal visited the Jesuits
• Rizal visited the Jesuit fathers to ask for their feedback on the novel.
• He was gladly welcomed by the following friars: – Fr. Francisco de Paula Sanchez – Fr. Jose Bech – Fr.
Federico Faura – told Rizal that everything in the novel was the truth and warned him that he may lose
his head because of it.
• Governor-General Emilio Terrero – a liberal minded Spaniard who knew that Rizal’s life was in
jeopardy because the friars were powerful.
– Because of this he gave Rizal a bodyguard to protect him.
Jose Taviel de Andrade
• A young Spanish lieutenant who came from a noble family

• He was cultured and knew painting
• He could speak French, English and Spanish.
• They became good friends. Mylene Gado Almario
Attackers of the Noli
• Archbishop Pedro Payo – a Dominican
• Archbishop of Manila
• Sent a copy of the Noli to Fr. Gregorio Echevarria, Rector of the University of Santo Tomas to examine
the novel.
UST and Rizal
• The committee that examined the Noli Me Tangere were composed of Dominican professors.
• The report of the faculty members from UST about the Noli states that the novel was: – Heretical,
impious and scandalous in the religious orders, and anti-patriotic, subversive of public order, injurious to
the government of Spain and its function in the Philippine Islands in the political order.
• Governor-General Terrero – was not satisfied with the report so he sent the novel to the Permanent
Commission of Censorship which was composed of priests and lawyers.
• Fr. Salvador Font – Augustinian friar curate of Tondo was the head of the commission.
– The group found that the novel contained subversive ideas against the Church and Spain and
recommended that the importation, reproduction and circulation of the pernicious book in the islands
be absolutely prohibited.
• The newspaper published Font’s written report
• The banning of the Noli Me Tangere served to make it popular
• The masses supported the book.
• Fr. Jose Rodriguez – Augustinian Prior of Guadalupe – Published a series of eight pamphlets under the
heading Questions of Supreme Interest to blast the Noli and other anti-Spanish writing.
– Copies of anti-Rizal pamphlets were sold after mass
– Many Filipinos were forced to buy them in order not to displease the friars.
Noli Me Tangere in Spain
• The novel was fiercely attacked in the session hall of the Senate of the Spanish Cortes.
• Senators: – General Jose de Salamanca – General Luis de Pando – Sr. Fernando Vida
• Vicente Barantes – Spanish academician of Madrid who formerly occupied high government position
in the Philippines bitterly criticized the novel in an article published in the Madrid newspaper, La España
Moderna.
Defenders of the Noli Me Tangere
• Propagandists such as Marcelo H. del Pilar, Graciano Lopez-Jaena, Antonio Ma. Regidor, Mariano
Ponce rushed to uphold the truths of the Noli.
• Father Francisco de Paula Sanchez – Rizal’s favorite teacher in Ateneo defended and praised the novel
in public.
• Don Segismundo Moret – former Minister of the Crown.
• Prof. Miguel Morayta- historian and stateman
• Prof. Ferdinand Blumentritt – Rizal’s best friend
• Rev. Fr. Vicente Garcia – a Filipino Catholic priest-scholar, a theologian of the Manila Cathedral and a
Tagalog translator of the famous Imitation of Christ by Thomas Kempis. – Under the pen name Justo
Desiderio Magalang he wrote a defense of the novel published in Singapore.
• Rizal cried because of his gratitude to his defenders especially to Fr. Garcia who defended him
unexpectedly.
• He attacked Barantes by exposing his ignorance of Philippine affairs and mental dishonesty which is
unworthy of an academician.
• Because of the interest of both enemies and protectors of the Noli the price of the book increased
from five pesetas per copy to 50 pesetas per copy.
Agrarian Problem in Calamba
• Influenced by the novel, Governor-General Emilio Terrero ordered a government investigation of the
friar estates to remedy whatever inequities might have been present in connection with land taxes and
with tenant relations.
• One of the friar estates affected was the Calamba hacienda by the Dominican order since 1883.
• Upon hearing about the investigation, the people of Calamba asked helped from Rizal to gather facts
and list the grievances so that the government might institute certain agrarian reforms.
Findings submitted by Rizal
• The hacienda of the Dominican Order comprised not only the lands around Calamba, but the whole
town of Calamba.
• The profits of the Dominican Order continually increased because of the arbitrary increase of he
rentals paid by the tenants.
• The hacienda owner never contributed a single centavo for the celebration of the town fiesta, for the
education of the children, and for the improvement of agriculture.
• Tenants who spent much labor in clearing the lands were dispossessed of the said lands for flimsy
reasons
• High rates of interest were arbitrarily charged the tenants for delayed payment of rentals
• When the rentals could not be paid, the hacienda management confiscated the work animals, tools,
and farm implements of the tenants.
Friars Reaction
• Rizal’s exposure to the deplorable condition angered the friars.
• The friars exerted pressure to Malacañang to eliminate Rizal.
• They asked Gov. Gen. Terrero to deport Rizal but the latter refused for there is lack of charges against
Rizal in court.
• Anonymous threats in Rizal’s life alarmed his parents, siblings, Andrade his bodyguard, friends, and
even Terrero, thus they all advised him to leave the country.
Rizal’s reasons for leaving the Philippines
• His presence in Calamba was jeopardizing the safety and happiness of his family and friends.
• He could not fight better his enemies and serve his country’s cause with greater efficacy by writing in
foreign countries.
• A Poem for Lipa – shortly before Rizal left in 1888, he was asked by a friend to write a poem in
commemoration of the town’s cityhood.
• Himno Al Trabajo (Hymn To Labor) – title of the poem dedicated to the industrious people of Lipa.
Mylene Gado Almario
Farewell Philippines
• On February 3, 1888 Rizal left his country with a heavy heart.
• But this is for his own good and the safety of his family and friends.
Second Travel of Dr. Jose Rizal (1888-1892)
• February 3, 1888 – after a short stay of six months in Calamba, Rizal was forced to leave his country for
a second time. Rizal left Manila for Hongkong on board the Zafiro. He was sick and sad to leave Calamba.
• February 7, 1888 – the steamer made a brief stopover at Amoy. But he got off the ship he was not
feeling well and that the city was dirty.
• February 8, 1888 – he arrived in Hongkong. He stayed at Victoria Hotel. Accordingly, it was a small but
very clean city. He was welcomed by Filipino residents like Jose Maria Basa, Balbino Mauricio and
Manuel Yriarte. There were other Filipinos in Hongkong but they were generally poor, gentle and timid.
He observed the noisy celebration of the Chinese New Year due to the continuous explosions of
firecrackers, the noisy audience and music in a Chinese theatre.
• February 18, 1888 – Rizal and Basa visited Macao. They boarded the ferry steamer, Ku-Kiang. The city
was small, low and gloomy. There were many junks, sampans, but few steamers. The city looked sad and
dead. They stayed at the house of Don Juan Francisco Lecaros. They also visited the theatre, casino,
cathedral, churches, pagodas, botanical gardens and bazaars.
• February 20, 1888 – after their two-day sojourn in Macao, Rizal and Basa returned to Hongkong on
board again on the steamer Ku-Kiang.
• February 21, 1888 – Rizal and Basa went back to Hongkong. Rizal stayed in Hongkong for almost two
weeks. While in Hongkong, Jose Sainz de Varonda, a Spaniard, was commissioned by the Spanish
authorities to spy on Rizal.
Japan
• February 22, 1888 – Rizal left Hongkong alone on board the Oceanic, American steamer to Japan his
next destination. Rizal liked the ship because it was clean and efficiently managed but did not like the
meals on board. Other passengers of the ship were two Portuguese, two Chinese, several British and an
American woman Protestant missionary. His cabin mate was a British Protestant missionary who lived in
China for 27 years.
• February 28, 1888 – Rizal arrived in Yokohama, Japan and registered at the Grand Hotel.
• February 29, 1888 – he proceeded to Tokyo and took a room at Tokyo Hotel where he stayed for 6
days. Japan was to him the “Land of the Cherry Blossoms” because of its natural beauty and the
charming manners of the Japanese people.
• He visited by Juan Perez Caballero, secretary of the Spanish legation. He wrote a letter to Ferdinand
Blumentritt, sharing his observation in Japan.
• During his first day in Tokyo, Japan, Rizal was embarrassed because he didn’t know the Japanese
language. To avoid further embarrassment, he decided to study the Japanese language and a few days,
he was able to speak the language.
• He also studied Kabuki, visited museum, libraries, art galleries and shrines, and villages. He was
impressed by the beauty of Tokyo, but he was not impressed with the mode of transportation because
the rickshaws were drawn by men, which made Rizal disgusted because human were working like
horses.
• He also met Seiko Usui but Rizal called her as O-Sei-San. They also met daily as they visited interesting
spots of the city, like the Imperial Art Gallery, the Imperial Library, the city parks and picturesque
shrines. She served as his guide, interpreter and tutor.
• April 13, 1888 – Rizal boarded the Belgic, an English steamer bound for the United States. He left Japan
very sad because he would never see again the beautiful land and his beloved O-Sei-San. His sojourn in
Japan for 45days was one of the happiest interludes in Rizal’s life.
• On board the Belgic, he met a passenger, Techo Suchero, a Japanese newspaperman who was jailed in
his country for his articles and principles and was exiled. The ship carried 643 Chinese people and other
nationalities.
Across the Atlantic - USA
• April 28, 1888 – Rizal and Techo arrived in San Francisco Port on Saturday morning of April 28. All
passengers were not allowed to land because the ship was placed on a quarantine on the ground that it
came form the Far East where cholera epidemic was alleged to be raging.
• He soon discovered that placing the ship under quarantine was prompted by politics.
• After a week of quarantine, all firstclass passengers, including Rizal were permitted to land but the
Chinese and Japanese passengers of the second and third class accommodations was remained on
board.
• May 4, 1888 – it was the day when Rizal and other passengers were permitted to land. Rizal registered
at the Palace Hotel.
• May 6, 1888 – Rizal left San Francisco to Oakland by ferry boat. In Oakland, he took his supper at
Sacramento for 75 cents and slept in his coach.
• May 7, 1888 – Rizal boarded a train for a trip across the continent.
• Reno, Nevada (May 7); Utah, Ogden, Denver (May 8);
• Colorado (May 9); Nebraska (May 10);
• Chicago (May 11); Canada (May 12);
• Albany (May 13) and travel to New York City.
• May 13, 1888 – Rizal reached New York and stayed for 3 days. Rizal called it as “The Big Town”. He
visited the memorial George Washington, and other scenic and historic places.
• May 16, 1888 – he left New York for Liverpool and board the City of Rome. He also visited the Colossal
Statue of Liberty on Bedloe Island.
Rizal’s Impressions of America; 1. Progressive nation; 2. People were energetic and hard-working; 3.
Better opportunities for immigrants; 4. Racial prejudice; 5. Freedom and democracy were only in words,
not practiced; 6. No true liberty
London, England
• May 25, 1888 – he went to London and stayed there for a short time as a guest at the home of Dr.
Antonio Ma. Regidor (lawyer).
• He boarded at Becket family, and being close to Gertrude Becket.
• He spent Sundays in the house of Dr. Reinhold Rost, and played crickets with Dr. Rost son.
• He also spent much of his time in the British Museum annotating Morga’s book, Sucesos de los Islas
Filipinas (Historical Events of the Philippine Islands).
• For 10 months, he was deeply immersed in his historical studies in London.

London, England-He received news:
• Persecution of the Filipino patriots who signed the petition addressed to the Queen Regent of Spain
requesting the expulsion of the friars in the Philippines.
• Attacks on Rizal by Senator Salamanca and Vida in the Spanish Cortes and Wenceslao Retana.
•Persecution of the Rizal’s family and other Calamba farmers for their courage to petition the
government for agrarian.
• Exile of Manuel Hidalgo without due process.
• Arrest and jailing of Rizal’s friend – Lauriano Viado, for the copies of Noli found in his house.
• September, 1888 – Rizal visited Paris for a week and visited his Juan Luna and his wife Paz Pardo de
Tavera with their son Andres.
• December 11, 1888 – he went again to Spain and visited Madrid and Barcelona. He went to visit his
compatriots Marcelo H. Del Pilar and Marciano Ponce. They exchanged ideas and promised to cooperate
in the fight for reforms.
• December 24, 1888 – he returned to London and spent Christmas and New Year with the Becket
family.
• December 31, 1888 – the Associacion de La Solidaridad was inaugurated, Rizal served as the Honorary
President; Galicano Apacible (President); Graciano Lopez-Jaena (VP); Manuel Santa Maria (Secretary);
Mariano Ponce (Treasurer); Jose Ma. Panganiban (Accountant).
• January 14, 1889 – Rizal wrote Blumentritt of his proposal to establish the “Inauguration Association of
the Filipinologist” and have its inauguration in the French capital. Blumentritt gladly supported him.
• January 28, 1889 – Rizal a letter addressed to the members of the Associacion de La Solidaridad
recognizing his position as Honorary President. On his letter, he stressed that the individual should give
way to the welfare of society and he should nor expect rewards/honours for what he does.
• February 15, 1889 – Graciano Lopez-Jaena and Mariano Ponce founded the newspaper, called as La
Solidaridad in Barcelona – the official organ of the Propaganda Movement.

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Rizal’s Life, Works and Writing

What is Republic Act 1425 or Rizal Law?

- Senate Bill No. 438.

Factors in Determining of a Person

Criteria in Choosing the Philippine National Hero

Personalities Nominated to be our National Hero

Issues about the Proclamation of Dr. Jose Rizal as National Hero

1. He was the illegitimate son of Adolf Hitler

Philippines: Spanish Period

1.It started during the reign of King Ferdinand VII

Jose Protacio Rizal Mercado y Alonzo Realonda

Rizal’s Father Don Francisco Mercado (1818-1898)

- Born in Biñan, Laguna on May 11, 1818.

- Studied Latin and Philosophy at the College of San Jose in Manila.

- Became a tenant-farmer of the Dominican-owned hacienda.

- Died in Manila on January 5, 1898 at age of 80.

- Rizal affectionately called him

Rizal’s Mother Doña Teodora Alonso Realonda (1826-1911)

- Born in Manila on November 8, 1826.

Information about his parents

- Rizl‘s family acquired a second surname

The Siblings of Jose Rizal

- Oldest of the Rizal children

Paciano - Older brother and confident of Jose Rizal.

- He was the second father to Rizal.

- Rizal regarded him as the ―”most noble of Filipinos”.

- He became a combat general in the Philippine Revolution.

- She was married to Silvestre Ubaldo, a telegraph operator in Manila.

- Biang was her petname

- She was married to Daniel Faustino Cruz of Biñan, Laguna.

- Concha was her pet-name

- She died at age of three because of sickness.

- Her death was Rizal‘s first sorrow in life.

- Panggoy was her pet-name

- An old maid, died at age of 80.

- Trining was her pet-name

- Choleng was her pet-name

- She was married to Pantaleon Quintero of Calamba.

Rizal’s Home (Physical)

- The Rizal family had a simple, contented and happy life

Childhood Years in Calamba, Laguna

- The death of Concha was his first sorrow.

- At age of three he began to take part in the family prayers.

―The Story of the Moth‖ – made the profoundest impression of Rizal.

Influences on the Hero’s Boyhood

- Tio Jose Alberto – he develop the artistic ability of Rizal.

- Tio Manuel – he guided Rizal on his physical exercises.

- Tio Gregorio – intensified Rizal‘s voracious reading of good books.

Early Education in Calamba and Biñan

- Maestro Celestino – first private tutor.

- Maestro Lucas Padua – science tutor.

- June 1869 – Rizal left Calamba to study in Biñan, accompanied byPaciano.

- Maestro Justiniano Aquino Cruz – Rizal‘s first teacher in Biñan.

- Pedro – his classmate that challenge him to fight.

- Andres Lakindanan – challenged Rizal to an wrestling match.

- Rizal dedicated his second novel El Filibusterismo to GomBurZa.

Injustice to Rizal’s Mother