‫المحتوى النظري للوحدة التعليمية الثانية‬

Hardware
- The System Unit: Processing and Memory
- Storage
- Input and Output
 The System Unit:
Processing and Memory

101 CSC - 3

Unit 2Jazan University 2

 Data and Program Representation
• Coding systems: Used to represent numeric, text-based,
and multimedia data, as well as to represent programs

• Digital computers: Can only understand two states, off

and on (0 and 1)

• Digital data representation: The process of representing

data in digital form so it can be used by a computer.

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 Digital Data Representation
• Bit: The smallest unit of data that a binary computer can
recognize (a single 1 or 0)

• Byte = 8 bits
• Kilobyte (KB)
• Megabyte (MB)
• Gigabyte (GB)
• Terabyte (TB)
• Petabyte (PB)
• Exabyte (EB)
• Zettabyte (ZB)
• Yottabyte (YB)

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 Data Types

Multimedia: information that contains numbers,

text, images, audio, and video.

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 Coding Systems for Text-Based Data
• ASCII (American Standard Code for Information
Interchange): coding system traditionally used with PCs
(7 bits)

• EBCDIC (Extended Binary-Coded Decimal Interchange

Code): developed by IBM, primarily for mainframe use (8
bits)

• Unicode. An international coding system that can be

used to represent text-based data in any written
language. (16 bits).

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 Coding Systems for Image
Image representation methods

• Bitmapped images:
Use map of pixels to represent images.

• Vector-based images:
Use mathematical formulas to represent images.

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 Coding Systems for Other Types of Data

Audio/ Video representation

• Audio data: Must be in digital form in order to be stored

on or processed by a PC
• MP3 files

• Video data: Displayed using a collection of frames, each

frame containing a single graphical image
• MPEG-2 files

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 Numbering Systems
• Numbering system: A way of representing numbers

1. Decimal
2. Binary
3. Octal
4. Hexadecimal

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 Numbering Systems
• Decimal numbering system
– Uses 10 symbols: (0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9).
– Example: (856)10

• Binary numbering system

– Uses 2 symbols: (1 and 0).
– Example: (100101)2

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 Numbering Systems
• Octal numbering system
-Uses 8 symbols: (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7).
-Example: (275)8

• Hexadecimal numbering system

-Uses 16 symbols: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, A, B, C, D, E, F).
-Example: (57B)16

Chapter
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 Conversion (Binary to Decimal)
Binary system

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 Conversion (Binary to Decimal)
Binary to decimal conversion

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 Conversion (Decimal to Binary)
Decimal to binary conversion

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 Inside the System Unit

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 Inside the System Unit

• Motherboard: The main circuit board inside the

system unit all computer components must
connect to it.

• The Power Supply: The power supply inside a

desktop computer connects to the motherboard
to deliver electricity to the computer.

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 Inside the System Unit

• Processors
• The primary processor is the central processing
unit (CPU)—also called the microprocessor

- Does the vast majority of processing for a computer.

Multi-core CPU:
• Dual-core CPU: A CPU that contains two separate
processing cores
• Quad-core CPU: CPU that contains four separate
processing cores
• Intel Core i3, i5, i7
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 Inside the System Unit
The processing speed of a CPU is rated in megahertz
(MHz) or gigahertz (GHz)

Cache memory is a special group of very fast memory

circuitry located on or close to the CPU

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 Typical CPU Components
1. Arithmetic/Logic Unit (ALU): is the section of a CPU core that
performs arithmetic (+, -, x, ÷) and logical operations (<, >, =)

2. Control Unit (CU): The control unit coordinates and controls the
operations and activities taking place within a CPU core

3. Prefetch unit: retrieve data and instructions before they are needed
for processing

4. Decode unit. translates instructions into a form that can be processed

by the ALU

5. Registers

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 Inside the System Unit
Memory
• RAM (Random Access Memory):
• used to store the essential parts of the operating system
while the computer is running, as well as the programs
and data that the computer is currently using

– Volatile: Contents of RAM is lost when the computer is

shut off

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 Memory (RAM)

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 Memory
• Registers:
• High-speed memory built into the CPU; used by the CPU
to store data and intermediary results temporarily during
processing

• ROM (Read Only Memory):

• consists of nonvolatile chips that permanently store data
or programs.

• Flash memory:
• consists of nonvolatile memory chips that can be used for
storage by the computer or the user
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 Storage

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 Storage System Characteristics
• Consist of a storage device and a storage medium

• Storage medium is the hardware where data is actually

stored (for example, a DVD or a flash memory card)

• Storage device. A piece of hardware, such as a DVD

drive, into which a storage medium is inserted to be read
from or written to.

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 Storage System Characteristics
• Can be internal, external, or remote
• Are nonvolatile

• Logical file representation: The user’s view of the way

data is stored

• Physical file representation: The actual physical way the

data is stored on the storage media as viewed by the
computer

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 Storage System Characteristics
– File: something stored on a storage medium, such as a
program, document, or image

– Filename: name given to a file by the user

– Folder: named place on a storage medium into which

files can be stored

• Storage technologies:
– Magnetic (conventional hard drives)
– Optical (optical discs)
– Electrons (flash memory media)

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 Hard Drives
• Hard drive: Used to store most programs and data
– Can be:
• Internal: located inside the system unit.
• External: connect to a computer via an external port such as a USB.
– Magnetic hard drives: use metal hard disks

– Solid-state drives (SSDs): Use flash memory technology

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 Magnetic Hard Drives
• A magnetic hard drive: the traditional type of hard drive
contains one or more metal hard disks or platters
• Hard disks are divided into
− Tracks
− Sectors
− Clusters
− Cylinders

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 Internal, External, and
Portable Hard Drive Systems

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 Partitioning
Partitioning:

Logically divides the physical capacity

of a single drive into separate areas,
called partitions.

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 Optical Drives
• Optical discs: store data optically (using laser beams).

• Optical drives: Designed for type of disc: CD, DVD, or

Blu-Ray Disc (BD)

• Burning: Recording data onto disc

– CD discs: Use infrared lasers; hold 650 MB

– DVD discs: Use red lasers; hold 4.7 GB (single-layer)

– BD discs: Use blue-violet lasers; hold 25 GB (single-

layer)

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 Optical Drives

• Can be:
– Read-only,
– Recordable or
– Rewritable

• Read-only disc: Can be read from, but not written to, by

the user
• Normally come pre-recorded: Software programs, Music, Movies,
Games.
• CD-ROM, DVD-ROM, BD-ROM

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 Optical Drives

• Recordable disc: Can be written to, but cannot be erased and

reused
– CD-R, DVD-R, BD-R
• Used for back up, sending large files to others, creating
custom music CDs, storing home movies, etc.

• Rewritable disc: Can be recorded on, erased, and overwritten

just like magnetic discs.

– CD-RW, DVD-RW, BD-RE

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 Flash Memory Systems
• Chip-based storage medium
– No moving parts so more resistant to shock and
vibration, require less power, makes no sound

• Most often found in the form of:

– Flash memory cards
– USB flash drives
– Solid state drives

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 Flash Memory Systems

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 Flash Memory Cards
• Flash memory card:
A small card containing flash memory chips and metal
contacts.

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 USB Flash Drives
• Flash memory drives: Consist of flash memory media
and a reader in a single self-contained unit

– Also called USB flash memory drives.

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 OTHER TYPES OF STORAGE SYSTEMS

Network and Cloud Storage Systems: using a storage

device that is not connected directly to the user’s computer;
instead, the device is accessed through a local network or
through the Internet

Box, Dropbox, Google Drive

Holographic storage is a type of three-dimensional (3D)

storage system

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 Input and Output

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 Input Devices
Input devices: hardware designed for inputting data into
the computer and for

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 Keyboards
• Keyboard: An input device containing keys, arranged in
a typewriter configuration, used to input letters, numbers,
and other symbols
– Can be wired or wireless

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 Pointing Devices
• Pointing device: An input device that moves an
onscreen pointer (arrow) to allow the user to select
objects on the screen

• Common types of pointing devices:

– Mouse
– Electronic pen
– Touch screen

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 Mouse
• Mouse: A pointing device the user slides along a flat
surface to move a pointer around the screen and clicks
its buttons to make selections.

– Newer optical or laser mice track movements with light

– Can be wireless

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 The Electronic Pen / Stylus
• Electronic pen: Device used to select objects, as well as
to draw or write electronically on the screen

• Also called tablet pen, digital pen, stylus

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 Touch Screens
• Touch screen: Display device that is touched with the
finger to issue commands or otherwise generate input to
the connected PC

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 Other Pointing Devices
• Joysticks,

• Trackballs

• Control buttons and wheels

• Touch pads

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 Scanners
• Scanner (optical scanner): Input device that reads
printed text and graphics and transfers them to a
computer in digital form.

• Types of scanners
– Flatbed ― Portable
– receipt ― 3D

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 Scanning Quality and Resolution
• Optical resolution: Quality of scanned images
– Measured in number of dots per inch (dpi)

• Pixel: Smallest colorable area

in an electronic image

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 Barcode Readers
• Barcode: is an optical code that represents data with bars
of varying widths or heights
UPC, ISBN

• Barcode readers: Input devices that read barcodes

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 Optical Mark Readers (OMRs)
• Optical Mark Readers (OMRs): Input data from special
forms to score or tally exams, questionnaires, ballots

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 Biometric Readers
• Biometric data: Based on unique physiological
characteristics or personal trait.

– Fingerprint
– Hand or face geometry
– Iris of the eye
– Voice or signature

• Biometric readers: A device used to input biometric

data, such as an individual’s fingerprint or voice

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 Digital Cameras
• Digital cameras: an input device that takes pictures and
records them as digital images.

– Can either be still cameras or video cameras

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 Voice input
• Voice input: inputting spoken words and converting
them to digital form is typically performed via a
microphone or headset.

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 Output Devices

Output devices: hardware designed for outputting results

to the user after the data has been processed

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 Display Devices
• Display device: Presents output visually

• The display device for a desktop computer called a

monitor
• The display device for a notebook, netbook, tablet,
mobile phone, called a display screen

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 Flat-Panel Display Technologies
• Liquid crystal displays (LCDs): Use charged liquid
crystals between sheets of glass or plastic

• LED (Light emitting diode): used with consumer

products, such as alarm clocks

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 Data projector
• Data projector: Display device that projects all computer
output to a wall or projection screen

– Found in classrooms, conference rooms

– Can be wireless or integrated into devices

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 Printers
• Printer. An output device that produces output on paper.

1. Laser printer: Uses toner powder and technology

similar to that of a photocopier to produce images on paper.

– Generally faster and have better quality than ink-jet printers

– Can be black and white or color

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 Printers
2. Ink-jet printer: Sprays droplets of ink to produce images
on paper
– Often the choice for home use

– Print fairly slowly, one line at a time

– Quality not quite as good as a laser printer

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 Special-Purpose Printers

• Photo printers
• Barcode printers
• Portable printers
• Plotters and wide-
format ink-jet
printers
• 3D printers

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 Audio Output

Audio output includes voice, music, and other audible

sounds. Computer Speakers, Headphones, Headsets

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